All sciences. №8, 2022
International Scientific Journal

Authors: Aliyev Ibratjon Xatamovich, Abbasova Nargiza Kabilovna, Abduraxmonov Sultonali Mukaramovich, Axmedov Tursun Axmedovich, Bilolov Inomjon Uktamovich, Botirov Qodir Abdullayevich, Vavilova Ekaterina Aleksandrovna, G'ofurov Oqiljon Axmedovich, Zuxritdinovna Mahina Abduvaliyevna, Karimov Boxodir Xoshimovich, Karimov Shavkat Boxodirovich, Obidov Foziljon Oripovich, Otajonov Salim Madraximovich, Umarova Gulnoza Masxariddinovna, Usmonov Yakub Usmonovich, Sharofutdinov Farruh Murodjonovich, Ergashev Sirojiddin Fayozovich, Yuldashaliyev Dilshod Quldoshaliyevich, Yusupova Dilfuza Aminovna, Yusupova Saboxatxon A]zamjonovna

Editor-in-Chief Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Illustrator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Illustrator Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Illustrator Obbozjon Xokimovich Quldoshev

Cover design Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Cover design Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Cover design Ra'noxon Mukaramovna Aliyeva

Cover design Xolidaxon Tulkinovna Aliyeva

Proofreader Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

Proofreader Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov

Proofreader Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Vavilova

Proofreader Gulnoza Muxtarovna Sobirova

Translator Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev

© Ibratjon Xatamovich Aliyev, 2023

© Nargiza Kabilovna Abbasova, 2023

© Sultonali Mukaramovich Abduraxmonov, 2023

© Tursun Axmedovich Axmedov, 2023

© Inomjon Uktamovich Bilolov, 2023

© Qodir Abdullayevich Botirov, 2023

© Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Vavilova, 2023

© Oqiljon Axmedovich G'ofurov, 2023

© Mahina Abduvaliyevna Zuxritdinovna, 2023

© Boxodir Xoshimovich Karimov, 2023

© Shavkat Boxodirovich Karimov, 2023

© Foziljon Oripovich Obidov, 2023

© Salim Madraximovich Otajonov, 2023

© Gulnoza Masxariddinovna Umarova, 2023

© Yakub Usmonovich Usmonov, 2023

© Farruh Murodjonovich Sharofutdinov, 2023

© Sirojiddin Fayozovich Ergashev, 2023

© Dilshod Quldoshaliyevich Yuldashaliyev, 2023

© Dilfuza Aminovna Yusupova, 2023

© Saboxatxon A]zamjonovna Yusupova, 2023

ISBN 978-5-0059-4495-5 (т. 8)

ISBN 978-5-0059-1753-9

Created with Ridero smart publishing system

DEAR PEOPLES OF THE WHOLE PLANET!

Our world is entering a new year 2023. We, the organization of OOO "Electron Laboratory", the Scientific School "Electron" and its academic Council, the administration and every member of our team, wholeheartedly congratulate the entire multinational people of the inhabitants of the Earth, all countries of the world, each of their citizens and representatives of states, dear veterans, all men and women, our wonderful youth with this a wonderful holiday. We wish you all health, happiness, peace and prosperity!

In 2022, we created OOO "Electron Laboratory" and the Electron Scientific School was created under it, and the international scientific journal "All Sciences" was organized at the Scientific School, which is published monthly to this day in cooperation with the Ridero publishing system. At the moment, 8 issues of the journal, 182 scientific and popular scientific articles have been published in all areas of human cognition. Also, 44 books have been published by the team of the Scientific School from August 2021 to the present, while each of them has been recognized since the foundation of the Scientific School and the organization OOO "Electron Laboratory" in May 2022.

Of these, one epic novel "The Constructor of Worlds", in which 9 volumes were published; two one-volume novels; one collection of poems; two collections of essays; ten monographs; eight issues of the international scientific journal "All Sciences" in Russian; the first, sixth, seventh and eighth, in total four issues of the international scientific journal "All Sciences" – "All sciences" in English; one issue of the information magazine "Thinking and Creativity" in Russian; one issue of the information magazine "Tafakkur va izhod" in Uzbek; one textbook and four textbooks.

The number of members of the academic Council has increased from 20 to 37 people over the past six months, including doctors and candidates of sciences, professors and associate professors, and other representatives of the academic community. Close relationships have been established with such organizations as the Malaysian company "Clipper Energy" SND. BHD., the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, the D. V. Efremov Research Institute of Electrophysical Equipment, the A. A. Chechen State University. Kadyrov, Ingush State University, Ridero Publishing System (Publishing Solutions LLC), Ministry of Higher and Secondary Special Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Khokimiyat of the Fergana Region, Khokimiyat of the city of Ferghana, Joint Stock Company of the Ferghana Enterprise of Territorial Electric Grids of the Ferghana Region and the City of Ferghana, National University of Uzbekistan, Institute of Nuclear Physics at the Academy of Sciences of Uzbekistan, Scientific Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of Uzbekistan, Ferghana State University, Ferghana Polytechnic Institute, Ferghana branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies, Unitary Enterprise "FarDU-Yashil Energy", Joint Stock Company "Ferghana TPP", Private Enterprise "Radioelectronics" and others.

In the new year 2023, it is planned to publish 12 subsequent issues of the international scientific journal "All Sciences" in Russian and English with at least 240 scientific articles; from the second to the fifth issues of the international scientific journal "All Sciences" in English; 6 subsequent issues, every two months, of the information journal "Thinking and Creativity" in Russian and Uzbek languages; 3 textbooks; 4 textbooks; about 10 monographs; 6 volumes of the epic novel "Constructor of Worlds"; 6 additional one-volume novels; 1 collection of poems; 1 collection of essays.

It is planned to attract academicians, doctors and candidates of sciences, professors and associate professors, other members of the academic community from scientists of Uzbekistan and foreign scientific associations, academies, general education and research institutes, universities and others to the academic council, increasing the number of members of the academic council to 50 people.

It is also planned to establish contacts with such organizations as partners of the Malaysian company "Clipper Energy" SND. BHD., the Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Ministry of Investment and Foreign Trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, other universities and enterprises, reaching a new level in the international arena.

Thereby opening up new opportunities for all members, authors of scientific articles and other publications, our other partners new opportunities.

Dear friends, on this festive day, addressing you from the bottom of our hearts, may peace, happiness and prosperity be in every family in every state in 2023, may all our good dreams and hopes come true, may science flourish all over the world.

Happy New Year to you, dear peoples of the whole planet!

The organization of OOO «Electron Laboratory», the Scientific School «Electron» and its academic Council, the administration and each member of our team

DEDICATED TO THE HONORED SCIENTIST OF UZBEKISTAN, LAUREATE OF THE BERUNI STATE PRIZE, DOCTOR OF PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES, PROFESSOR BANNOB OTAKULOVICH OTAKULOV

UDC 929.521.2

Otakulov Bannob Otakulovich (1931—2022)

Bannob Otakulovich was born in the Yarmazarsky village of the city of Fergana on April 10, 1931. In 1947, he graduated with honors from secondary school No. 30. And already in 1948 he entered the Fergana Pedagogical Institute, completing it and receiving a diploma with honors in 1952.

