How to Write a Summary.
Пособие по развитию навыков реферирования юридических текстов
(для изучающих английский язык)

Учебное издание

Под редакцией 
доцента 
Л. Д. Дегтяревой

ebooks@prospekt.org

Информация о книге

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

H84

Издание подготовлено преподавателями кафедры юридического перевода Московского государственного юридического университета имени О. Е. Кутафина (МГЮА).

Авторы:
Ежова Н. Ф., Прокофьева О. Г., Смоляченко А. В., Шрамкова Н. Б.

Данное пособие предназначено для студентов юридических вузов и широкой аудитории лиц, использующих английский язык в связи с правовой специальностью. 

Материалы пособия позволят студентам овладеть навыками структурно-семантической компрессии информации, перефразирования и составления письменного реферата текста (summary). 

Пособие состоит из теоретической и практической частей, а также приложения, содержащего фразы и клише, необходимые для составления реферата.

УДК 811.111(075.8)

ББК 81.2Англ-923

© Коллектив авторов, 2019

© ООО «Проспект», 2019

Введение

В современном обществе наиболее востребованными становятся специалисты-юристы, не просто владеющие иностранными языками, но и умеющие работать с оригинальной англоязычной литературой, связанной с их профессиональной деятельностью, способные разобраться в море информации, отличить главное от второстепенного. Можно сказать, что это — один из основных профессиональных навыков, необходимых юристу, вне зависимости от языка, на котором осуществляется его профессиональная деятельность.

Вследствие этого одним из методов обучения иностранному языку является развитие у студентов-юристов навыка аналитико-синтетической обработки информации на иностранном языке. Обучение процессу реферирования текстов на английском языке как нельзя лучше способствует достижению таких целей, поскольку при работе над текстом в этом случае задействуются процессы осмысления, анализа и оценки содержания оригинального текста с целью извлечения необходимых сведений.

Известно, что в современной вузовской методике обучения чтению реферат рассматривается как эффективный способ контроля понимания прочитанного. Стоит отметить, что повышенное внимание к реферированию обусловлено тем, что оно строится на законах компрессии текста, т. е. на тех же методах, приемах, которые используются при чтении текста. При этом задействуются такие типы мышления, как анализ и синтез. При анализе первичного текста студенты выделяют наиболее ценную информацию, пытаются отделить от этой информации второстепенные сведения и примеры (иллюстрации), — т. е. определяют ключевые слова, предложения, без которых невозможно понять основное содержание оригинала. Одновременно происходит синтез той основной информации, которая получена в результате аналитических операций. При этом синтез — не просто последовательный набор извлеченной ранее ключевой информации, а краткая формулировка этой информации, представленная в логической последовательности. Созданный таким образом вторичный текст (summary) служит для сохранения и переработки информации, изложенной в оригинале. Поэтому можно сказать, что реферирование учит не только смысловому «свертыванию» текста с целью извлечения из него наиболее существенной информации, что важно при развитии навыков чтения, но и развивает навыки письменной речи.

Основная цель настоящего учебного пособия — обучить студентов осознавать особенности юридических текстов и понимать их структуру, и вслед за этим развить умение реферировать тексты. Характерной особенностью данного пособия является практическая направленность, системность упражнений в практической части, направленная на формирование таких умений. Реализация данной цели направлена на приобретение определенного уровня коммуникативной компетенции и преследует практические, образовательные и воспитательные цели.

Задачи дисциплины: выработать у студентов навыки аналитико-синтетического преобразования текста, смыслового свертывания информации, навыки письменного реферирования текста на английском языке, а также навыки редактирования полученных реферативных текстов (summary).

Пособие состоит из введения, теоретической и практической частей и приложений.

В теоретической части излагаются основные критерии реферата (summary), приводится его структура и требования к оформлению и объему информации. Студентам предлагаются стандартные речевые обороты, рекомендуемые для составления рефератов на английском языке.

Практическая часть включает неадаптированные тексты из юридической/бизнес-публицистики, учебно-научные юридические тексты. Тексты сопровождаются комплексом заданий разного типа:

1) задания, направленные на снятие трудностей понимания текста;

2) аналитические задания, ориентированные на работу с содержательной структурой текста: выделение основной информации (ключевых слов, предложений);

3) задания, направленные на развитие навыков перефразирования (использование синонимичных выражений, устойчивых словосочетаний, оборотов);

4) ряд синтетических заданий, направленных на развитие умений «свертывания» и обобщения информации в логически связанный текст (summary);

5) составление собственно письменного реферата текста с использованием специальных синтаксических конструкций, средств связи, характерных для оформления реферата (summary).

