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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Donohue, Moira Rose, author.

Title: My best friend is a dolphin! / by Moira Rose Donohue.

Description: Washington, D.C. : National Geographic Kids, [2017] | Series: National geographic kids chapters | Audience: Ages 7-10. | Audience: Grades 4 to 6.

Identifiers: LCCN 2017010720 (print) |

LCCN 2017029183 (ebook) |

ISBN 9781426329043 (e-book) |

ISBN 9781426329029 (pbk. : alk. paper) |

ISBN 9781426329036 (hardcover : alk. paper)

Subjects: LCSH: Dolphins–Juvenile literature.

Classification: LCC QL737.C432 (ebook) |

LCC QL737.C432 D665 2017 (print) |

DDC 599.53–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/​2017010720

Ebook ISBN 9781426329043

v5.1

a

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

A FISHY TALE: Kelly and the Katrina Eight

Chapter 1: Just Whistle

Chapter 2: Take the Bait

Chapter 3: The Katrina Eight

MY BEST FRIEND IS A DOLPHIN: Dean and JoJo

Chapter 1: Boy Meets Dolphin

Chapter 2: You’re My Best Friend

Chapter 3: A Whale of a Tale

DOLPHINS TAKE CHARGE: Flip Nicklin, Photographer

Chapter 1: Revolving Romeo

Chapter 2: Photo Finish

Chapter 3: The Return of Echo and Misha

DON’T MISS!

Index

More Information

Credits

Dedication

Acknowledgments

Jumping for joy! The rescuers and the missing dolphins are reunited! Credit 1

A playful dolphin dances with a hula hoop. Credit 2

Have you ever been outsmarted by a dolphin? Tim Hoffland has. The clever dolphin who tricked him is named Kelly. Tim didn’t really mind being tricked. It just proved what he already knew: Dolphins are super smart! From the first time Tim saw a real dolphin, he knew that he wanted dolphins to be a part of his life.

Tim went to college in Wisconsin, U.S.A. During spring break one year, he went to an oceanarium (sounds like oh-shun-AIR-ee-um). That’s an aquarium with marine mammals. Marine mammals are animals that live in the water but breathe air—like whales or dolphins.

Tim watched the dolphin show there. He stared in amazement as the dolphins flipped and tumbled. With just a hand signal from their trainers, they walked on their tails. They’re really smart! he thought. After each trick, the dolphins swam up to their trainers. They opened their mouths for a tasty fish treat. They looked like they were smiling. Tim really was smiling. He was in love. And he knew what he was going to do after college. He would get a job as a marine mammal trainer.

Did You Know?

The largest dolphin is the orca. That’s right—the orca “whale” is actually a dolphin!

After Tim graduated, he searched the country for places that worked with cetaceans (sounds like sih-TAY-shunz). That’s what whales, porpoises, and dolphins are called. Millions of years ago, the ancestors of these animals had legs. They walked on land. But over time, they moved into the water to find new sources of food. There are two main types of cetaceans: toothed whales and baleen whales. Dolphins have teeth. So they are a type of toothed whale.

Tim applied for jobs wherever there were dolphins. Months went by. He was ready to give up. Then he got a call. The Institute for Marine Mammal Studies (IMMS) wanted him to fly down for an interview. It’s in Gulfport, Mississippi, U.S.A. Gulfport sits right on the Gulf of Mexico.

Tim was so nervous. He had looked for a job for a long time. This might be his only chance to work with dolphins. After he arrived, he met with one of the trainers. The trainer handed Tim a pair of rubber boots and coveralls. Then he told Tim to help unload a truck. The truck was filled with fish—49,000 of them! This is not my idea of a job interview, Tim thought. But he did it anyway. After all, he really wanted the job!

After he finished, he saw the dolphin tank. He stood looking at the animals. All at once, a dolphin popped up to the surface. She tossed him a hula hoop. He didn’t know what to do with it, so he flipped it back. She retrieved it! He looked into her eyes. She understands, he thought.

