Vorwort

Sie halten nun die 3. Auflage meines Arbeitsbuches „Der schnelle Weg zum Funksprechzeugnis“ in den Händen. Wie bei den meisten Lehrbüchern handelt es sich um „Kochbücher“, die dieses und jenes Rezept gut finden.

Das vorliegende Lehrbuch ist im Jahr 2002 auf Anregung der Studenten der FH Osnabrück entstanden. Dabei habe ich mich im Aufbau besonders an die Erfordernisse der Prüfung gehalten, jedoch auch einige Themen umfangreicher dargestellt.

Ich danke meiner Frau und allen Freunden, die mich bei dieser Arbeit tatkräftig unterstützt haben.

Auszüge aus FS-Veröffentlichungen und den Karten aus der AIP und AIP VFR mit freundlicher Genehmigung der DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH.

Für die Überlassung von Bildern, Darstellungen und Texten bedanke ich mich bei den Firmen Bendix/King und Jeppesen.

Nachdruck und Vervielfältigung nur mit Genehmigung des Verfassers

eMail: u.kriens@web.de

Chapter 1

Abbreviation and definitions

Definitions

Aeronautical station A station in the aeronautical mobile service located on land or, in certain instances, on board of a ship or on a platform at sea

Air-ground communication Two-way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the earth

Automatic Terminal Information Service The provision of current routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcast throughout the day or a specific portion of the day

Blind transmission A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission

Broadcast A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations

Broken In meteorological report cloud coverage of 5 to 7 octas will be classified as broken

Clearance limit A point to which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance

Estimated time of arrival The time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended, that an instrument approach will be commenced

Expected approach time The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing

Flight level A level in the atmosphere for vertical separation which is determined by setting the altimeter to 1013,2 hPa

Overcast When the term "overcast" is used in radio telephony in connection with meteorological conditions clouds are covering 100% of the sky.

Scattered When the term "scattered" is used in radio telephony in connection with meteorological conditions clouds covering half or less then half of the sky

Transition Level The transition level is the lowest usable flight level. At this level the altimeter will be changed from 1013,2 hPa to QNH during descend below the flight level system. It is determined on the basis of transition altitude and QNH and should be at least 1000 ft above the transition altitude. For example: Transition altitude is 5000ft. At an QNH of 1014 or higher the transition level is FL60, QNH is between 1013 and 978 transition level is FL70 and QNH below 977 the transition level will be FL80
The transition level is determined on the basis of transition altitude and QNH

Transition layer The transition layer is the layer between the transition altitude and transition level. The extension of this layer must be at least 1000 ft.

Visual approach An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed in visual reference to terrain

way point A specified geographical position used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation

Abbreviation

(You must know those abbreviations shown in bold letters because they are part of the question catalogue.)

A

A/ A Air-to air

AAL Above aerodrome level

ABM Abeam

AC Altocumulus

ACA Advisory Center for Aviation

ACC Aera control centre or area control

ACFT Aircraft

ACL Altimeter check location

ACPT Accept or accepted

ACT Active or activated or activity

AD Aerodrome

ADA Advisory area

ADDN Addition or additional

ADF Automatic direction-finding equipment

ADR Advisory route

ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance

AF Air Force

AFIL Flight plan filed in the air

AFIS Aerodrome flight information service

AFS Aeronautical fixed service

AFTN Aeronautical fixed telecommunication network

AFWA Automatic flight weather advisory

A/G Air-to-ground

AGL Above ground level

AGN Again

AIC Aeronautical information circular

AIP Aeronautical Information Publication

AIRAC Aeronautical information regulation and control

AIREP Air-report

AIRMET Information concerning enroute weather phenomena which may affect the safety of low-level operations

AIS Aeronautical Information Service

ALA Alighting area (Landebereich)

ALERFA Alert phase

ALR Alerting message

ALS Approach lighting system

ALT Altitude

ALTN Alternate aerodrome

AMD Amend or amended

AMDT Amendment

AMS Aeronautical mobile service

AMSL Above mean sea level

ANM AFTM Notification Message

AOC Aerodrome obstacle chart

APAPI Abbreviated Precision Approach Path Indicator

APCH Approach

APP Approach control office or approach control

APR April

APRX Approximate or approximately

ARFOR Area forecast (in aeronautical meteorological code)

ARMET Forecast upper wind and temperature at specified points (in aeronautical meteorological code)

ARP Aerodrome reference point

ARR Arrive or arrival

ARR Arrival message

ARS Special air-report (message type designator)

AS Altostratus

ASC Ascent to or ascending to

ASDA Accelerate stop distance available

A-SMR Advanced Surface Movement Radar

ASPH Asphalt

ASR Airport surveillance radar

ATA Actual time of arrival

ATC Air traffic control

ATD Actual time of departure

ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management

ATIS Automatic Terminal Information Service

ATMC Airspace and traffic management centre

ATS Air traffic service

ATTN Attention

ATZ Aerodrome traffic zone

AUG August

AUW All up weight

AVBL Available

AVGAS Aviation gasoline

AWY Airway

AZ Azimuth station

AZM Azimuth

B

B Blue

BA Braking action

BASE Cloud base

BCFG Fog patches

BCN Beacon (aeronautical ground light)

BCST Broadcast

BDRY Boundary

BECMG Becoming

BKN Broken

BLDG Building

BLO Below clouds

BLSN Blowing snow

BLW Below …

BR Mist

BRG Bearing

BRKG Braking

BS Commercial broadcasting station

BTL Between layers

BTN Between

C

C Centre (Runway identification)

C Degrees Celsius (Centigrade)

CAT Category

CAT Clear air turbulance

CAVOK Visibility, cloud and present weather better than prescribed values or conditions
(in Europe: visibility more than 10 km, no clouds below 5000 ft, no precipitation, no cb, no drifting snow, no sandstorm