Noted before the rector of the Institute and the administration of the faculties for his knowledge and organizational skills, Bannob Otakulovich was hired as a teacher of the Department of Physics. He studied at the graduate school of the Faculty of Physics of Tashkent State University (now the National University of Uzbekistan) and in 1965, before the Academic Council of the Faculty of Physics and Mathematics of Central Asian State University, defended his thesis on "Checking the physical properties of diodes with elongated bases of germanium and silicon." And thanks to hard work, in 1966 he was awarded the title of associate professor.

In 1958-1961 he was the head of the department at the Faculty of Physics, from 1962 to 1965 he was the dean of the Faculty of Physics, and from 1965 to 1968 he served as the vice-rector for the academic part of the Institute. So from 1971 to 1984 he worked as the rector of the Institute. As a manager, he paid great attention to the personnel training process. He sent young teachers to graduate schools located in the central cities of the country to improve their qualifications, recommended research students for internships with leading scientists of his time, to create the necessary conditions important for the development of the work of the research institute, opened a suitable laboratory in the areas and demonstrated his initiative to engage in scientific work of young people and create the necessary conditions.

If in 1971 212 out of 342 teachers were engaged in research activities, already in 1975 this figure reached 286 people. For comparison, in the same year 1971, 34.2% of the entire academic and professorial staff of FerGPI, and in 1975 – 37.2%, in 1980 38% had academic degrees and titles. From 1972 to 1980, the scientists of the Institute published 70 monographs, textbooks, manuals, developments, 10 collections of scientific papers, 1,500 scientific and popular scientific articles, and also received 20 copyright certificates. In 1972-1978, 6 doctors and 57 candidates of sciences were preparing for defense at the Institute. In 1981-1985, the number of scientific directions became even greater. At that time, the scientists of the Institute published 14 monographs, 5 textbooks and teaching aids, 10 collections of scientific publications, 1100 scientific articles, and also received 7 copyright certificates.

In 1981-1985, research work was carried out on the island of 5 million 723 thousand agricultural contracts.

As rector, Bannob Otakulovich paid great attention to the development of sports and physical culture among students. He trained several champions and prize-winners of Asia and the world. In 1981, the military department was opened. Under his direct supervision, several international and republican scientific and theoretical conferences, seminars and colloquiums were organized at the Institute in various scientific fields. The construction of the Faculty of Medicine, and now the Faculty of Foreign Languages, which was also equipped with all the necessary equipment, was completed.

In the 1973-1974 competitions between republican pedagogical higher educational institutions in the direction of improving the financial and social condition of students, working staff and academic staff. In 1976, a 100-bed preventive wellness center was opened at the Institute. The merits of Bannob Otakulovich in the construction of faculty buildings for recreation areas to improve the functionality of a 120-seat summer health camp for students, workers and academic staff in the Yerdan village in the Ferghana region were simply titanically huge.

Headed by Bannob Otakulovich, economic agreements were drawn up with scientific and analytical institutes in Moscow, Novosibirsk and other cities. A research laboratory and a design bureau were established at the Institute, with more than 20 specialists involved as personnel. This scientific laboratory, together with the world-famous Central Aerodynamic Institute named after Tupolev and Zhukovsky, implemented the terms of agreements worth more than 7.5 million soums.

In 1977, Bannob Otakulovich and his students E. Abdullaev, E. Bilyalov, A. Afuzov became laureates of the Abu Rayhan Beruni State Prize for their scientific work on the topic "Development of semiconductor film tensoresistors and their introduction into the national economy".

In 1979, Bannob Otakulovich defended his doctoral dissertation at the Vilnius State University on the topic "Barrier effects in semiconductors". And for outstanding services in training highly qualified personnel in Uzbekistan, he was awarded the title of Honored Scientist of Uzbekistan in 1981.

14 teachers who defended themselves under his scientific supervision became candidates of physical, mathematical and technical sciences. During this period alone, 11 doctors of sciences were graduated.

And from 1992 to 1994, Bannob Otakulovich entered the position of rector of the Fergana State Pedagogical Institute for the second time, which has already become the Fergana State University. As rector, he brought to the fore the issue of the preparation of candidates and doctors of sciences, focused on the scientific activities of the university, as well as to improve the financial base of this scientific center. Thanks to this, he managed to raise the status of the university to one of the leading higher educational institutions in the country.

For exemplary activity in the process of training scientific and pedagogical personnel, he was awarded a diploma of the Presidium of the Supreme Republican Council and the Ministry, and also became a medalist in the field of education of the Republic and the All-Union scale. In 1972—1986 he was a deputy of the Fergana Regional Assembly of Deputies.

The famous scientist, organizer and leader, outstanding mentor Bannob Otakulov left this mortal world in 2022 on January 2 at the age of 91.

Karimov Bokhodir Khoshimovich

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University

PHYSICAL AND MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES

MODERN ACHIEVEMENTS IN PHYSICS OF RESONANT ACCELERATOR INSTALLATIONS

UDC 621.039

Sharofutdinov Farrukh Murodzhonovich

Economic Director of OOO "Electron Laboratory"; Chief Scientific Secretary of the Electron Scientific School at OOO "Electron Laboratory"
OOO "Electron Laboratory", Electron Scientific School, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation
Aliev Ibratjon Khatamovich
2nd year student of the Faculty of Mathematics and Computer Science of Fergana State University; CEO of OOO "Electron Laboratory"; President of the Electron Scientific School at OOO "ElectronLaboratory"

Ferghana State University, Ferghana, Uzbekistan; OOO «ElectronLaboratory», Electron Scientific School, Margilan, Uzbekistan

Аннотация. Современные научные исследования прогрессивно развиваются, обещая наличие новых результатов. Одним из них является открытие и популяризация физики резонансных ядерных реакций в энергетическом плане. Особенностью данного раздела физики ядерных реакций является то, что возвращается вопрос об эффективности обычных экзо-энергетических ядерных реакций при проведении на ускорителях.

Ключевые слова: монохромотизация, резонансные ядерные реакции, ядерная физика, ускоритель заряженных частиц.

Annotation. Modern scientific research is progressing progressively, promising new results. One of them is the discovery and popularization of the physics of resonant nuclear reactions in the energy plan. The peculiarity of this section of nuclear reaction physics is that the question of the effectiveness of conventional exo-energetic nuclear reactions when carried out on accelerators returns.

Keywords: monochromatization, resonant nuclear reactions, nuclear physics, charged particle accelerator.

As is known, nuclear reactions are exo- and endo-energetic in nature, which divides them into categories according to the absorption and release of energy during the passage of the energy itself, due to the difference in the masses of the initial and resulting particles. At the same time, if the energy characteristics of these reactions were preserved, then the situation related to the number of interacting particles along the specified reaction channel becomes a big question, because any other interaction can also take place, due to the probabilistic nature of the behavior of such processes.

But as it turned out, the increase in the number of particles involved in the interaction increases when their energy approaches certain values – resonances, which are already more precisely defined today. But one aspect remained quite interesting and this is the question of the approximation of energy to a certain limit – the Coulomb barrier of the nucleus. Indeed, this barrier is not large in its dimensions, moreover, there is an additional energy spread due to ionization, which, fortunately, can already be calculated more accurately, for this reason, if we take into account all the ionization losses of the target substance, as well as the Coulomb barrier, as a result, the particle will have a sufficiently small nuclear gap energy. Here it is appropriate to recall the theory of dualism, according to which each particle is also a wave, and since the energy of the particle in the nucleus becomes minimal, its wavelength begins to grow, creating opportunities for interaction directly with the nucleus, excluding other probabilistic cases, which include the tunneling effect or scattering with elastic collision.

