Андрей Тихомиров
Nnipa a wɔwɔ Afrika

Sɛnea nkyerɛase biako kyerɛ no, asɛmfua "Africa" no fi Berber abusuakuw Afrigia din mu, a na wɔte Afrika asasepɔn no atifi fam no, na Roma mantam a ɛwɔ Afrika nso wɔ hɔ. Roma mantam a ɛwɔ Afrika no, Roma na ɛhyehyɛɛ no wɔ afe 146 A.Y.B. e. wɔ beae a Carthage man no wɔ no, na ɛfaa nnɛyi Tunisia atifi fam atɔe fã. Wɔ Ahemman no bere so no, na Afrika yɛ mmarahyɛ bagua amantam no dea na ɔmanpanyin bi na odi so. Ahemman no bere no yɛ nea nkurow akɛse mu nhyehyɛe a ɛrenya nkɔso no na ɛda adi. Nkurow akɛse nyaa hokwan ahorow a atubra aman ne nkurow akɛse wɔ. Ná nnipa atitiriw a wɔwɔ nkurow no mu ne Romafo atubrafo ne mpɔtam hɔfo atitiriw a wɔayɛ wɔn Romafo no. Wɔ amammerɛ mu no, wɔ Ahemman no mu no, Afrika mantam no dii dwuma kɛse. Nanso, nkuraasefo a wɔte hɔ no kɔɔ so yɛɛ ahɔho wɔ Latin kasa ne Romafo amammerɛ ho. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 4-5 mu. ɛbɛyɛɛ beae a nkoa ne adum akɛse atuatew kɛse wom, na ɛmaa Roma Ahemman no yɛɛ mmerɛw kɛse na ɛboaa ma ɛhwee ase. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 5 mu no. Wɔn a wɔsɛe ade no kɔtraa Afrika. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 6 mu no. Byzantium ɔhempɔn Justinian tumi san de mpoano kwan no bae, nanso na Byzantium tumi no yɛ mmerɛw. Wɔ afeha a ɛto so 7 mu Arabfo na wodii Afrika mantam no so nkonim.

Wɔ Afrika Atifi fam no, wɔ mfirihyia apem a ɛto so 1 A.Y.B. e. na aman pii a wɔde wɔn ho wɔ hɔ: Carthage, a atubrafo a wofi Foinike na wɔhyehyɛɛ no, a na wɔka Sem kasa a ɛbɛn Hebri, Mauritania ne Numidia, a Libyafo na wɔbɔe. Bere a Romafo dii Carthage so nkonim wɔ afe 146 A.Y.B. e. aman yi, wɔ apereperedi a emu yɛ den akyi no, bɛyɛɛ Romafo agyapade. Mfehaha kakraa bi ansa na bere foforo no reba no, kuw fekuw nyaa nkɔso fii ase wɔ nnɛyi Ethiopia asasesin mu. Aman a enyaa nkɔsoɔ wɔ ha no mu baako – Aksum – duu ne sorokɔ wɔ afeha a ɛtɔ so nnan A.Y.B. n. e., bere a n'agyapade a ewo atɔe fam no duu Meroe man mu wɔ Nil Bon mu, na apuei fam no – "Happy Arabia" (nnɛyi Yemen). Wɔ mfirihyia apem II ne. e. aman a ɛyɛ den anya nkɔso wɔ Sudan Atɔe fam (Ghana, Mali, Songhai ne Bornu); akyiri yi, wɔhyehyɛɛ aman wɔ Guinea mpoano (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, ne nea ɛkeka ho), Ɔtare Chad atɔe fam (Hausafo aman) ne mmeae afoforo pii wɔ Afrika asasepɔn no so.