CB Cumulonimbus

CC Cirrocumulus

CD Candela

CEST Central European Summertime

CET Central European Time

CEU-W Central Executive Unit West

CFM Confirm or I confirm

CH Channel

CHG Modification message

CI Cirrus

CIV Civil

CLR Clear or cleared to or clearance

CLSD Closed

Cm Centimetre(s)

CMPL Completion or completed or complete

CNL Cancel or cancelled

CNL Flight plan cancellation message

COM Communications

CON CONSOL

CONC Concrete

COND Condition

CONST Construction or constructed

CONT Continue or continued

COORD Corrdinates

COP Change-over point

COR Correct or corrected or correction

COV Cover or covered or covering

CPL Current flight plan message

CRAM Conditional routes available message

CS Call sign

CS Cirrostratus

CTA Control area

CTL Control

CTN Caution

CTR Control zone

CU Cumulus

CUST Customs

CVFR Controlled VFR flight

CW Continuous wave

CWY Clearway

D

“d” Thickness of flexible pavement (replaced by PCN)

D… Danger area (followed by identification)

DA Decision altitude

DEC December

DEG Degrees

DEP Depart or departure

DEP Departure message

DER Departure end of runway

DES Descend to or descending to

DEST Destination

DETRESFA Distress phase

DF Direction Finder

DH Decision height

DIST Distance

DLA Delay message

DLA Delay or delayed

DME Distance measuring equipment

DNG Danger or dangerous

DOF Date of flight

DP Dew point temperature

DR Dead reckoning

DRG During

DRSN Drifting snwo

DTAM Descend to and maintain

DTG Date-time group

DTRT Deteriorate or deteriorating

DTW Dual tandem wheels

DUR Duration

DVOR Doppler VOR

DVORTAC Doppler VOR and TACAN

DW Dual wheels

DWD Deutscher Wetterdienst

DZ Drizzle

E

E East or eastern longitude

EAT Expected approach time

EEE Error

EET Estimated elapse time

EFAS Electronic flash approach light system

EHF Extremely high frequency (30000 to 300000 MHz

EL Elevation station

ELEV Elevation

ELT Emergency locator transmitter

EM Emission

EMBD Embedded

EMERG Emergency

En English

ENE East-northeast

ENR En-route (AIP Publication)

ENRT En-route

EOBT Estimated off-block time

EQPT Equipment

Es Spanish

ESE East-southeast

EST Estimate or estimated

ETA Estimated time of arrival or estimating arrival

ETD Estimated time of departure or estimating departure

ETO Estimated time over significant point

EUR European Region

Ev Every

EXC Except

EXER Exercise(s) or exercising or to exercise

EXP Expect or expected or expecting

EXTD Extend or extending

F

FAC Facilities

FAF French Air Force

FAF Final Approach Fix

FAL Facilitation of international air transport

FAP Final approach point

FATO Final approach and take-off area

FAWP Final approach waypoint

FBL Light (used to qualify icing, turbulence, interference or static reports)

FC Funnel cloud

FCST Forecast

FEB February

FG Fog

FIC Flight information centre

FIR Flight information region

FIS Flight information service

FL Flight level

FLG Flashing

FLT Flight

FLTCK Flight check

FLW Follow(s) or following

FLY Fly or flying

FM From

FNA Final approach

FLP Filed flight plan message

FPM Feet per minute

Fr French

FREQ Frequency

Fri Friday

FRNG Firing

FSL Full stop landing

FSS Flight service station

Ft Feet (dimensional unit)

FU Smoke

FZ Feezing

FZDZ Freezing drizzle

FZFG Freezing fog

FZRA Freezing rain

G

G Green

G/A Ground-to-air

G/A/G Ground-to-air and air-to-ground

GAF German Air Force

GCA Ground controlled approach system or ground controlled approach

GAFOR General Aviation forecast

GAMET Area forecast for low-level flights

GAT General Aviation Terminal

Ge German

GEN General

GEO Geographic or true

GLD Glider

GND Ground

GNDCK Ground check

GP Glide path

GPS Global Positioning System

GR Hail or soft hail

GRIB Processed meteorological data in the form of grid point values expressed in binary form (aeronautical meteorological code)

GS Ground speed

H

H24 Continuous day and night service

HBN Hazard beacon

HDF High frequency direction finding station

HDG Heading

HEL Helicopter

HF High frequency (3000 to 30000 kHz)

HGT Height or height above

HJ   Sunrise to sunset

HLDG Holding

HN Sunset to sunrise

HOL Holiday

HPa Hectopascal

HR Hours

HS Service available during hours of schedule operation

HVY Heavy (used to qualify weather phenomena such as rain, e.g. heavy hail = HVYGR)

HX Not permanently active, no specific working hours

Hz Hertz (cycle per second)

I

IAC Instrument approach chart

IAF Initial approach fix

IAL Instrument approach and landing chart

IAS Indicated air speed

IAWP Intitial approach waypoint

IBN Identification beacon

IC Ice crystals (very small ice crystals in suspension, also known as diamond dust)

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation

ICE Icing

ID Identifier or identification or identify

Ident Identification

IF Intermediate approach fix

IFF Identification friend/foe

IFPS Integrated Initial Flight Plan Processing System

IFPZ Integrated Initial Flight Plan Processing Zone

IFR Instrument flight rules

IGA International general aviation

ILS Instrument landing system

IM Inner marker

IMC Instrument meteorological condition

IMPR Improve or improved

IMT Immediate or immediately

INA Initial approach

INBD Inbound

INCERFA Uncertainty phase

INFOBRIEF Information

INOP Inoperative

INS Inch(es) (dimensional unit)

INT Intersection

INTL International

INTST Intensity

IR Ice on runway

IWP Intermediate approach waypoint

J

JAN January

JUL July

JUN June

K

Kg Kilogramme(s)