It seemed that this was not an effective procedure, since initially it was necessary to at least get into the Coulomb barrier itself, but due to sufficient beam density, as well as the effect of a monochromotizer, a theoretical result was obtained that greatly increases the efficiency of the entire reaction. For comparison, with only a boron-proton reaction with the release of 3 alpha particles on a thin 13 micron target, the effective cross-section of the nuclear reaction increases sharply and 99.999972% of all particles interact even at low currents, for a beryllium-proton-lithium reaction with the same alpha particles, this indicator is almost 100%, with the necessary accuracy. But there are also reactions with low efficiency, for example, proton-lithium-6 reactions with two alpha particles has an efficiency of only 65.53%, but at the same time having a large energy output.

The monochromotizer, which was mentioned earlier, is a device that separates a beam in a magnetic field by energy, after which a nano-structural substance – a carbon mesh – falls in its path, between the walls of the tubes of which there is a thin layer of a dielectric element or compound. At the same time, the induction vector of such an installation varies by a value of the order of 0.1 T and it can be noted that when the beam is deflected, a spectrum with a width of 0.327 mm is observed, while the wall thickness is measured in tens of nanometers, when the diameter of one inner tube is 0.572 microns, and the outer one is 0.636 microns. Losses at the same time exist and due to the "impact" on the walls of the tubes, up to 12.5% of the total number of charges is consumed.

But the energy accuracy in this case increases, so if for the SOKOL-2 accelerator at energies of 2 MeV, the accuracy was 5 keV, and for modern accelerators, more often at an energy of 20 MeV, the accuracy was 1 keV, then for an accelerator with a monochromotizer at that energy of 20 MeV, an accuracy of up to 50 MeV can be achieved, which it can even be considered the top of the unattainable, but even in spite of this, as the works show, these are quite achievable values, but for experimental verification, cooperation has already been established on the part of the company-the author of this project, OOO "Electron Laboratory" and the Scientific School "Electron" with the "Research Institute of Electro-Physical Equipment" – "D. V.NIIEFA. Efremov", as well as with such organizations as the Scientific Research Institute "Physics of Semiconductors and Microelectronics" at the National University of Uzbekistan, Ferghana State University, Ferghana Polytechnic Institute, the State Unitary Enterprise "Yashil-Energia" at Ferghana State University, the Ferghana branch of the Tashkent University of Information Technologies and other organizations.

In the future, when conducting a successful series of experiments, much attention will be paid to the analysis of energy characteristics and resonances on light, heavy and superheavy nuclei at the specially created Research Laboratory of Physics of Resonant Nuclear Reactions at OOO «Electron Laboratory», in which we wish them good luck on the way to improving knowledge about the microcosm and its wonders of modern human society.

Used literature

1. Rumi R. F. The use of new nanostructure methods allowing to increase the monochromaticity of the beam during acceleration. All sciences. – №7. Electron Scientific School, Publishing solutions. Ridero, 2022. – pp. 15-25.

2. Aliyev I. H., Karimov B. H. Course of physics of charged particle accelerators. Study guide. – [B.M.]: Scientific school "Electron", Publishing solutions. Ridero, 2022. – 203 p.

3. Aliev I. H. New parameters for nuclear reactions to be carried out on an accelerator of charged particles of the LCC-EPD-300 type. The Electron project. Monograph. – [B.M.]: Scientific school "Electron", Publishing solutions. Ridero, 2022. – 498 p

. 4. Aliev I. H., Sharofutdinov F. M. The use of accelerators and phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy for generating electrical energy. The Electron project. Monograph. – [B.M.]: Scientific school "Electron", Publishing solutions. Ridero, 2021. – 594 p.

5. Aliyev I. H. On a heuristic idea about the emergence of a new energy technology for obtaining energy from resonant nuclear reactions. All sciences. – №1. Electron Scientific School, Publishing solutions. Ridero, 2022. – pp. 13-18.

6. Karimov B. H. A general idea of the LCC-EPD-20 accelerator. All sciences. – №1. Electron Scientific School, Publishing solutions. Ridero, 2022. – pp. 18-23.

7. Zhalolov B. R. Implementation and scientific publications on the Electron project. All sciences. – №1. Electron Scientific School, Publishing solutions. Ridero, 2022. – pp. 23—28.

STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF gamma RADIATION AND LASER IRRADIATION ON THE KINETIC COEFFICIENTS OF POLY-CRYSTALLINE FILMS OF NARROW-BAND SEMICONDUCTORS

UDC 548

Yusupova Dilfuza Aminovna

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Physics and Technology of Fergana State University

Ferghana State University, Ferghana, Uzbekistan

Аннотация: В работе приведены результаты исследования влияния лазерного излучения на кинетические характеристики поликристалли-ческих пленок узкозонных полупроводников халькогенидов свинца и висмута. Приведены результаты измерений проводимости, концентрации дырок и коэффициента термоЭДС в пленках под воздействием лазерных импульсов.

Ключевые слова: поликристаллическая пленка, лазерное излучение, халькогениды свинца и висмута, проводимость, концентрация носителей, коэффициент термо-ЭДС.

Abstract: The paper presents the results of a study of the effect of laser radiation on the kinetic characteristics of polycrystalline films of narrow-band semiconductors of lead and bismuth chalcogenides. The results of measurements of conductivity, hole concentration and thermal EMF coefficient in films under the influence of laser pulses are presented.

Keywords: polycrystalline film, laser radiation, lead and bismuth chalcogenides, conductivity, carrier concentration, thermo-EMF coefficient.

Laser processing of thin films deposited on a substrate is used to form film elements widely used in instrumentation and microelectronics. Laser processing of thin films is characterized by high accuracy and locality, non-contact, good controllability and in most cases sufficient performance. In the modern technology of semiconductor devices, methods of processing materials using ionizing radiation are becoming increasingly important [1]. Special attention is paid to the modification of the properties of layers under the action of short laser pulses, when, along with ordinary thermal heating of films, the influence of factors having a non-thermal nature is possible.

The physical mechanisms of action of laser radiation on thin films are in many ways similar to the effect of radiation on massive materials, but they have some features.

This paper presents the results of studies of the effect of g-radiation and laser irradiation on the kinetic coefficients of polycrystalline films of narrow-band semiconductors. The objects of research were polycrystalline layers of lead and bismuth chalcogenides and their compounds obtained by thermal vacuum condensation under various technological conditions. The substrates were quartz, polyimide (PM-1) and mica. The thickness of the obtained films was 0.34 microns. The films were irradiated with Co60 g-quanta and an industrial GIG-1M laser (D=15J, tim =50 ns) in air and in vacuum. Measurements of electrical conductivity, Hall coefficient and thermal EMF were carried out.

Electron microscopic studies have shown that with an increase in the condensation temperature, the size of the crystallites increases. When exposed to laser pulses of Pb0.8Sn0 films.2Te condensed at a temperature Tc = 373 K, it was found that at irradiation energies W > 0.15 J /cm2, there is a violation of the adhesion of the condensate with the substrate. In this regard, the irradiation energies were less than the specified value.