Mprempren wɔtaa ka nnipa a wɔwɔ Afrika a Ɛwɔ Ɔhyew mu a wɔte Semitic-Hamitic abusua no anafo fam no kasa ahorow bom yɛ mmusua abien: Niger (Congo)-Kordofan ne Nilo-Saharan. Niger-Kordofanian kuw no bi ne Niger-Congo kuw – akuw a wodɔɔso na ɛka bom: West Atlantic, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo ne Adamawa-Apuei. Atlantic Atɔeɛ famfoɔ no bi ne Fulbefoɔ kɛseɛ bi a wɔte akuo ahodoɔ mu wɔ ɛkame ayɛ sɛ aman a ɛwɔ Sudan Atɔeɛ ne Mfinimfini nyinaa mu, Wolof ne Serep (Senegal), ne afoforɔ.nsubɔnten Senegal ne Niger (Guinea, Mali, ne nea ɛkeka ho) atifi fam. ), nnipa a wowo Volta (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, ne nea ekeka ho) – wo Burkina Faso, Ghana ne aman foforo so. Kwafoɔ no bi ne nnipa akɛseɛ a wɔwɔ Guinea mpoano te sɛ Yoruba ne Ibo (Nigeria), Akan (Ghana) ne Ewe (Benin ne Togo); bɛn Ewefo no ne akyigyinafo, a wɔte anafo fam na ɛtɔ mmere bi a wɔfrɛ wɔn Dahomeanfo; gyinabea a atew ne ho kakra no yɛ nea nnipa a wɔka Kru kasa ahorow (anaasɛ kasa horow) na wodi. Eyinom ne Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn ne nnipa afoforo a wɔte Liberia ne Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast). Nnipa pii na wɔhyehyɛ Benue-Congo kuw ketewa no, a kan no na wɔkyerɛ sɛ Bantu abusua titiriw bi ne Apuei Fam Bantu kuw no na wɔwom. Bantufo a wɔyɛ pɛ koraa wɔ kasa ne amammerɛ mu no te aman a ɛwɔ Afrika Mfinimfini ne Apuei ne Kesee Fam (Democratic Republic of the Congo (kan no na ɛyɛ Zaire), Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, ne nea ɛkeka ho) mu. Kasa ho animdefo kyekyɛ Bantu mu akuw 15: 1st – duala, lupdu, fang, ne nea ɛkeka ho; 2nd -teke, mpongwe, kele, a woagye atom; 3rd – bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya, na woagye atom; 4th – Rwanda, obi a ɔkyerɛw nsɛm; 5th – ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; 6th-nyamwezi, nyatura, nea ɛto so 6; 7th – Swahili kasa, togo kasa, hehe; 8th – Kongo, ambundufoɔ; 9th-chokwe, luena, nea ɛto so 9; 10th-luba a ɛto so 10; 11-bemba, fipa, tonga, ne nea ɛto so 11; 12 – Malawi 13 – Yao, Makonde, Makua; 14th – ovimbundu, ambo, hero a woagye atom; 15th – Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, ne nea ɛkeka ho.

Bantu kasa ahorow nso yɛ nea Pygmyfo akuw a wɔwɔ Congo Basin (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, ne nea ɛkeka ho), a wɔtaa da nsow sɛ nnipa a wɔatew wɔn ho. Wɔ Bantufo apuei ne mfinimfini fam no, Swahili kasa a anya Arabic nkɛntɛnso a ɛda nsow no atrɛw wɔ nnansa yi mfe du du mu, wɔn a wɔka no dodow yɛ ɔpepem 60 (Swahilifo dodow yɛ ɔpepem 1.9). Adamaua, apuei fam kuw ketewa no, ka Azandefo, Cham-Ba, Bandafo, ne afoforo a wɔte Sudan Mfinimfini ne Apuei fam.

Kordofan kuw a wɔn dodow ne wɔn asasesin sua koraa no, nnipa a wɔwɔ Koalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi ne Katla (Sudan Republic) ka ho.

Wɔde akuw na egyina hɔ ma Nilo-Sahara abusua no: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, ne nnipa baanu a ɛsono wɔn kasa wɔ kasa mu Maba ne For (Fur). Songhaifo no bi ne Songhaifo ankasa, ne Djermafo ne Dandyfo a wɔte Niger mfinimfini mpoano; de kɔ Sahara kuw no so – kanuri, tuba (tibbu) ne zagava, a wɔte Ɔtare Chad mpoano ne Central Sahara. Shari-Nil kuw a ɛho hia sen biara wɔ abusua yi mu no bi ne Sudan Apuei famfo (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, anaa Nubianfo, ne nea ɛkeka ho), a kan no na wɔka Nilotic abusua a wɔde wɔn ho ho; Sudan Mfinimfini famfo (Bagirmi, Morumadi), Berta ne Kunamafo. Saa kuw yi mufo te Zaire atifi fam ne Sudan kesee fam. Morumadi kasa ahorow no, Pygmy mmusuakuw (Efe, Basua, ne nea ɛkeka ho) na wɔka.

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