KHz Kilohertz

Km Kilometre(s)

KmH Kilometre(s) per hour

kt Knot(s)

kW Kilowatts

L

L Left (runway identification)

L Locator (see LM, OM)

l Litre(s)

LAT Latitude

lb Pound(s) (weight)

LBA Federal Office of Civil Aviation in Germany

LDA Landing distance available

LDG Landing

LDI Landing direction indicator

LEFT left (direction of turn)

LF Low frequency (30 to 300 kHz)

LGT Light or lighting

LGTD Lighted

LIH Light intensity high

LIL Light intensity low

LLZ Localizer

LM Locator , middle

LMT Local mean time

LNG Long (used to indicate the type of approach desired or required)

LO Locator , outer

LOC Locally or location or located

LONG Longitude

LRG Long range

LT Left turn

LTD Limited

LTT Landline teletypewriter

LYR Layer or layered

M

m Metre(s)

Mag Magnetic

MAHP Missed Approach Holding Point

MAHWP Missed Approach Holding Waypoint

MAINT Maintenance

MAP Aeronautical maps and charts

MAPT Missed approach point

MAR March

MATWP Missed Approach Turning Waypoint

MAWP Missed approach waypoint

MAX Maximum

MAY May

MBST Microburst

MDA Minimum descent altitude

MDH Minimum descent height

MEA Minimum en-route altitude

MEHT Minimum eye-height over threshold

MESZ Central European Summertime

MET Meteorological or meteorlogy

METAR Aviation routine weather report (in aeronautical meteorological code)

MEZ Central European Time

MF Medium frequency (300 to 3000 kHz)

MHz Megahertz

MIFG Shallow fog

Mil Military

MIN Minute(s)

MKR Marker radio beacon

MLS Microwave landing system

MM Middle marker

MNM Minimum

MNPS Minimum navigation perfomance specifications

MNT Maintain

MOC Minimum obstacle clearance (required)

MOD Moderate (used to qualify icing, turbulence, interference or static reports)

Mon Monday

MOTNE Meteorological Operational Telecommunications Network Europe

Mpa Megapascal

MPH Statue mile(s) per hour

mps Metre(s) per second

MPW Maximum permissible weight

MRA Minimum reception altitude

MRG Medium range (SAR aircraft)

MRP ATS /MET reporting point

MRVA Minimum radar vectoring altitude

MS Minus

MSA Minimum safe altitude

MSA Minimum sector altitude

MSG Message

MSL Mean sea level

MT Mountain

MTOM Maximum take-off mass

MTOW Maximum take-off weight

MTW Mountain wave

MWO Meteorological watch office

MX Mixed type of ice formation (white and clear)

N

N North or northern latitude

NAV Navigation

NC No change

NE Northeast

NfL Nachricht(en) für Luftfahrer

NGT Night

NLFS Night Low Flying System

NM Nautical mile(s)

NMC National Meteorological Forecast Centre

NML Normal

NNE Nort-northeast

NNW North-northwest

NOF International NOTAM office

NOSIG No significant change (used in trend-type landing forecast)

NOTAM A notice containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change on any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations

NOV November

Nr./No. Number

NS Nimbostratus

NW Northwest

NXT Next

O

OAT Operational air traffic

OBS Observe or observed or observation

OBS Omni bearing selector

OBSC Obscure or obscured or obscuring

OBST Obstacle

OCA Obstacle clearance altitude

OCH Obstacle clearance height

OCNL Occasional or occasionally

OCS Obstacle clearance surface

OCT October

OFZ Obstacle free zone

OM Outer marker

OPA Opaque, with type of ice formation

OPMET Operational meteorological (information)

OPN Open or opening or opened

OPR Operator or operate or operative or operating or operational

OPS Operations

O/R On request

ORCAM Originating Region Code Assignment Method

OTP On top

P

P… Prohibited area (followed by identification)

PANS Procedures for air navigation services

PAPI Precision Approach Path Indicator

PAR Precision Approach Radar system

PCN Pavement classification number

PDG Procedure design gradient

PERM Permanent

PJE Parachute jumping exercise

PL Ice pellets

PLA Practice low approach

PLN Flight plan

PN Prior notice required

PO Dust/sand whirls (dust devils)

POB Persons on board

PPI Plan position indicator

PPR Prior permission required

PRFG Aerodrome partially covered by fog

PRKG Parking

PROB Probability

PROC Procedure

PROV Provisional

PS Plus

PSN Position

PSP Pierced steel plank

PTN Procedure turn

PWR Power

Q

QDM   Magnetic heading (zero wind)

QDR   Magnetic bearing

QFE Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)

QFU Magnetic orientation of runway

QNH Atmospheric pressure reduced to MSL by ICAO Standard Atmosphere and altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain aerodrome elevation when on the ground

QTE True bearing from the station

R

R Red

R… Restricted area (followed by identification)

R… Radial (followed by Mag track

R Right (runway identification)

RA Rain

RAF Royal Air Force

RAG Runway arresting gear

RASN Moderate rain and snow

RCA Reach cruising altitude

RCAF Royal Canadian Air Force

RCC Rescue coordination centre

RCF Radio communication failure message

RCL Runway centre line

RDH Reference datum height (for ILS )

RDL Radial

RDO Radio

RE Recent (used to qualify weather phenomena such as rain, e.g. recent rain = RERA)

REC Receive or receiver

REF Reference to… or to …

REG Registration

REP Reporting point

REQ Request or requested

RFL Requested flight level

RFP Replacement Flight Plan

RG Range (lights)

RIF Reclearance öin flight

RMK Remark

RNAV Area Navigation

RNG Radio Range

ROFOR Route forecast (in aeronautical meteorological code)