It should be noted that these energies are also less than the energy of the calculated value of the peak melting energy of films during laser processing in the nanosecond range, which is 02J/cm2 [1].

This paper presents studies of the effect of laser annealing (LO) on the kinetic properties of polycrystalline Pb0.8Sn0.2Te films obtained on polyimide and mica substrates by thermal vacuum technology at various condensation temperatures [2]. Irradiation was carried out in the modulated Q-factor mode with an industrial laser with a ruby emitter (l = 0.69 microns, tim = 50 ns). The energy density in the laser pulse was adjusted by focusing the light beam. The kinetic coefficients of the films were measured as a function of the number of laser pulse effects. At the same time, the structure of the initial and irradiated films was studied using scanning electron microscopy.

The conductivity s, the concentration of pH carriers and the coefficient of thermal emf a were measured depending on the number of laser pulses of films condensed at different substrate temperatures. The results of the conducted studies have shown that with an increase in Tc, the conductivity of films s increases, and the coefficient of thermal emf a decreases. When exposed to laser pulses, a decrease in s and a is observed in the films.

Electron microscopic studies of the films have shown that with an increase in Tc from 300K to 600K, the size of the crystallites increases from (5-6) 102 to 104 oA, and in these films with an increase in Tc, an increase in s and a decrease in a are observed.

Noticeable structural changes in LO were observed in films obtained on mica at Tc = 570K, i.e. at higher condensation temperatures. Here, the growth of single-crystal fragments is detected, the size of which was many times larger than the size of the crystallites in the original non-irradiated condensates.

The processes responsible for crystallization phenomena, in our opinion, are partial melting of condensates under laser irradiation (partial, since the energy in the pulse is less than the melting threshold) and shock crystallization (accelerated crystallization in the solid phase).

The nature of the change in the concentration of holes in Vi2SbxTe3 films at g-irradiation (Co60 source, intensity 103P/s) in freshly deposited films and a film pre-annealed in air at 420 K for 3 hours, in which the concentration of holes before annealing coincided with the initial concentration of holes, is given.

The following patterns were noted:

1. In samples with initial values of the concentration of holes p ~ 8 1018 cm-3, g – irradiation leads to their monotonous increase with an output at Fd > 108P for saturation (curve 1); at 1019 <p <(2-4) x 1019 cm-3, the concentration of holes decreases during irradiation. At Fd"108 P, a slight increase is observed and subsequently takes a constant value (curve 2). The constant value in both cases corresponds to the same concentration of holes p" 9 x 1018 cm-3 (dashed line in the figure).

2. At p> 5x1019 cm-3, with an increase in Fd, a decrease in concentration is observed with a decrease in the intensity of the process as the Fd increases (curve 3); in the same films, after thermal annealing, leading to a decrease in concentration, the process of decreasing concentration with an increase in Fd also slows down.

To explain the observed phenomena, it is necessary to accept the following. In technological regimes that provide a high concentration of holes, along with anti-structural defects, tellurium vacancies are formed in films [3]. Under g-irradiation, two processes are responsible for changes in the concentration of holes:

a) radiation-stimulated diffusion of antistructural atoms along vacancies with the displacement of the latter to the effluents – the boundaries of crystallites and dislocations;

b) displacement of tellurium atoms into internodes.

The intensity of the first process is proportional to the concentration of vacancies and is more energetically advantageous relative to the second process. The first process is accompanied by a decrease in the number of acceptors, and the second by an increase, therefore, depending on the initial concentration of tellurium vacancies in films, two types of changes in the concentration of holes at g – irradiation are possible, which is observed experimentally. The output of the p (Fd) dependence on saturation corresponds to the establishment of equilibrium in the course of both processes.

List of used literature

1. K.E.Anarkulov, M.M.Akhmedov, D.A.Yusupova, R. T. Rasulov, B. Duliev Kinetic processes in thin films of bismuth and lead chalcogenides under the influence of g- and laser irradiation. Uzbek Physical Journal, V. 4, No.2, 2002, pp. 113-116

2. S.H.Shamirzaev, D.A.Yusupova. Investigation of the electrophysical properties of polycrystalline films of bismuth-antimony tellurides containing nanogranule Khozirgi zamon fizikasining dolzarb muammolari. Republic of ilmiy konferentsiyasi materialari typlami Termiz 1- May, 2013 y.45-46 b.

3. D.A.Yusupova. Study of electrophysical properties of nanocrystalline films Bi2Te3 – Sb2Te3. «Integration of Sciences» International scientific and Practical journal. Moscow Issue No. 4 (19) (June, 2018), from 52—54

THE FIRST STAGE OF ACCELERATOR TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT

UDC 29.01.09

Abdurakhmonov Sultonali Mukaramovich

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Faculty of Computer Design Systems of the Fergana Polytechnic Institute

Ferghana Polytechnic Institute, Ferghana, Uzbekistan

Аннотация. История ускорительной техники берёт своё начало ещё во времена самых первых исследований в области изучения строения вещества, и, хотя вопрос о строении материи был поставлен ещё в глубокой древности, его активное развитие начинается лишь чуть ранее открытия радиоактивности Анри Беккерелем. Самые первые попытки в области увеличения энергии генерируемых частиц были приложены ещё во времена первых трубок Крукса, в которых обеспечивался высокий вакуум, что позволяло обеспечить вылет приличного потока электронов под действием термоэлектронной эмиссии.

Ключевые слова: история, ускорители заряженных частиц, линейные ускорители, циклотроны, опыты Резерфорда.

Annotation. The history of accelerator technology dates back to the time of the very first research in the field of studying the structure of matter, and although the question of the structure of matter was raised in ancient times, its active development begins only a little earlier than the discovery of radioactivity by Henri Becquerel. The very first attempts in the field of increasing the energy of the generated particles were made back in the days of the first Crookes tubes, in which a high vacuum was provided, which made it possible to ensure the departure of a decent flow of electrons under the influence of thermoelectronic emission.

Keywords: history, charged particle accelerators, linear accelerators, cyclotrons, Rutherford experiments.

But if we proceed from the very beginning, then in the history of accelerators we can find many outstanding inventions, new and bright physical ideas, in some cases, having the character of a scientific discovery. However, the development of methods for accelerating charged particles and the pursuit of higher energies has never been an end in itself and necessarily obeyed mainly the logic of the development of nuclear physics and the resulting high-energy physics.

Previously conducted research and construction in the field of accelerator physics can be depicted using a diagram, so the existence of objective laws of the development of accelerator technology is simply and clearly convinced by such a dependence on the time of the maximum energy achieved in laboratory conditions. On a logarithmic scale, this dependence is reflected by a straight line, which, with some reservations, both existing installations and projected machines fall into. That is, the energy of artificially accelerated elementary particles increases exponentially by an order of magnitude every seven to eight years, which reflects the objective regularity of the development of science and high-energy physics. With all the importance of new ideas in accelerator physics, it should not be noted that their appearance did not cause noticeable fractures on this line and did not lead to such a case, the presence of any obvious deviations.