Tim got the job. He would help take care of dolphins and other animals. That meant unloading a lot of fish. It also meant learning a lot about dolphins. Tim learned about a dolphin’s body. The snout is called the rostrum (sounds like RAHS-truhm). The fluke (sounds like FLOOK) is the tail. There’s an opening on the back of a dolphin’s head. It’s called the blowhole. It’s like a nostril. Dolphins breathe through it.

Tim also studied the way the dolphins acted. They loved to play. They turned almost anything that floated into a toy. Sometimes, they acted like clowns. They decorated themselves in seaweed.

From the beginning, Tim worked with trained dolphins in the dolphin shows. But he wanted to learn something more. He wanted to know how to train the dolphins to do new things. One day, a new trainer named Mike Magaw arrived. Mike gave Tim books to read. And Mike let Tim watch him train the dolphins. Tim saw that dolphins are not trained with words, like dogs are. They are trained to follow hand signals. And, of course, they don’t get dog biscuits for a good job. They get fish!

Before long, Tim was helping Mike train the dolphins. Tim could see that the dolphins were enjoying the new tricks. They had a sparkle in their eyes. Tim understood that animals as smart as dolphins need to keep their minds active.

Credit 3, 4

Dolphins and porpoises are both whales. In fact, they are both toothed whales. But dolphins are not the same as porpoises. They are more like cousins. Dolphins have long snouts. Porpoises have smaller, rounded rostrums. Picture a pug dog in your mind. Now think of a sleek greyhound. The smushed-face pug is like the porpoise. Most dolphins are bigger than porpoises. The biggest difference between these animals is their teeth. Porpoises have rounded teeth. Dolphins have pointy chompers.

Tim also saw that the dolphins had different personalities. One young dolphin named Jacki was very sweet. She was Tim’s favorite. She was about the same age as another female named Kelly. Kelly was very smart. She learned new behaviors faster than any of the other dolphins.

Tim wanted to teach some of the dolphins to swim around the pool slapping their tails. That’s a hard trick. To teach dolphins tricks that use several behaviors, trainers use a whistle. For this trick, Tim gave each dolphin the hand signal to flap her fluke in place. When she did it, he blew the whistle. Then he tossed the dolphin a fish. After a while, he only blew the whistle. That meant Good job! It also told the animal that she had to do something more to get the treat. Tim held a target pole a short distance away. When the dolphin touched it with her rostrum, Tim blew the whistle again. Little by little, each dolphin swam around the tank, slapping her tail and touching the pole. Now it was time for a juicy fish!

Did You Know?

Dolphins can use tools. Some dolphins carry sponges in their mouths. They use them to protect their sensitive noses when they forage for food on the ocean floor.

Tim also taught the dolphins certain behaviors for their safety. One thing he wanted was to get their attention fast. For this behavior, Tim used a double whistle. It meant that the dolphins should stop what they were doing and come straight to the trainer. Tim didn’t know it at the time, but this training would help save their lives one day.

Tim trains the dolphins to retrieve anything they find. Credit 5

The dolphins already knew how to retrieve (sounds like ree-TREEV) toys. Tim would toss out a ball or hoop. Then he would bend his arm at the elbow, his fingers pointing up. With his palm facing the dolphin, he would push it down, toward the animal. It was the signal to retrieve. The dolphins would bring back whatever toys they found.

The dolphins were so good at retrieving, Tim decided to put this training to practical use. Visitors often dropped things into the dolphin tank by accident. Oops, those were my favorite sunglasses! Dolphins love to make toys out of anything new. But cameras and hats don’t belong in their tank. Tim decided to teach the dolphins to fetch anything that didn’t belong there.

Soon, when Tim gave the retrieve command, a dolphin would sometimes find a toy. But if a dolphin brought back a lost item, she got an extra big fish. Before long, the dolphins figured out that they would get big treats if they found lost items.