RON Receiving only

RPL Repetitive flight plan

RPS Radar position symbol

RPT Repeat or I repeat

RQS Request supplementary flight plan message

RSC Rescue sub-centre

RSP Responder beacon

RSR En-route surveillance radar

RT Right turn

RTD Delayed (used to indicate delayed meteorological messages)

RTF Radiotelephone

RTG Radiotelegraph

RTT Radioteletypewriter

RUT Standard regional route transmitter frequencies

RV Rescue vessel

RVR Runway  visual range

RWY Runway

S

S South or southern latitude

SA Duststorm, sandstorm, rising dust or rising sand

SAP As soon as possible

SAR Search and Rescue

SARPS Standards and Recommended Practices (ICAO)

Sat Saturday

SB Self-Briefing

SC Straticumulus

SCT Scattered

SE Southeast

SEC Seconds

SELCAL Selective Calling System ( A system which permits the selective calling of individual aircraft over radiotelephony channels linking a ground station with the aircraft)

SEP September

SEV Severe (used e.g. to qualify icing and turbulence reports)

SFC Surface

SG Snow grains

SH Showers

SHF Super high frequency (3000 –30000 MHz)

SHRA Moderate rain shower

SHRASN Moderate shower with rain and snow

SHSN Moderate snow shower

SID Standard instrument departure

SIF Selective identification feature

SIGMET Information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations

SIGWX Significant weather

SIMUL Simultaneous or simultaneously

SIWL Single isolated wheel load

SKC Sky clear

SKED Schedule or scheduled

SLAP Slot Allocation Procedure

SMC Surface movement control

SMR Surface movement radar

SN Snow

SNOWTAM A special series NOTAM notifying the presence or removal of hazardous conditions due to snow, ice, slush or standing water associated with snow, slush and ice on the movement area, by means of specific format

SPECI Aviation selected special weather report (in aeronautical meteorological code)

SPL Supplementary flight plan message

SPOC SAR point of contact

SQ Squall

SQL Squall line

SR Sunrise

SRE Surveillance Radar

SRG Short range

SRR Search and rescue region

SS Sunset

SSE South-southeast

SSR Secondary surveillance radar

SST Supersonic transport

SSW South-southwest

ST Stratus

STA Straight in approach

STA Scheduled time of arrival (aircraft on blocks)

STAR Standard (instrument) arrival

STD Scheduled time of departure (aircraft off blocks)

STF Step down fix

STOL Short take-off and landing

STS Status

SUBJ Subject to

Sun Sunday

SUPPS Regional supplementary procedures

SVC Service message

SVCBL Serviceable

SW Southwest

SWC Significant weather chart

SWY Stopway

T

t Ton(s) (weight)

T Temperature

TA Transition altitude

TACAN UHF Tactical Air Navigation Aid

TAF Aerodrome forecast

TAR Terminal area surveillance radar

TAS True airspeed

TAX Tyxiing or taxi

TC Tropical cyclone

TCAS   Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System

TCH Threshold crossing height

TCU Towering cumulus

TDZ Touchdown zone

TEL Telephone

TEMPO Temporary or temporarily

TFC Traffic

TGL Touch-and-go landing

THR Threshold

Thu Thursday

TIL Until

TKOF Take-off

TLOF Touchdown and lift-off area

TMA Terminal control area

TMZ Transponder Mandatory Zone

TODA Take-off distance available

TOP Cloud top

TORA Take-off run available

TP Turning point

TR Track

TRA Temporary reserved airspace

TRANS Transmits or transmitter

TS Thunderstorm

TSGR Thunderstorm with hail

TSSA Thunderstorm with duststorm or sandstorm

TT Teletypewriter

Tue Tuesday

TURB Turbulence

TVOR Terminal VOR

TWP Turning waypoint

TWR Aerodrome control tower or aerodrome control

TWY Taxiway

TXT Text

TYP Type of aircraft

U

UAC Upper area control centre

UDF UHF direction finding station

UFN Until further notice

UHF Ultra high frequency (300 to 3000 MHz)

UIC Upper information centre

UIR Upper information region

UNL Unlimited

UNREL Unreliable

U/S Unserviceable

USAFE US Air Force – Europe

USAEUR US Army – Europe

UTA Upper control area

UTC Co-ordinated Universal Time

V

VA Volcanic Ash

VAL Visual approach and landing chart

VAR Magnetic variation

VASIS Visual approach slope indicator system

VDF VHF direction finding station

VFR Visual flight rules

VHF Very high frequency (30 MHz to 300 MHz)

VIA By way of …

VIO Severe (used to qualify interference or static reports)

VIP Very important person

VIS Visibility

VLR Very long range

VMC Visual meteorological condition

VOLMET Meteorological information for aircraft in flight

VOR VHF Omnidirectional radio range

VORTAC VOR and TACAN combination

VOT VOR airborne equipment test facility

VRB Variable

Vs Stalling speed

VTOL Vertical take-off and landing

W

W West or western longitute

W White

WAFC World Area Forecast Centre

WAFS World Area Forecast System

WDI Wind direction indicator

Wed Wednesday

WEF With effect from or effective from

WGS World Geodetic System

WIE With immediate effect or effective immediately

WIP Work in progress

WNW West-northwest

WS Wind Sheer

WSPD Wind speed

WSW West-southwest

W/T Wind/temperature

WX Weather

X

XBAR Crossbar (of approach lighting system)

XS Atmospheric

Y

Y Yellow

YCZ Yellow caution zone (runway lighting)

yd Yard(s)

YR Your

Measurements

Air Pressure

Hektopascal (hPa)

Sometimes we also find inch in older instruments

Altitudes

Will be expressed and transmitted in feet

Breaking action

Friction coefficient

This is a part of the permanent snow plan applicable for the international airports. The mean friction coefficient will be indicated for each third for the runway. The breaking action will be measured continuously by the Skiddometer, the Surface-Friction-Tester or Tapley-Meter. All friction coefficients are measured and will be given on the basis of the following

0,40 and above

good

Code 5

0,39 – 0,36

medium to good

Code 4

0,35 – 0,30

medium

Code 3

0,29 – 0,26

medium to poor

Code 2

0,25 and below

poor

Code 1

unreliable

unreliable

Code 0

Horizontal velocity

The horizontal velocity will be indictated in nautical miles per hour and expressed in knots

Navigational distances

Nautical mile , NM and tenth of it.