Probably, the first considerations about obtaining artificially accelerated particles appeared together with the birth of experimental nuclear physics after the historical experiments of E. Rutherford in 1919, although by that time there were already high-voltage X-ray tubes and installations for producing "channel rays", to a certain extent, deserving the name accelerators. The capabilities of high-voltage technology of that time, and the energy of alpha particles of natural radioactive isotopes, with which the accelerators were designed to compete, determined the immediate goal – to obtain particles with an energy of the order of several MeV. However, of course, the fundamental advantages of accelerators were also clear – the possibility of accelerating protons and other elementary particles, as well as the directivity and high intensity of the beam, equivalent to tens and hundreds of kilograms of natural radioactive preparations. Interestingly, in the 20s, quite a lot of ideas of acceleration to high energy were expressed, which were ahead of their time and embodied in specific installations only after many years.

Nevertheless, the first artificial nuclear reaction – the splitting of the lithium nucleus by protons with an energy of 700 keV – was carried out by the staff of Rutherford J. By Cockcroft and E. Watson in 1931 and immediately repeated in several laboratories. This date can be considered the beginning of the history of accelerators.

The Cockcroft-Walton installation consisted of two main elements – a high voltage generator and an accelerator tube. Both of them technically underwent significant modifications in the future. One of the main stages in the development of electrostatic accelerators was the invention in 1929 by R. Van de Graaf from Preston University in the USA of a high voltage generator with mechanical charge transfer. The increase in energy in these machines was restrained mainly by the electrical strength of the support insulators and the accelerator tube, but the use of forced potential distribution soon allowed to obtain an energy of 2.5 MeV. In the USSR, in 1938, an electrostatic accelerator at 3.6 MeV was launched in Kharkov. It is also important to note that by the end of the 50s, the accelerator tube of a serial electrostatic accelerator could withstand an order of magnitude more, namely 16 MV.

Nevertheless, the limited possibilities of the electrostatic acceleration method were obvious, and the development of nuclear physics urgently required a transition to energies of the order of ten MeV, comparable to the average binding energy of a nucleon in the nucleus. Therefore, the emergence of resonant methods that do not require high voltages should be considered a qualitatively new stage in the development of accelerators. The first ideas of this kind were expressed, as research shows, by the Swedish scientist Ising in 1924, but did not lead to the creation of a workable model. The linear version of the resonant accelerator was also studied by the Swedish physicist R. A video editor who also contributed to the development of betatron. There were no fundamental flaws in their schemes, but alas, only the absence of powerful short-wave generators in the late 20s did not allow them to be implemented in practice. It has already been mentioned above about the abundance of ideas that appeared at that time, which, unfortunately, did not find technical implementation. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the name of the American engineer J. Slepyan, whose patents contain prototypes of some future accelerators, including the well-known betatron and linear resonance accelerator.

Resonant acceleration was put on a real basis in the works of E. Lawrence, conducted in the laboratory of the University of California at Berkeley. Almost simultaneously, in 1930-1932, working models of a cyclotron appeared in this laboratory – the first cyclic accelerator, in the creation of which M. Livingston played an important role, and a linear resonant accelerator with drift tubes (D. Sloan). However, linear systems soon faded into the background due to the insufficient development of microwave technology compared to the cyclotron, which has already begun its truly great triumphal march.

Already in 1935, the energy of alpha particles equal to 11 MeV was obtained and for the first time exceeded the maximum energy of natural radioactive isotopes, and in 1938 a cyclotron with a pole diameter of 1.52 m was launched, on which alpha particles with an energy of 32 MeV were obtained. Before the outbreak of World War II, the construction of a cyclotron for deuterons with an energy of 100 MeV was started. The first cyclotron in Europe was launched in Leningrad in 1936 at the Radium Institute at an energy of 6 MeV.

Speaking about the general role of the cyclotron in the development of nuclear physics, it is difficult to overestimate it. A particularly important stage was the acceleration of deuterons in the cyclotron, first because of the interest that the deuteron represents as the simplest nuclear system, and then because of the opportunities that opened up for generating intense neutron fluxes using easy-going (d-n) type reactions, that is, deuteron-neutron reactions. The significance of the last mentioned circumstance does not require comments, since thanks to it, accurate quantitative information about the cross sections of the capture and fission reactions was subsequently obtained, because reactions with neutrons attracted great attention in the future due to uranium technology.

The problem of electron acceleration stood somewhat apart and could not be solved in the way of the development of the cyclotron, which is fundamentally unsuitable for the acceleration of relativistic particles. Linear accelerators experienced their real rebirth only after the Second World War due to the rapid development of microwave oscillation generation technology for radar purposes. However, in 1940, D. Kerst launched a cyclic induction accelerator in the USA, that is, a non—resonant 2.3 MeV betatron accelerator, the main idea of which was contained in Slepyan's patents. Videoroe came close to creating a betatron, who for the first time formulated the so-called betatron condition, which makes it possible to keep the radius of the orbit almost constant during acceleration, which turned out to be important from a practical point of view. In addition, in the early 40s, the conditions for the stability of electron motion in the betatron were clearly clarified, which was of fundamental importance. The fact is that the accelerating electric field in a betatron in practical conditions turns out to be very small and in order to achieve the same energy, a particle, instead of hundreds of meters, as in a cyclotron, must travel a full path of thousands of kilometers, which, of course, is strongly affected by even small perturbations of motion.

Kerst's work was repeated, although not immediately, in several laboratories, including in the USSR, and betatron soon became a reliable and simple source of bremsstrahlung used in photonuclear reaction physics and engineering. However, the main drawback of the cyclotron is a small accelerating field, which almost inevitably follows from the non—resonant nature of acceleration, and it determined the maximum energy at 100 MeV, when the largest betatron of the University of Illinois in the USA gave an energy of 300 MeV. The fundamental nature of this limitation is related to the magnetotormotic or, more precisely, synchrotron radiation of particles moving in a circle in the vacuum chamber itself.

The theory of synchrotron radiation, developed in the early 40s and well confirmed experimentally, indicated an inevitable increase in radiation losses with energy, which could not be compensated for by the relatively small accelerating field of the betatron. Thus, in the early 40s, an outwardly dead-end situation developed: it seemed that resonant methods had reached their ceiling associated with relativistic effects, and non-resonant ones faced insurmountable technical difficulties. At the same time, the transition to the energy range of the order of hundreds of MeV was necessary due to the emergence of a new branch of science – elementary particle physics and the requirements for the generation of recently discovered mesons, when the rest energy of the μ-meson is 106 MeV, and the π-meson is as much as 140 MeV. A new qualitative stage in the history of accelerators is associated with the name of V. I. Veksler, who then worked at the Lebedev FIAN.

Used literature

1. Aliyev I. H., Sharofutdinov F. M. The use of accelerators and the phenomena of collisions of elementary particles with high-order energy to generate electrical energy. The Electron project. Monograph. Publishing solutions. Ridero. 2021. – 594 p.

2. Aliyev I. H. Software modeling of nuclear reaction phenomena based on the technology of creating a set of data using a system of algorithms in C++. The Core-COMPUTER project. Monograph. Publishing solutions. Ridero. 2022. – 156 p.

3. Aliev I. H. New parameters for nuclear reactions to be carried out on an accelerator of charged particles of the LCC-EPD-300 type. The Electron project. Monograph. Publishing solutions. Ridero. 2022. – 498 p

. 4. Aliyev I. H., Karimov Sh. B., Karimov B. H., Yuldoshaliev D. K. Development of aerator technology based on alternative energy sources Aerator project. Monograph. Publishing solutions. Ridero. 2022. – 141 p.