Помещенные в конце пособия приложения содержат полезные фразы и клише, необходимые для составления реферата.

Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов старших (предвыпускных) курсов в пределах основной программы, но может быть полезно широкому кругу лиц, совершенствующих свои знания английского языка в области юриспруденции.

Пособие рассчитано на 24 часа аудиторной работы и 12 часов самостоятельной работы.

How to write a summary

Why is it important?

According to the numerous surveys conducted by recruitment agencies, among the skills law schools graduates are expected to have, summarising is the one of vital importance.

‘They [recruits] will receive instruction from various people on a wide range of topics, therefore their ability to listen effectively is also crucial to their success — as is their ability to interpret and summarise large volumes of complex information,’ explains Puneet Tahim, senior graduate recruiting coordinator at Latham & Watkins, the world’s highest-grossing law firm, with US$2.6 billion in annual revenue, and considered to be one of the most prestigious and profitable law firms in the world.

Writing clearly is very important. ‘Time is money’ and clients don’t like to pay more than they have to so if you can save your supervising lawyer time by summarising hundreds of pages of a court judgement, you will use your summarising skills for extracting the ratio from a case. A lawyer will summarise law to explain the law to a client or to a fellow lawyer.

What is a summary?

Summary is a brief statement or account of the main points of a longer text. One of the main reasons for summarising is to give a reader your understanding of what you have read.

What makes an effective summary?

Summarising is an active process that creates a new text. “Summarising is governed by the rule of ‘the 5Rs’.

The following actions are involved in the process.

1. Make the summary shorter than the original.
You reduce the length.

2. Miss out some of the points made in the original text.
You reject information in the original: you include key points but reject some of the detail.

3. Write in your own words.
You reword to show that you have understood, and to avoid plagiarism.

4. Express the original writer’s facts and opinions accurately.
You reproduce the original writer’s facts and opinions.

5. Compress the same meaning into fewer words.
You repackage the information into a lower number of words”.¹

How to arrange the work on your summary?

Before you start writing:

1. Read the original text thoroughly to make sure you understand its overall meaning.

2. Use a dictionary to find the meaning of any unfamiliar words.

3.Underline or highlight the main idea of the text (decide what the text is about).

Consider the examples below:

I.

We started out in a single room in the back of an estate agency and thought we might stay there for a year or two. However, our client base grew so quickly that we had to move to bigger premises after four months, and we are now having to move again.

Might it have been good to start with bigger premises? No, I don’t think so: we couldn’t have known that things would take off so quickly, and we could have overstretched ourselves financially if we had gone straight into bigger premises.

We have taken on three senior consultant solicitors to do work in complementary areas that we were initially referring out to other law firms (wills and probate, contentious probate and private client litigation). They are self-employed rather than employed, which suits us (we do not have a fixed high wage bill) and them (they can work when and where they want, and they keep a large percentage of what we bill for their work). Having additional fee earners not only boosts our fee income, but also smooths out the income stream.

We have also taken on four non-fee earners to give us the support we need (office manager / book keeper, paralegal, admin assistant and a self-employed typist. Although this does create a significant wage bill, if the lawyers were to do all this work themselves, we would lose countless hours of chargeable time.²

The text is about the lessons learned from a start-up law firm‘s first year.

II.

Pro bono legal advice is a core element of the comprehensive range of services, Body & Soul provide to people living with HIV. They often need advice on their benefits and provision of housing, legal aid and health services following the raft of recent reforms: criteria for eligibility are often complex, the language used by the Department for Work and Pensions confusing, and appealing decisions intimidating. People living with HIV are also often subject to stigma and discrimination, and find it difficult to advocate for themselves. Add to this the closure of some legal services and the introduction of a cap on referrals to others, and legal advice clinics like those run by Body & Soul are essential for many of those living with HIV, and their families.³

The text is about supporting vulnerable people through free legal advice.

III.