1 nautical mile is equal of circle-minute of a great-circle. 1 NM = 1,852 km.

Runway

The identification of runway is expressed by numbers which indicate the magnetic direction of the runway.

Surface wind

The units of measurement used in flight operation for wind direction and velocity, except for take-off and landing, will be indicated in degrees true and knots.

(This means that wind direction readings given by the control tower for landing or departing aircraft are magnetic.

Time

We use worldwide in air traffic control the united time co-ordinated (UTC)

When transmitting the time, if there is no possibility of confusion, the minutes (two digits) are used only.

Vertikal Velocity

Feet per minute (ft/min)

Visual distances

Will be expressed in Metres or Kilometres

Questions on Chapter 1

1. Select the correct definition for "estimated time of arrival" in respect to IFR flights.

a) The time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over that designated point defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended, that an instrument approach will be commenced

b) The time at which it is estimated that the aircraft will arrive over the designated point defined by reference to visual aids, from which it is intended, that an approach will be commenced

c) The time at which the aircraft will actually arrive over that designated point defined by reference to navigation aids, from which it is intended, that a visual approach will be commenced

d) In any case that time at which the aircraft will arrive over the aerodrome

2. What does the term "aeronautical station" mean?

a) A station in the aeronautical mobile service located on land or, in certain instances, on board of a ship or on a platform at sea

b) Any station established to exchange radiotelephony communications

c) A station in the aeronautical telecommunication service located on land or on board of an aircraft to exchange radiotelephony communications

d) A station forming part of the aeronautical telecommunication network

3. What does the term "blind transmission" mean?

a) A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations

b) A transmission of messages relating to en-route weather information which may affect the safety of aircraft operations that is not addressed to a specific station or stations

c) A transmission where no reply is required from the receiving station

d) A transmission from one station to another station in circumstances where two-way communication cannot be established but where it is believed that the called station is able to receive the transmission

4. What does the term "broadcast" mean?

a) A radiotelephony transmission from a ground station to aircraft in flight

b) A transmission where no reply is required from the receiving station

c) A transmission containing meteorological and operational information to aircraft engaged in flights over remote and oceanic areas out of range of VHF ground stations

d) A transmission of information relating to air navigation that is not addressed to a specific station or stations

5. What does the term "air-ground communication" mean?

a) Two-way communication between aircraft and stations or locations on the surface of the earth

b) One-way communication from aircraft to stations or locations on the surface of the earth

c) One-way communication from stations or locations on the surface of the earth

d) Any communication from aircraft to ground stations requiring handling by the Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network (AFTN)

6. What does the term "clearance limit" mean?

a) The time of expiry of an air traffic control clearance

b) The time at which an aircraft is given an air traffic control clearance

c) A point to which an aircraft is granted an air traffic control clearance

d) The time after which an air traffic control clearance will be automatically cancelled if the flight has not been commenced

7. What does the term "expected approach time" mean?

a) The time at which an arriving aircraft, upon reaching the radio aid serving the destination aerodrome, will commence the instrument approach procedure for a landing

b) The time at which an arriving aircraft expects to arrive over the appropriate designated navigation aid serving the destination aerodrome

c) The holding time over the radio facility from which the instrument approach procedure for a landing will be initiated

d) The time at which ATC expects that an arriving aircraft, following a delay, will leave the holding point to complete its approach for a landing

8. What does the term "visual approach" mean?

a) An approach executed by a VFR flight unable to maintain VMC

b) A visual manoeuvre executed by an IFR flight when the weather conditions at the aerodrome of destination are equal to or better than required VMC minima

c) An approach by an IFR flight when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not completed and the approach is executed in visual reference to terrain

d) An extension of an instrument approach procedure to bring an aircraft into position for landing on a runway which is not suitable located for straight-in-approach

9. What does the term "Automatic Terminal Information Service" mean?

a) A service established to provide information concerning en-route weather phenomena which may effect the safety of aircraft operation

b) A service by which aircraft operating within a flight information region (FIR) are provided with current meteorological and operational information essential for the safety of air navigation

c) The provision of current routine information to arriving and departing aircraft by means of continuous and repetitive broadcast throughout the day or a specific portion of the day

d) A service which provides aircraft with weather reports relating to a specific number of aerodromes located within a flight information region (FIR)

10. What does the term "way point" mean?

a) A defined position on an aerodrome used for the calibration of the inertial navigation system

b) A specified geographical position used to define an area navigation route or the flight path of an aircraft employing area navigation

c) A general term meaning the taxiway- and the runway-system on an international airport

d) A signal indicating the direction of the runway-in-use

11. What does the abbreviation "INS" mean?

a) Inertial navigation system

b) Instrument navigation system

c) International NOTAM service

d) International navigation service

12. What does the abbreviation "TCAS" mean?

a) Traffic alert and collision avoidance system

b) Terminal control and advisory system

c) Tower cabin alarm stop

d) Track confirmation by automatic sources

13. What is the meaning of the term "flight level"?

a) A pressure level based on regional QNH

b) A level in the atmosphere for vertical separation which is determined by setting the altimeter to local QNH

c) A level in the atmosphere for vertical separation which is determined by setting the altimeter to local QFE

d) A level in the atmosphere for vertical separation which is determined by setting the altimeter to 1013,2 hPa

14. What does the abbreviation "SELCAL" mean?

a) A system in which radiotelephony communication can be established between aircraft only

b) A system which permits the selective calling of individual aircraft over radiotelephony channels linking a ground station with the aircraft

c) A system in which radiotelephony communication between two stations can take place in both directions simultaneously

d) A system provided for direct exchange of information between air traffic services (ATS) units

15. What does the abbreviation "SSR" mean?

a) Search and surveillance radar

b) Secondary surveillance radar

c) Surface strength of runway

d) Standard snow report

16. What does the abbreviation "RNAV" mean?

a) Area navigation

b) Radar aided navigation

c) Route navigation

d) Radio navigation

17. What does the abbreviation "RVR" mean?

a) Runway visual range

b) Radar vectors requested

c) Runway visibility report

d) Recleared via route...