5. Aliyev I. H., Burnashev M. A. Ingential mathematics. Publishing solutions. Ridero. 2022. – 149 p.

6. Karimov B. H., Mirzamakhmudov T. M. Electronics asoslari. Study guide. Publishing solutions. Ridero. 2022. – 184 p.

7. I. B. Issinsky. Introduction to the physics of charged particle accelerators. A course of lectures. Edited by Ph.D. A. B. Kuznetsov. UNC-2012-52. Dubna. 2012.

8. M. Vasiliev, K. Stanyukovich. Into the depths of the inexhaustible. Atomizdat. 1975.

9. P. T. Astashenkov. The feat of Academician Kurchatov. Knowledge. Moscow. 1979.

10. A. A. Borovoy. How particles are registered. The science. 1981.

11. V. N. Dubrovsky, Ya. A. Smorodinsky, E. L. Surkov. The relativistic world. The science. 1984.

12. M. E. Levinstein, G. S. Simin. Barriers. The science. 1987.

13. L. A. Ashkinazi. A vacuum for science. The science. 1987.

TECHNICAL SCIENCES

INTRODUCTION TO THE METHOD OF PREPARATION» SUBJECT DEVELOPMENT" OF AN INNOVATIVE NATURE

UDC 377

Otajonov Salim Madrakhimovich

Doctor of Physical Sciences, head and professor of the Department "technological education" of the physics and Technical Faculty of Fergana State University

Fergana State University, Fergana, Uzbekistan

Annotatsiya. Umumiy o’rta ta’lim maktablarida texnologiya darslari maktabda eng o’zoq vaqt o’tiladigan o’quv fanlaridan biri hisoblanadi. Texnologiya o’qituvchi rahbarligida o’quvchilar tomonidan bajariladigan aqliy va jismoniy harakatlar – mehnat faoliyati jarayonidan iborat bo’lib, yakuniy natijada ularning mehnat qurollari, vositalari va jarayonlari haqida bilimlarini hamda ma’lum sohadagi ishlab chiqarish mehnatini bajarish uchun zarur amaliy ko’nikma va malakalarini egallashlariga, ongli ravishda kasb tanlashga hamda jamiyat va shaxs farovonligi yo’lida mehnat faoliyatiga qo’shilishlariga imkon beruvchi shaxsiy sifatlarini va tafakkurlarini rivojlantirishga qaratilgan o’quv fanidir.

Kalit so’zlar: innovatsiya, texnologiya, yangi metodlar, xarakteristika.

Аннотация. В общеобразовательных школах уроки технологии являются одним из самых важных предметов обучения в школе. Технология состоит из умственных и физических действий, выполняемых учащимися под руководством учителя – процесса трудовой деятельности, который в конечном итоге приводит к приобретению ими знаний об орудиях, средствах и процессах труда, а также практических навыков и умений, необходимых для выполнения производственного труда в определенной области, приобретению личностных качеств, позволяющих им осознанно выбирать профессию и включаться в трудовую деятельность на благо общества и личности. и является учебной дисциплиной, направленной на развитие мышления.

Ключевые слова: инновация, технология, новые методы, характеристика.

Annotation. In general secondary schools, technology classes are one of the academic disciplines in which the most time is spent at school. Technology consists in the process of mental and physical actions – labor activity performed by students under the guidance of a teacher, the final result of which is an educational discipline aimed at developing their personal qualities and thinking, which allows them to acquire knowledge about the tools, tools and processes of labor, as well as the necessary practical skills and abilities to perform

Keywords: innovation, technology, new techniques, characteristics.

This science is of particular importance in the activities of students and in school life, as it is taught in schools of general secondary education for a short period, that is, within the period from the first to the last grade. In this case, the lessons of technology science are organized in three stages, the purpose of which is to develop students correctly from the physical side, introduce them to the world and people of Labor, weapons and deeds of Labor, the main production areas and professions, to create labor skills related to the use of work tools, making simple items, to consciously There are specific tasks that are set before each of the above stages.

In particular, in the technology lessons of grades 1-4 at Stage 1, students are given the role of labor in the life of people, the simplest labor practices and tools of work, the first skills related to their use. By making, making simple objects, toys with the help of Labor tools such as needles, scissors, knives from materials such as paper, glue, gauze, thread, plasticine, initial labor skills are formed in them.

Stage 2 classes consist of technology classes in Grades 5-7. Technology classes at this stage are organized in the areas of technology and design (technologies for processing wood, plast-masses and metals, electrotechnical and soldering work), service service (technology of cooking and gas treatment, Sewing Production) and generalization. These are the most important manifestations of production and are used in almost all industries. Therefore, in these classes in Grades 5-7, students are given initial general knowledge of materials such as wood, plastic, polymer, metal, aerating, which are the main links of production, as well as food processing and food preparation, electrotechnical work and refining work, labor skills are generated. In the future, they will be directed to a conscious choice of a profession.

Technology classes at Stage 3 are technology classes in grades 8-9, which give theoretical concepts in such areas as Folk Crafts, fundamentals of production and science, fundamentals of electronics, preparation of a creative project, and instill practical work skills. The introduction of issues related to the science of economics, the introduction of concepts in the field of entrepreneurship, the unification of students of the general Secondary School of education into entrepreneurship, the division of individual production enterprises, the possession of small and medium-sized business entrepreneurial subjects, the development of the reader's worldview.

In the teaching of technology, the teacher should hold meetings with entrepreneurs who have risen from ordinary apprenticeship to the leader of the enterprise in more class production enterprises, in the form of an excursion or in class and out-of-school circles, educational tasks, enterprises, institutions, organize round tables and give students concepts by forming a personality in the form of a modern

It is through such activities that the psychological approach is followed that the reader does what he sees more than he hears, taking into account the psychological age of the students, it is necessary to show that the goal can be achieved more quickly or, in some cases, explain that the use of methods of giving motivation to students can also lead to It is also possible to have leadership status among the pedagogical team, for example, when explaining the process of preparing some object or detail in technology lessons, when preparing a technalogic map of the item to be prepared at first, it is necessary to better understand the product's chemical, physical and technological hosses in ensuring that it relies directly on knowledge from the, explaining that this is of particular importance in the selection of materials, it is possible to increase labor productivity, achieve more results with less labor, if this explains the place of the discipline of iktisod in the calculation of the result, in the eyes of the student, the teacher of the science of technology appears as an extremely educated person who has mastered several disciplines, or the science of technology the teacher can find out through the behavior of children that these listed subjects were mastered by the students Kanda, thereby giving suggestions and opinions to the teachers of the discipline, as a result of which

Considering that in practice the main task of general secondary schools is to educate students to life, the head of our state reiterates in every way that the students of schools are the owner of one profession, the demand of today, when leaving school. Graduates who graduated from the general schools of the head of state of khattoki insisted that at least 1 musical instrument should be played independently, and in carrying out this work they gave a number of assignments to the Ministry of culture and the Ministry of culture of the Khalk Talimi.