SAD can and does impact productivity and brain function. In a job which depends on being cerebral, such as the law, the disruption to work outputs might be significant. Law firms as employers need to consider what measures they can put in place to support employees during the winter months? Could you set up light boxes in an underused meeting room? Provide healthy, serotonin-boosting snacks, like bananas and nuts? Encourage staff to take lunch away from their desks, to make the most of the daylight.⁴

The text is about the means to tackle SAD (Seasonal Affective Disorder) for law firms as employers.

4. Extract the relevant information from each paragraph (sentences supporting the main idea of the text), then rewrite it in your own words.

Consider the examples below:

I.

There are various ways of preparing for cultural shock. It is helpful to learn as much of the language as possible before going to the country, to learn about the new culture, in particular aspects such as time differences, communication, conflict resolution, climate, standard of living, transportation, ethical practices, holidays, superstitions, taboos and technology. However, something that is extremely difficult to prepare for is what is known as ‘ecoshock’, the result of a person’s ‘physiological and psychological reaction to a new, diverse, or changed ecology’, a typical example of this being travel dysrhythmia, or jet lag, when people’s biological clocks have problems synchronizing with the local time. Physiological adjustment to the temperature, humidity, and altitude are also features of ecoshock, though these are generally coped with in the initial stage of cultural shock rather than being prolonged difficulties in the process of adjustment to life in a new country. For those who take frequent short trips abroad, however, ecoshock may be the most difficult part of dealing with cultural shock, since they do not experience its various longer term phases.⁵

Preparation for cultural shock can take different forms, e.g. learning about the target culture and learning the language. However, preparing for particular aspects of culture shock, such as ‘ecoshock’ is more difficult because it is hard to adjust one’s body to ‘local time’, weather, ‘humidity’ and ‘altitude’. Features such as these are usually experienced in the initial, rather than later, stages of culture shock.

II.

In amongst these formal services networks, however, are a series of hidden niches, often prime public spaces (e.g. car parks, main thoroughfares or parks) which homeless people colonise at particular times for particular purposes, and which become re-classified as places of homelessness. Research has found that these formal networks and hidden niches are interspersed by carefully mapped out geographies, as homeless people sleep, eat, deal with cold and wet weather, arrange their ablutions and addictions and relate to each other in ways which incorporate fun and social association but also fear and avoidance of regulation. Flows of movement result, as people find places to set up ‘home’, make friends, ensure security and seek money and entertainment. Such flows involve performances, such as begging, and ‘hanging out’, which produces a life of its own. Thus, silently mapped geographies can become underpinned by logic relating to space, as in Bristol’s ‘food route’ — a time-space map of free eating opportunities, or the organisation and regulation of begging pitches. Spatial logics vary enormously between places, according to the visibility, regulation and policing of street homelessness at the local level.⁶

In between the official public facilities offered to the public is a chain of small, undetected safe havens for people without homes. Such places, found in and amongst open spaces and primary routes in and out of the city, have hierarchies and social orders, in which the people who frequent them consume food and drink, shelter from the elements and maintain their addictive behaviour, quite often without threat of exterior intervention. Consequently, bi-directional transfers of resources take place, as the people who inhabit these places, plead for money, make and socialise with friends and seek refuge. Using these pockets of life as a base, they construct trails through the city, which guarantee a pitch from which to solicit for money, and from which to obtain free food. Dependent on which city you frequent, these trails differ accordingly.⁷

5. Link together the supporting sentences using the summary phrases, or clichés.

6. To make a conclusion you might have ‘to read between the lines to pick up hidden information’.

Consider the sample summary below:

Introduction (Topical sentence).

The article “National Security Justifies Censorship” by Elmo R. Zumwalt and James G. Zumwalt, appears in Censorship, a book in the Opposing Viewpoints Series. The article asserts that information that is secret and vital to the security of the nation should not be released to the press. The arguments made by Zumwalt Senior and Junior are summarized below.

Summary (Supporting sentences).

Although many journalists contend that the First Amendment guarantees unrestricted printing freedom, the authors believe the press has gained more power than the framers of the Constitution foresaw and therefore neglected to install safeguards that would protect national security. According to the authors, the power of the media has gone far past what the constitutional framers expected; consequently, several acts since the writing of the Constitution have been implemented to deal with the lack of protection regarding national security. The authors continue to affirm that even though significant risk exists when confidential information is released to the press, this danger has remained unresolved by the courts.