18. What does the abbreviation "HJ" mean?

a) Sunrise to sunset

b) Sunset to sunrise

c) No specific working hours

d) Continuous day and night service

19. QNH is the radio telephony Q-code to indicate:

a) The atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or at runway threshold)

b) The altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground

c) The atmospheric pressure measured at the aerodrome reference point (ARP)

d) The atmospheric pressure referred to the highest obstacle located on the surface of an aerodrome

20. If you are requested to report your height, to which Q-code setting would you refer?

a) QNH

b) QFE

c) QDM

d) QBI

21. If you are requested to report your altitude, to which Q-code setting would you refer?

a) QNH

b) QFE

c) QFF

d) QNJ

22. What does QDM mean?

a) Magnetic bearing to the station

b) Magnetic bearing from the station

c) True heading to the station (no wind)

d) True bearing from the station

23. QFE is the radio telephony Q-code to indicate:

a) The atmospheric pressure referred to the highest obstacle located on the surface of an aerodrome

b) The atmospheric pressure referred to a point on the surface of the earth

c) The altimeter sub-scale setting to obtain elevation when on the ground

d) The atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation (or runway threshold)

24. What is the Q-code for "magnetic bearing to the station"?

a) QDM

b) QDR

c) QNE

d) QTE

25. What does QTE mean?

a) Magnetic bearing to the station

b) True bearing from the station

c) True heading to the station (no wind)

d) Magnetic heading to the station

26. What is the Q-code for "true bearing from the station"?

a) QDR

b) QDM

c) QTE

d) QFE

27. What does QDR mean?

a) Magnetic heading to the station (no wind)

b) True bearing from the station

c) True heading to the station

d) Magnetic bearing from the station

28. What is the Q-code for "magnetic bearing from the station"?

a) QDR

b) QTE

c) QDM

d) QFE

29. When transmitting time, which time system shall be used?

a) Local time (LT), 24-hour clock

b) Local time (LT) A.M. and P.M.

c) No specific system, as only the minutes are normally required

d) Coordinated universal time (UTC)

30. The time is 4:15pm. What is the correct way of transmitting this time if there is a possibility of confusion?

a) Four fifteen P.M.

b) Sixteen fifteen

c) four fifteen in the afternoon

d) One six one five

31. When the term "CAVOK" is used in an aviation routine weather report (METAR), the values of visibility and clouds are:

a) Visibility 10 km or more, no clouds below 5000 ft/GND

b) Visibility 10 km or more, no clouds below 1500 ft/GND

c) Visibility more than 8 km, no clouds below 3000 ft/GND

d) Visibility more than 5000 m, no clouds below 1500 m/GND

32. The time is 9:20 am. What is the correct way of transmitting this time if there is no possibility of confusion (same hour)?

a) Two zero

b) Twenty

c) Two zero this hour

d) Nine twenty A.M.

33. The transition level is determined on the basis of ...

a) transition altitude and QNH

b) transition height and QNH

c) transition altitude and QFE

d) transition height and QFE

34. The vertical dimension of the transition layer must be at least:

a) 1000 ft

b) 500 ft

c) 1500 ft

d) 2000 ft

35. The weather report in an ATIS broadcast contains the term "CAVOK". This means that an arriving aircraft has to expect ...

a) less than 5/8 clouds below 5000 ft

b) light precipitation

c) thunderstorm

d) no clouds below 5000 ft GND

36. Which are the units of measurement used in flight operation for wind direction and velocity (except for take-off and landing)?

a) Degrees magnetic and kilometers

b) Degrees true and kilometers

c) Degrees magnetic and miles

d) Degrees true and knots

37. Which are the units of measurement used in flight operation for wind direction and velocity for take-off and landing?

a) Degrees magnetic and knots

b) Degrees true and kilometers

c) Degrees magnetic and miles

d) Degrees true and knots

38. Which time will be issued by ATC, if an arriving aircraft on an IFR flight has to hold over the navigational aid serving as clearance limit, when holding of more than 20 minutes is expected? The ...

a) estimated time of arrival (ETA)

b) estimated elapsed time (EET)

c) estimated time en-route (ETE)

d) expected approach time (EAT)

39. What does "friction coefficient 45" in a runway report mean?

a) Breaking action medium

b) Braking action good

c) Braking action poor

d) Braking action not measurable

40. What does "friction coefficient 20" in a runway report mean?

a) Breaking action medium

b) Breaking action good

c) Breaking action poor

d) Breaking action unreliable

41. The published transition altitude is 5000 ft, the present QNH is 1005 hPa. What is the transition level?

a) FL 50

b) FL 60

c)FL 70

d) FL 80

42. The published transition altitude is 5000 ft, the present QNH is 1015 hPa. What is the transition level?

a) FL 50

b) FL 60

c) FL 70

d) FL 80

43. The published transition altitude is 5000 ft, the present QNH is 977 hPa. What is the transition level?

a) FL 50

b) FL 80

c) FL 70

d) FL 60

44. An aircraft on an IFR flight at FL 100 approaches an aerodrome for landing. The QNH given is 1018 hPa; the transition altitude is 5000 ft. When shall the pilot change the altimeter setting to QNH? When...