On all the trips of the head of state to the regions to study the social economic development of the regions, it should be noted that, based on the conditions of the regions, it is necessary to establish the preparation of qualified specialists by opening various faculties on the basis of higher educational institutions in these regions. For example, during his visits to the region of Fagona, we all witnessed the holding of the National Craft Festival in Kokand in 2020, introducing Uzbekistan to the whole world when assignments were given to the Ministry of higher education for the additional Organization of bee-breeding, self-breeding and pomegranate faculties on the basis of Fagona State University. It was at this chalcaro festival that the head of state proposed programs for the further development of embroidery and handicraft schools in Kokand and Margilan cities for the creation of aloxida tukhtalib Rishton ceramics school to include National Handicraft secrets in the school's training, as it is clear that it is also envisaged to organize large – scale educational workshops on the basis of In this way, the possibility of joint Organization of practical and theoretical activities is created, mainly in technology lessons, it seems to us that responsibility in organizing these works falls on the teachers of Technology Science. It will be justified if examples are given in the experience of a young businessman from the field of pottery in Rishton Bakhromjon.

The teacher of technology has several proposals to effectively organize students ' vacancies because, through this, it is possible for students to jump and laugh at various foreign objects, but instead the teacher can also organize material support for students through the student's school. Through technology classes in general secondary schools, a targeted and meaningful Organization of work towards professions will allow students to get answers to questions about who they will be in the future.

In this, students are also taught information about the types of professions, through their specific aspects, about what you need to pay attention to when choosing a profession. Which of these professions to choose is a reference to the students themselves. The main goal of teaching these technology lessons is to ensure the proper development of students from the mental and physical side, to content the skills of practical work, and to grow their creative abilities. From this come the following goals and objectives:

– formation and development of universal skills and abilities in students, their characteristics, which, according to their interests, abilities, professional inclinations, are the basis for the choice of types of professions, the culture of generalization;

– consists of a process of mental and physical actions carried out by students, aimed at creating material goods, aimed at developing their knowledge of the tools, tools and processes of labor, as well as personal qualities and thinking that allow them to acquire production labor and qualifications in the mahlum sphere, consciously choose a profession and join labor activities for the good of society

At the present time, when reforms in the field of education are being carried out in our country in stages, there is a need to put into practice the conclusions and recommendations that are available to improve the effectiveness of Education, based on the requirements of the National Training Program.

Another of the main goals envisaged in the «national program for training personnel», which is carried out in three stages in particular, is the formation of competitive, active and creative individuals who are able to adapt to the transition period to a market economy/1/.

Consequently, the PF-6108 decree "on measures for the development of education and science in the new tarkqiyot period of Uzbekistan", signed by the president on November 6, 2020, also states that "the country is able to develop and implement new initiatives and ideas for its development, train new generation personnel with high intellectual and technological potential, the formation of the necessary skills and knowledge for graduates of educational organizations to become people of modern professions" is defined as one of the main directions in this area. Also, in the Presidential Decree and decisions, in his works, the improvement of the educational and scientific spheres of our country, the further increase of respect for teachers and pedagogical workers, scientific and creative intelligentsia in our society, the development of students ' professional skills, the expansion of private sector participation in the system is considered as the main issue on the agenda of

This issue is the main task in teaching the subject of technology, among other disciplines. This requires the efficient and rational use of educational techniques in the process of teaching, as well as the improvement of these techniques, the search for new ones and the implementation in the teaching process to increase the effectiveness of technology science training. That is why today the main pressing issue in the field of education remains the training of qualified pedagogical personnel who have mastered the methods and forms of Education well, who can practically Fode them without difficulty using ahborot communications. Because the personality of the teacher and his activities are of particular importance in teaching and educating students, directing them to professions. Consequently, nothing else can press the training process in the open manner of communication that the teacher leads. Therefore, for the training of qualified mature teachers, an important factor in improving the quality and effectiveness of education is to improve their professional skills.

In today's conditions, where education is valued as the most unique capital in the world, "at all stages of education, by introducing mechanisms for improving the efficiency and methods of assessing the results of education, it makes it an urgent task for all people to provide quality education during their lifetime"/ 8/.

Implementation of the main goal of the world community there is a need to approach from the point of view of the level of competence of management activities in the course process, carried out to educate the future younger generation, further development of the educational system and the organization of technological educational processes and its improvement of managerial mehanism. This makes it necessary to regularly raise the level of its competence with a higher level of responsibility from a science teacher, independent work on oneself and constant improvement of one's skills.

In achieving the goal pursued by the reforms carried out in our republic, the component of the national model of Personnel Training sets the tasks of improving the effectiveness of the system of retraining and professional development of personnel on the basis of modern requirements. In overcoming this problem, teachers are required to have first – hand desire, will, high professional potential and Human positive qualities.

A number of scientific research works on the topic of Organization of educational processes and improvement of management mehanism, as well as their understanding mehanisms were proposed /9/ the process of improving the science of technology, in particular, the organization of technological processes and management mehanism has not been studied in the demand of this day.

Also, at the present time, no head coach is trained in the educational educational and educational institution of any country, the leadership potential of a person is formed in the process of working in a team in his work activities. Therefore, the subject teacher is considered as the most alternative way to further increase the competence level of management activities, and special attention is paid to its implementation through the system of professional development.

Scientific and theoretical solutions of issues related to the human factor are being identified through communicative relations, the transmission and acceptance of reports and its processing, which occur through their reflection in the context (landscape) of scientific and methodological, mahnavi-mahrifi and socio-political processes reflected in the world community.

The organization of technological processes in the educational system and the organization of the process of improving its management mehanism is necessary for a creative, competent, potential and capable teacher with modern knowledge. It is also necessary for the teacher of technology to know the organization of technological processes, to know the negative impact on the effectiveness of the educational process and ways to eliminate them, to know the integration of modules and their peculiarities, to know the essence of the basic competencies of students and general competencies in science in improving the effectiveness of

Technologies for the organization and management of pedagogical processes / 10 / pedagogical processes organized in the system of selfless education, specific arguments of pedagogical processes, modern approaches to the organization and management of pedagogical processes, the effectiveness of educational processes, functions and methods of organizing and managing pedagogical processes, as well as improving pedagogical processes by leaders and professors in achieving the goals set, on the basis of coordinating the activities of the subjects of the pedagogical process and organizing their reflexive activities, tasks in the direction of increasing the effectiveness of education are covered.

R.X.Djuraev, S.T.Turganov, N.Q.Akhmedova system of Public Education directions of management activities of heads of general secondary educational institutions, model of management activities, organizational and management principles in general secondary educational institutions, functions and methods of management, factors of improving the management process in general secondary educational institutions, working hours and use of heads of educational institutions, technologies of management of an educational institution, innovative activity, issues such as joint management in the organization of activities of general secondary educational institutions are covered/12/.

R.X.Djuraev, S.T.The functional tasks and effectiveness of management activities of Modern School Leaders, management functions and methods, organizational congestion in general secondary education topics, strategic management and planning, educational relations in the management process, leadership styles, management skills of heads of educational institutions and universal qualities, management algorithm, ethics of Labor Relations in management, working time and use of the leader, the issues of organizing the activities of employees and managers were studied/13/.

Functional tasks of the heads of educational institutions in the development of professional competence of teachers functional tasks in the direction of development of professional competence of teachers, recommendations on effective implementation of the tasks facing the heads of educational institutions in the organization of their professional activity, as well as professional development, development of professional competence and innovative activities/14/.

Professional competence of teachers: development of competence /15/ the professional competence of teachers of an educational institution and its competencies, indicators of pedagogical competence and evaluation criteria, processes for the development of professional competence in teachers, methods, tools, corporate foundations in the process of development of professional competence and competence, pedagogical innovative activity, model of the process of selfless professional development are mentioned.