The authors cite an example to prove this point. The CIA during the Reagan administration recognized Muhamar Quadaffi as a known terrorist and a potential threat to national security in a classified document. The Washington Post somehow had the document disclosed to them, and they soon published the information. Several months after the operation had been abandoned, the CIA found Quadaffi responsible for the bombing of a West Berlin discotheque. Military action had to be taken because of the earlier release of the classified document. The operation incurred military casualties.

The authors then offer a two-part solution: (1) make the publication of classified information a punishable offense, and (2) incorporate a “code of ethics” into media guidelines that safeguards national security. The paper ends by discussing how ethics are the responsibility of good journalism.

Conclusion (Concluding sentence).

Elmo R. Zumwalt and James G. Zumwalt assert that the media are overpowered and the national security is underprotected. They believe that the government and the media must take steps to assure a disaster does not occur.⁸

7. Draft your summary, using the following useful tips.

SOME TIPS ON HOW TO WRITE A SUCCESSFUL SUMMARY⁹

• It is important to remember that a summary needs to be clear to someone who has not read, seen or heard the original material.

• You have to include all of the essential information that a person would need to understand without reading the original source.

• You have to include all of the main points — that’s pretty much what a summary is.

• It is also important to remember that you shouldn’t go beyond the main points.

• It is important that a summary be as brief as possible so you don’t want to get too specific with details like numbers, statistics, dates, figures unless it’s absolutely necessary for the reader to understand.

• A good summary should follow and maintain good paragraph structure: topic sentence, supporting sentences and a concluding sentence.

• It is important for the topic sentence of a summary to identify itself as a summary so you should include the title or the author or the speaker of the original material in your topic sentence.

• The supporting sentences are the main points of the paragraphs of the original material.

• The concluding sentence is your paraphrase of the inference drawn by the author of the original material.

• In a summary you should be paraphrasing, you should not be using direct quotes from the original material and you should not be copying and pasting sentences right from the original, i.e. you should be using your own words.

• It is important for a good summary to be objective, meaning you should not include your opinion.

UNIT 1

Task 1. Read the article below and highlight the sentence/sentences in the article that you think contain the main idea.

Children from Farmington, Utah to the East Coast slip and fall and even injure themselves on playground equipment. According to Peaceful Playgrounds, an average of 17 children dies from playground-related accidents or injuries each year. Sometimes it is appropriate for a lawyer to be involved in the resolution of playground injuries and other times it is not.

Peaceful Playgrounds reports, «it is estimated that 10 % of injuries sustained in elementary schools result in a major injury requiring follow-up care.” When a child is involved in a slip and fall accident and is injured, it is common for a parent to want to know what happened to his or her child and if anyone was responsible. If a parent believes that a person or the school is responsible for their child’s injury, they often will call a lawyer to help them settle a case.

The Peaceful Playgrounds states, “Seventy percent of all school injuries occur during recess or physical education. A review of injury data has revealed that the lack of proper supervision is considered a contributing factor in playground injuries over 40 % of the time.” In these cases, a teacher or other supervisor for the child’s recess may be responsible for a child’s injury if he or she was not meeting the standard of care defined in the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s Playground Safety Guidelines. Many states have adopted this set of guidelines to ensure the safety of elementary school children on the playground.

These guidelines state, “Supervisors must provide the highest duty of care to prevent unreasonable risk of injury, the playground design allows for gradual challenges and skill development, and the playground is properly installed with adequate space to prevent overcrowding and ensure safe play.”

People from quiet Farmington to busy cities on the East and West Coasts will often hire a lawyer when they believe someone was responsible for failing to witness the injury of their child from a slip and fall or other incident. This requires providing a decent amount of solid evidence, difficult to prove without the help of a lawyer.

Children involved in slip and fall accidents who suffer injuries that could have been prevented with the proper care deserve justice. From Farmington to cities across the United States, the safety of children at school should be a top priority. Whether the injury takes place in Farmington or New York, there are attorneys who will seek justice for children injured in these accidents.

Task 2. Comprehension check. Answer the questions.

1. What kinds of accidents does the article focus on?

2. What is the percentage of major injuries in elementary schools?

3. What is the most common injury at school?

4. In what case does a parent of an injured child need a lawyer?

5. When do most of school injuries usually occur?

6. What is the main cause of injury according to the review of injury data?

7. Who may be considered responsible for a child’s injury?

8. What is the supervisor legally liable for?

9. How is it possible to prove that a supervisor was responsible for failing to witness a child’s slip and fall incident?