Kelly seemed to find items more quickly than the other dolphins. Tim would give the signal, and she would dive straight down. Moments later, she would pop up again. She had something in her mouth every time. Sometimes it was just a small piece of trash. Other times it was a valuable lost item. Tim thought she was very smart. He would soon find out just how smart she really was.

Did You Know?

Different types of wild dolphins eat different types of fish. Some types like salmon, and some chow down on squid. But even though dolphins have teeth, they don’t chew their food! They just swallow it whole.

Some scientists think dolphins are the second smartest animals on Earth. And they have a superpower, too. Dolphins use echolocation (sounds like ek-oh-loh-KAY-shun) to find things. That means they send out a stream of sounds underwater. Click, click, click! The sound bounces back to them. The sound waves form a picture in their minds. From that mental picture, dolphins can tell the size and shape of something. The echo also tells them how close something is. This super talent tells them if danger is nearby. It also helps them find food—or lost items!

The tank where Kelly and the other dolphins swam had windows on the lower level. People could watch the dolphins underwater. The dolphins would flip, twist, and kick. Sometimes they would come up to the windows. They would look at the visitors. One day, Tim was walking by a window. Kelly was floating in front of the window. Tim hadn’t given the retrieve command, but Kelly had a piece of trash in her mouth. As soon as Tim noticed, she turned and splashed up to the surface. Kelly gave him the trash. Tim gave her a fishy treat. He was impressed!

Credit 6

Kelly started waiting at the window for Tim more and more often. Each time, she had a piece of trash or a lost item. Tim wondered, Why does she find so much more trash than the other dolphins? Then he got his answer. One day, the pool was being cleaned. The dolphins were safe in another pool. Tim went into the dry pool. In a far corner was a pile of rocks. Tim looked around them. That’s when he discovered Kelly’s secret. Kelly picked up trash whenever she found it.

Experts used to think that only people and some apes could recognize themselves in mirrors. But Diana Reiss and another scientist did a study with bottlenose dolphins. They found out that dolphins recognize themselves in mirrors, too. And they do more than just look. They study how they look. The scientists put marks on the dolphins. The dolphins swam straight to the mirror. They turned to see the mark better. But unlike chimps, the dolphins didn’t look at marks on each other.

Credit 7

Then Kelly hid it. She had her own private trash stash! Whenever she wanted a treat, Kelly pulled something out. She waited at the window until she caught Tim’s eye. As soon as he took the bait, she swam to the dock where the fish were kept. Tim laughed. She’s being lazy! he thought. But she was also being a smarty-pants. She had figured this out all by herself. And she had outsmarted Tim!

Today, scientists are trying to test dolphins’ intelligence (sounds like in-TELL-i-jens). They have created an experiment called the ELVIS project. The scientists show shapes on an underwater screen. Each shape represents a type of fish. The dolphin must aim its echolocation at the symbol. When it does, the dolphin gets that kind of treat. A dolphin named Luna was the first to learn how to find the right symbol to ask for her favorite.

Experiments like this tell us that dolphins are smart and fast learners. Tim knew that, too. And after Kelly’s tricks, he wanted to know just how smart she was. Tim decided to try a different kind of test. He wanted to compare three dolphins. But it’s hard to find ways to test dolphin smarts. So Tim met with another dolphin expert. Together, they designed a test.

First, they made a special plastic screen. The screen was clear, so the dolphins could see through it. Using a target pole, they taught three dolphins to swim to the screen. Then a trainer dove on the other side of the screen. He gave hand signals for behaviors the animals knew. The trainer would signal for a spin or a wave. Once the animals showed they knew the behaviors, it was time to darken the screen. That made it harder for them to see the signal. Eventually, Tim made the screen completely dark. Now the dolphins couldn’t see the diver with their eyes. They had to use echolocation to “see” his signal. Pretty soon, they understood. Next, Tim used a computer to give him signals in a random order. He told the trainer who was hidden behind the screen what signal to give. The dolphins had to read the diver’s signal and perform the right action. All three passed the test. One dolphin got it correct more than 90 percent of the time. It was Kelly, of course!

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