To find a positive solution to these problems, the main problem of this day is the knowledge of the technology science teacher about the organization of technological processes and the conduct of scientific research in search of factors for improving management mehanism.

This is due to the fact that teachers of the science of technology can organize technological processes, and in management activities they are competent, based on innovative approaches to the statement of the topic of the lesson, have pedagogical and psychological qualities, as well as the competence of managing the activities of a group of students on the basis of modern requirements decrees of the, the results of scientific research of the thesis in the implementation of the tasks set in the decisions and decisions of the VM and the mehyari-legal documents related to the subject area are served at the level of muayan /15—19/.

Scientific research related to the organization of technological educational processes and the use of innovative educational technologies in the process of improving management mehanism, increasing the competence of management activities in the course process and the formation of skills in the world's leading scientific centers and higher educational institutions, including the Institute of education at the University of London in England), Nant University, It is being conducted at the CHonnam militia University (Republic of Korea), Shanghai Institute for Educational Assessment (PRC), the educational and Scientific Center for training managerial personnel of Moscow State University (Russia).

Also, the "main scientific methodological Center" in Uzbekistan has created a quality assurance mechanism in higher educational institutions by improving the pedagogical skills of professors and teachers, and scientific research is being carried out to further improve this mehanism.

As a result of scientific research carried out in the world, the following scientific results were obtained by a number of higher educational institutions: in particular, internal assessment mechanisms of quality control of education were developed in higher educational institutions (Institute of education at the University of London, Great Britain); methods of certification and quality assurance of the quality management system of education were; the application of the concept of gross Quality Management in higher educational institutions has been revealed (Universities of California and Ogaya, USA); criteria and indicators for assessing the quality of Education have been improved (Wollongong University, Australia); directions for improving quality management have been identified (Tokyo Pedagogical University, Japan); a mechanism for ensuring quality in higher educational institutions has been created

A number of studies are being carried out on improving the quality management of education in the world, including in the following priority areas:

– determination of the definition of uniform criteria and standards for guaranteeing the quality of Education;

– development of the export of educational services;

– coordination of national accreditation systems for educational programs;

– improving quality management technologies;

– in the educational system, in particular, the issues of revising the implementation of the organization of technological processes in the discipline of technology through a system of professional development of ways to improve self-productivity and management mehanism and further improving the activities of teachers in educational curricula are being studied.

The relevance of this problem was due to insufficient development from a scientific point of view, insufficient scientific research work on the issues of Technology Science, in particular, the organization of technological processes and the problems of improving management mehanism, which became the basis of the topic "Improving the mechanisms of organization and management of technological educational processes in general secondary schools".

The president of the Republic of Uzbekistan SHavkat Mirziyaev stated that "the main task of today is to find people who think in a new way in the management of network links in all spheres of our life, who are able to take charge of mashuliyat in difficult times, who are able to keep up with life, have a clean faith,  After all, the improvement of the quality of management is a guarantee of achievement and success in the relevant field.

Scientists of our country to study the socio-economic and pedagogical conditions of training, development of the educational system in the direction of management of educational institutions R.Jo ' raev, M. Mirqasimov,, S. Turganov, N. Ahmedova, Q.Shadmanov, M. Yuldashev/22-26/, as well as scientists from the CIS M.Gubanova, V.Gurov, Z.Gretsan, V.Lazarev, N.Nemava, T.SHamova, N.Special attention is paid to the scientific work of the shmirevas and the problems of improving the management activities of their teachers in general secondary educational institutions, the organization of the educational system lesson process, in particular, the organization of technologikjarayons on the basis of modern approaches and the implementation of innovative educational technologies were investigated/27-29/.

Issues of training and professional development of leadership personnel of educational institutions scientists of our country A.Begmatov, J. Yuldashev, H. Yuldashev, M. Goranov, S. Turganov, N. Ahmedova, M. Yuldashev CIS scientists O.Atlasova, Z.Berdnikova, Ye.Grishina, A.Nekrasov, Ye.Studied by Tonkonogaya and others/30-34/.

Researchers of the Republic R. Ahlidinov, R.Jo ' raev, O.Inayatov, S. Turganov and others, CIS scientists P.Anisimov, G.Bordovsky, D. Gorbachev, D. Kutyova, A.Nazarova, I. Pozdnyakova, M. Potashnik, L.Redka, P.Tretyakov, as well as foreigners B.Chale, E. El-Khawas, J. Goldberg, L. Harvey, D. Westerheijden developed technologies for improving the quality management system in general secondary, secondary special, vocational and higher educational institutions, the factors that determine the relationship of Educational Quality Management to improve the quality and efficiency of the educational system by improving the management activities of school teachers in self-contained education, as well as in the system of professional development, are scientifically based.

Also, the pedagogical conditions for Quality Management in education, further improvement of management activities of school teachers in Quality Assurance, Quality Assessment in higher education, coordination of the activities of participants in the educational process and quality control of education are determined.

Scientists of our country E.Seithalilov, SH. Gurbanov, SH.SHaripov, M. Yuldashev, S. Turganov, N. Ahmedova CIS scientists Ye. Kolegova, E. Korotkov, V. See Also, I.Tomb, V. Fedorov, V.SHapiro and others, as well as foreign scientists Deborah J. Teeter, Edward Sallis, Franklin P.Schargel, H. James Harrington, Jeffrey J. Burgard, Lawrence A.Sherr, Marble Mukhopadhyay, Ronald J.Fitzgerald Wab, in other studies, gave opinions on the quality management mechanisms used in various areas of the socio-economic life of society, including in the field of education, as well as on the factors of improving the management activities of teachers in the process of professional development (an approach based on the assessment of quality management SWOT-analysis, a concept based on the, the possibilities that they can achieve in the education system are analyzed/35-42/.

Based on the above, it can be recognized that today, in the system of professional development of Public Education Employees, school teachers are not studied as a separate subject of research on the problem of improving the quality and efficiency of the educational system by improving management activities.

The purpose of the textbook is to scientifically substantiate the factors of organizing technological processes in the lessons of Technology Science in general secondary schools and improving the mechanisms of their management on the basis of modern approaches, and the tasks are to develop scientific and methodological and psycho-pedagogical foundations for improving the mehanism of the organization and management of technological;

– technological education is a unique way of organizing the process and improving management mehanism;

– ways of organizing technological educational processes on the basis of modern approaches;

– integration of modules of General Education Science in the organization of technological educational processes and improvement of management mehanism.

– development of a system model for the organization of technological educational processes and improvement of management mehanism;

– the use of innovative educational technologies in the process of organizing technological educational processes and improving managerial mehanism.

The scientific novelty of the tutorial consists of:

–scientific and methodological foundations of improving the mehanism of the organization and management of technological educational processes have been studied and developed;

– developed psychological and pedagogical foundations of improving the management of the mechanism of organization and management of technological educational processes;

– the essence of the organization of technological educational processes and improvement of management mehanism was analyzed from a methodological point of view and its own ways were studied;

– ways of organizing technological educational processes and improving management mehanism on the basis of modern approaches have been studied and recommended for use in the course of the lesson;

– issues of integration of modules of general education in the organization of technological educational processes and improvement of management mehanism were analyzed;

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