a) leaving FL 100

b) passing FL 50

c) passing FL 70

d) passing FL 60

45. The pilot of an arriving IFR flight shall change altimeter setting from 1013,2 hPa to QNH during the descent...

a) when passing the transition altitude

b) when commencing descent

c) after having passed the transition layer

d) when passing the transition level

46. The pilot of a departing IFR flight shall change altimeter setting from QNH to standard altimeter setting 1013,2 hPa when ...

a) passing transition level

b) reaching transition level

c) passing transition altitude

d) leaving the transition layer

Solutions:

1a, 2a, 3d, 4d, 5a, 6c, 7d, 8c, 9c, 10b, 11a, 12a, 13d, 14b, 15b, 16a, 17a, 18a, 19b, 20b, 21a, 22a, 23d, 24a, 25b, 26c, 27d, 28a, 29d, 30d, 31a, 32a, 33a, 34a, 35d, 36d, 37a, 38d, 39b, 40c, 41c, 42b, 43b, 44d, 45d, 46c

Chapter 2

Aviation Organizations

International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO

The rapid development in international aviation prior and after the second world war forced the the United Nation to find a aviation organization. The first step was done in 1944 when the PICAO (Provisional International Civil Aviation Organisation), a preliminary aviation organization, was found in Chicago. After acceptance of the “Agreement of Chicago” the International Civil Organization (ICAO) was found on April 4th 1947. More than 140 members of the United Nations participate this organisation. In the year 1967 the Bundesrepublik Deutschland became also member of the ICAO.

Bundesminister für Verkehr

The Bundesminister für Verkehr (BMV) is responsible for all aviation affairs in the Bundesrepublik Deutschland such as aviation law, aviation admission, research, international cooperation and air traffic.

For this behalf the BMV has found several offices to look after special assignments:

LBA (Luftfahrtbundesamt)

DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst)

Deutsche Flugsicherung DFS GmbH

DFS Deutsche Flugsicherung GmbH

The Deutche Flugsicherung DFS GmbH was found as BFS (Bundesanstalt für Flugsicherung) in 1953 and changed to a privat GmbH in 1994.

The DFS is responsible for air traffic control in the controlled airspace of Germany and on internatioal German airports.

The DFS may forbid totally or partly visual air traffic in airspaces “C” and/or “D”.

Die DFS consists of

Unternehmenszentrale, situated at Langen (Hessen)

Control tower service at the international airports and aera control at Bremen, Berlin, Karlsruhe, München and Langen

The air traffic services comprises

Air traffic control service This will be done in the control airspace (C, D, E) by radar and/or tower control service. Clearances and advises will be done via radiotelephony.

The three basic control units are TOWER Control (TWR), Approach Control(APP) and Area Control (ACC)

Flight information service This service is executed by radar service to provide pilots with information and hints necessary for a safe and afficient conduct of flights. This service is only during flight available.

Flight alerting service   With filing a flight plan the pilot gets flight alerting service automatically either by AIS (aeronautical information service) or by aerodrome control tower.

Aeronautical information service This service is only available prior or after the flight. Here you can file flight plans and they are responsible for all questions regarding flight plan, airspace structure, NOTAMs and procedures. This service is available only via telephone, FAX or internet.

Aeronautical teletype service This service is responsible for the collection and dissemination of flight plans, NOTAMs etc. Pilots normally don’t have contact with this service

Aeronautical navigation service This service is responsible for the safe operation of radio navigational facilities, maintenace and flight check of these facilities.

Questions on Chapter 2

1. An ATC unit is providing ...

a) aeronautical telecommunication service

b) air traffic communication service

c) air traffic information service

d) air traffic control service

2. Air traffic control service will be provided to ...

a) all VFR flights above 5000 ft MSL

b) VFR flights in the identification zone

c) VFR flights at night within airspace G

d) IFR flights and aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes

3. Name the three basic ATC units:

a) AIS, FIC, TWR

b) TWR, FIC, APP

c) APP, ACC, SAR

d) TWR, APP, ACC

Solution:

1d, 2d, 3d

Chapter 3

Radio and Navigational Equipment

Radio and Air Navigation Equipment of Aircraft for IFR Flight

All aircraft operated under IFR in German airspace have to use radio and air navigation equipment. The radio navigational equipment is listed in the Ordinance on Radio and Air Navigation Equipment of Aircraft (VO über die Flugsicherungsausrüstung der Luftfahrzeuge – FSAV), according to: NfL II – 1/93, 107/94, 32/96, 12/98, 109/98.

These aircraft must be equipped with

2 VHF transmitter / receivers (Frequency range: 117.975 MHz to 137.000 MHz / 25 kHz channel spacing until FL245, 8,33 kHz channel spacing above FL245).

2 VOR : Very High Frequency Omni directional Radio Range (Only one is required if RNAV is available)

1 ADF : Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)

1 SSR : with Secondary Surveillance Mode A-Transponder with 4096 codes and Mode C - with automatic altitude reporting (from 1st January 2003 - Mode S)

1 DME interrogator: Distance Measuring Equipment

RNAV (Area Navigation System)

ACAS: Airborne Collision Avoidance System

Aircraft with more than 30 seats or MTOM of more than 15 tons (from 1st January 2005 - aircraft with more than 19 seats or MTOM of more than 5,7 tons)

Aircraft approach aerodromes served by an instrument landing system (ILS ) shall be equipped with:

1 ILS -receiver for localizer and glide path signals

1 VHF-receiver for marker beacon signals

1 ILS (LLZ / GP ) combined indicator

Important frequencies

121,500 MHz International emergency frequency
(is monitored worldwide by all ATC service stations)

123,200 MHz National guard frequency (is monitored by ‚German flight information services; in German and English language)

122.100 MHz Combined frequency of military control tower services

123.300 MHz Combined frequency of military GCA service station

Definition of IFR-Procedures

The Deutsche Flugsicherung (DFS) defines the IFR-procedures as:

Air Traffic Services (ATS )-Routes

Standard Arrival Routes – STAR

Standard Departure Routes – SID

Approach Procedures

Holding Procedures

These IFR-procedures are published in the German Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) / Volume “Enroute” for ATS routes and Volume “Aerodromes” for STAR, SID and approach procedures.