10. What should be a top priority in the US schools?

Task 3. Pair-work. Discuss your ideas with the partner.

a) What is the central concept of the article?

b) Think of a possible title for this article.

c) Give the main idea of the article in one sentence.

Task 4

a. Underline the important words in the sentences in each paragraph that you think introduce its main idea.

b. Paraphrase the main ideas of the paragraphs using the words from the word-bank (the second column). Use the third column to write down your own sentences. Avoid any unnecessary information.

Children from Farmington, Utah to the East Coast slip and fall and even injure themselves on playground equipment. According to Peaceful Playgrounds, an average of 17 children dies from playground-related accidents or injuries each year. Sometimes it is appropriate for a lawyer to be involved in the resolution of playground injuries and other times it is not.

get injured;

due to;

as a result of;

approximately;

deaths;

be caused by;

reasonable;

to seek legal advice;

representation

_____ _____ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ________

Peaceful Playgrounds reports, «it is estimated that 10 % of injuries sustained in elementary schools result in a major injury requiring follow-up care». When a child is involved in a slip and fall accident and is injured, it is common for a parent to want to know what happened to his or her child and if anyone was responsible. If a parent believes that a person or the school is responsible for their child’s injury, they often will call a lawyer to help them settle a case.

the estimate shows;

lead to;

serious health damage;

imply;

subsequent;

suffer an injury;

as a rule;

to find out;

to identify;

carry liability;

consider smb.; responsible for;

hire a lawyer;

______ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ________ ______ _____ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______

The Peaceful Playground states, “Seventy percent of all school injuries occur during recess or physical education. A review of injury data has revealed that the lack of proper supervision is considered a contributing factor in playground injuries over 40 % of the time.” In these cases, a teacher or other supervisor for the child’s recess may be responsible for a child’s injury if he or she was not meeting the standard of care defined in the Consumer Product Safety Commission’s Playground Safety Guidelines. Many states have adopted this set of guidelines to ensure the safety of elementary school children on the playground.

generally;

a break;

PE classes;

negligence;

breach of duty of care;

major cause of;

violate the rules;

apply

_____ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ________ _______ ______ _______ _____ _______ ______ _____ _____

These guidelines state, “Supervisors must provide the highest duty of care to prevent unreasonable risk of injury, the playground design allows for gradual challenges and skill development, and the playground is properly installed with adequate space to prevent overcrowding and ensure safe play”.

according to;

to exercise;

to avoid;

to meet technical and safety standards

_____ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ________ ____ ______ ______ _____ _____ _____ ______ ______ _____ ____

People from quiet Farmington to busy cities on the East and West Coasts will often hire a lawyer when they believe someone was responsible for failing to witness the injury of their child from a slip and fall or other incident. This requires providing a decent amount of solid evidence, difficult to prove without the help of a lawyer.

to use professional legal service;

to allege;

necessary;

to present sound evidence;

the task of a lawyer

______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ________ ______ ________ ______ _______ ________ ________ _____ _____

Children involved in slip and fall accidents who suffer injuries that could have been prevented with the proper care deserve justice. From Farmington to cities across the United States, the safety of children at school should be a top priority. Whether the injury takes place in Farmington or New York, there are attorneys who will seek justice for children injured in these accidents.

to get legal protection;

the main issue;

to compensate health damage;

to offer professional advice

______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ ______ _______ ______ _____

Task 5. Pair-work. Complete the sample summary, and then read it to your partner.

1. The article focuses on the issue of …

2. According to the recent survey …

3. The article further states that …

4. Therefore/ As a result/ Consequently/ Due to that fact …

5. The concept of duty of care is clearly stated in …

6. So in cases when …

7. In conclusion …

Task 6. Prepare your own written summary using the word-bank and expressions for summarizing (to connect the main ideas). Make sure it comes to the logical end. Avoid long sentences and quotations. Write it down. Exchange your summaries with your partner. Outline its strengths and weaknesses.

UNIT 2

Task 1. Read the article below and highlight the sentence/sentences in the article that you think contain the main idea.

The provision of legal advice and the conduct of litigation are not covered by the Money Laundering Regulations 2007. The rationale for this exclusion is the protection of a person’s fundamental human right of access to justice.

This does not mean, however, that such activities are free from the threats posed by criminals. In fact recent calls to the Practice Advice Service and information provided to law enforcement suggest that litigation is an area of growing risk for money laundering and fraud.

The perception that law firms may be taking a more relaxed approach to due diligence and scrutiny of their client’s conduct in litigation matters may be one reason for this shift in criminal activity.

Debt recovery is an area of increasing concern for money laundering. With banks and money service bureaux tightening their approach to accepting large amounts of cash, criminals are seeking alternative methods to get the cash generated from criminal activity into the financial system.

Setting up a cash intensive business is one such method. The criminal monies can be mingled with legitimate monies and make their way into the business’s bank account without raising suspicion.

To transfer the funds from this cover business back to other parts of the criminal enterprise, documents are created to suggest that a debt is owed. A solicitor is approached to recover what they are told is a legitimate debt, the debtor agrees to make the payment, the funds are passed through the solicitor’s account and back to the client.

While not always an easy methodology to spot, there are some emerging trends which highlight known warning signs that money laundering may be occurring in this context. These include:

‒ non face-to-face client, who is often quite a distance from the firm

‒ the debtor may also be quite a distance from the firm

‒ scant paperwork supporting the alleged debt

‒ the debt is settled very quickly, sometimes even before the first letter of demand

‒ the client is willing to pay your fees even though you have done very little work

‒ fees are overpaid and paid in advance, sometimes in cash and other times by fraudulent cheques

‒ the client requests the funds recovered or the overpaid part of the fees to be paid to a third party.

To help protect your firm you should consider:

‒ advising your litigators of this methodology and the warning signs they should be alert to

‒ asking questions of your client, particularly the questions of why are you instructing my firm and why should these funds be paid to a third party

‒ protecting your client account details by limiting their provision to clients

‒ undertaking some due diligence on your litigation clients and, on a risk-sensitive basis

‒ making searches for an ownership or other connection between the debtor and your client

‒ only making payments against cleared funds.

Where you suspect that criminal property may be involved in a litigation retainer, and there is prima-facie evidence that you are being used to commit a crime or a fraud, legal professional privilege will not apply and you will need to consider making a report to the Serious Organised Crime Agency (SOCA) (now known as the National Crime Agency (NCA)) under 332 of the Proceeds of Crime Act.

Task 2. Comprehension check. Answer the questions.

1. Why are the provision of legal advice and the conduct of litigation not covered by the Money Laundering Regulations?

2. What do recent calls to the Practice Advice Service and information provided to law enforcement suggest?

3. What is the reason for the shift in criminal activity?

4. What are the alternative methods to get the cash generated from criminal activity into the financial system?

5. What are the ways to transfer the funds from the cover business back to other parts of the criminal enterprise?

6. What are the warning signs that money laundering may be occurring?

7. What helps to protect a law firm?

8. Why is it recommended to report to the Serious Organised Crime Agency?

Task 3. Pair-work. Discuss your ideas with the partner.

a) What is the central concept of the article?

b) Think of a possible title for this article.

c) Give the main idea of the article in one sentence.

Task 4.

a. Underline the important words in the sentences in each paragraph that you think introduce its main idea.

b. Paraphrase the main ideas of the paragraphs using the words from the word-bank (the second column). Use the third column to write down your own sentences. Avoid any unnecessary information.

The provision of legal advice and the conduct of litigation are not covered by the Money Laundering Regulations 2007. The rationale for this exclusion is the protection of a person‘s fundamental human right of access to justice.

legal assistance;

legal representation in court;

do not apply to

_____ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _____ ______ ______ _______

This does not mean, however, that such activities are free from the threats posed by criminals. In fact recent calls to the Practice Advice Service and information provided to law enforcement suggest that litigation is an area of growing risk for money laundering and fraud.

concealment of the origins of illegally obtained money;

criminal deception;

to result in financial gain

_____ ______ ______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ ______

The perception that law firms may be taking a more relaxed approach to due diligence and scrutiny of their client‘s conduct in litigation matters may be one reason for this shift in criminal activity.

flexible approach;

the examination of ;

clients‘ financial records

Debt recovery is an area of increasing concern for money laundering. With banks and money service bureaux tightening their approach to accepting large amounts of cash, criminals are seeking alternative methods to get the cash generated