Radio Navigation Aids

The following radio navigational facilities are used for different purposes and are defined as follows:

NDB Non Directional Beacon

L Locator

LO Locator , outer

LM Locator , middle

VOR VHF-Omnidirectional Radio Range

DVOR Doppler VOR

TVOR Terminal VOR

VORTAC it is system combining VOR and TACAN station. The frequency of the VOR is that selected in that way that the DME part of the TACAN may be received at the same time with the same VOR receiver

VOT VOR -Test (not to be used for navigation purposes)

DME Distance Measuring Equipment

The DME was formerly a part of the TACAN system, but now it is a standard part in connection with other radio navigational systems like:

VOR / DME

NDB / DME

ILS DME

LLZ DME

MKR Marker (Markierungsfunkfeuer)

Marker beacons are normally used with ILS approach procedures to determine a specific distance to the runway used. There are 3 different marker but only the first mentioned two are in use within Germany:

OM Outer Marker (Voreinflugzeichen)

MM Middle Marker (Haupteinflugzeichen)

IM Inner Marker (not used in Germany)

ILS Instrument Landing System

ILS DME Localizer and Glidepath and DME information

LLZ Localizer information only (azimuth) without distance information.

LLZ DME Localizer and DME information.

GP Glidepath information. There is no azimuth information. If the LLZ fails the complete system will be shut off.

(MLS Microwave Landing System - for the time being not in use)

TACAN Tactical Air Navigation

The TACAN system is a navigational system solely used by the military

TACAN for military use only

VORTAC it is system combining VOR and TACAN station. The frequency of the VOR is that selected in that way that the DME part of the TACAN may be received at the same time with the same VOR receiver

DVORTAC it is a system combining DVOR and TACAN station comprising the above mentioned advantages.

GPS  Global Positioning System

This system is using satellites to determine the exact position of the aircraft. This system is controlled by MOD.

DGPS Differential Global Positioning System

This system is using the GPS system with an additional transmitter on the ground for updating the airborne data.

Area Navigation (RNAV)

This system furnishes position data by calculating with radials of a VOR and distances of the DME or with data furnished by inertial navigation system

RNAV data sources:

VOR / DME

DME / DME

INS / IRS

(D)GPS

RADAR Radio Detection and Ranging

PR Primary Radar

SSR Secondary Surveillance Radar (Transponder )

PAR Recision Approach Radar

DF Direction Finder

VDF VHF Direction Finder

UDF UHF Direction Finder

Chart Symbols - Navigation and Radio Navigation Aids

Siehe AIP GEN u. Karten

ILS

MM

OM

DME

WPT

Fly-
Overhead

Fly-by

MKR

In Germany are marker beacon no longer in use.

Aeronautical Charts for Instrument Flight Procedures

For navigation purposes the following charts are published by the DFS:

Enroute Chart (Lower-/ Upper Airspace)

Standard Arrival Chart - Instrument (STAR) – ICAO

 Instrument Approach Chart – ICAO

 Standard Departure Chart (SID) – ICAO

 Minimum Radar Vectoring Altitude Chart - MRVA

Questions on Chapter 3

1. Which of the following frequencies is an international emergency frequency?

a) 122.500 MHz

b) 121.500 MHz

c) 6500 KHz

d) 121.050 MHz

2. The frequency 121.500 MHz is ...

a) an international emergency frequency

b) a frequency for air-to-air communication

c) a regional VHF emergency frequency

d) a regional guard frequency

3. Which is the frequency band containing frequencies of the Aeronautical Mobile Service?

a) 108.000 - 117.975 MHz

b) 1810 - 2850 kHz

c) 11650 - 13200 kHz

d) 117.975 - 137.000 MHz

4. To which frequency band belong the frequencies 118.000 - 136.975 MHz of the Aeronautical Mobile Service?

a) Very high frequency

b) Very low frequency

c) Low frequency

d) Medium frequency

5. How much is the channel spacing between consecutive frequencies in the VHF band of the Aeronautical Mobile Service?

a) 8,33 kHz/25 kHz

b) 50 MHz

c) 8,33 kHz/100 kHz

d) 100 kHz

6. What are the propagation characteristics of VHF?

a) The waves are reflected at the ionosphere at the height of about 100 km and reach the earth surface in the form of sky-waves

b) The waves travel along the surface of the earth and penetrate into valleys in a way that topographical obstacles have no influence

c) Similar to short waves with practically no atmospheric disturbance

d) Practically straight-line similar to light waves

7. Which phenomena can influence the reception quality of VHF?

a) The ionosphere

b) Electrical discharges as they happen frequently in thunderstorms

c) Day- and night-effect

d) Level of aircraft and terrain elevations

8. Under which of the following circumstances may you expect a solid reception of the TOWER frequency 118.2 MHz?

a) Aircraft at low level but far away from the ground station

b) Aircraft at low level, far away from the ground station, in the radio shadow zone of a hill

c) Aircraft at high level in the vicinity of the ground station

d) Aircraft at low level, in the vicinity of the ground station, in the radio shadow zone

9. Which is the maximum distance at which you might expect solid VHF contact over flat terrain at flight level 100?

a) About 300 NM

b) About 30