        
  


             :-             ,       .  -      ,        .  -   .





        



  



  ,2025



ISBN978-5-0065-6852-5

     Ridero


   -    

  

 -  -  

   , , 

    -




..


		ɠ
		 
		
		RUSSIAN FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION

         

Teaching textbook ofthe Russian language for English speaking Indians

with appendix ofculture information



2025



..

    :           /...-, 2025. .270.



 

  - 

-  



.      :                   ,      12  .  --   ,  ,        蠫     軠    :    ,      ,   .               .      , ,     - 1 428     -   .   ,     ,     (    ).       :     ,  ,  , , , ,   ,     .                      .      ,   .



  

  -  

-  



Tinyakova..

Russian language for international communication: atextbook ofthe Russian language for Indians with acultural application / E.A.Tinyakova. Moscow 2025 p.270.



The textbook is recommended bythe Working group ofsocio-economic projectsofthe St. Petersburg Union ofScientists



Annotation. The book Russian for International Communication: Russian language textbook for Indians through English with acultural appendix is part ofthe Russian as alanguage ofinternational communication Project, which presents the Russian language tobe learnt across the world through the 12most widely spoken languages. The published textbooks Russian-English for Indians and Russians interested inIndia, with rich cultural information on the interaction between Russian and Indian cultures and Russian language for cooperation between Russia and Africa have similar methodological approaches: explanations ofRussian phonetics and grammar, thematic selection ofconversation topics indialogues and monologues, and acquaintance with Russian culture. However, the content ofthese approaches differs ininformation fragments and explanation details, and the exercises for developing communication and understanding Russian culture are completely different. India, the country with the largest population (1.428billion) and catching up with historical English-language countries such as the UK and the US innumber ofbooks published, was chosen as the target English-speaking space. The conversational section ofthe textbook, covering awide range oftopics from everyday social life exhaustively, is presented inboth dialogic and monologue formats (rich vocabulary and conversational style). The cultural studies section is educational, with numerous training exercises and tasks. It introduces Russian geography and the country as awhole, Russian scientists, Russian literature, music, art, and, ofcourse, the wonderful Russian songs that carry the image ofRussia throughout the world. This Russian language textbook, taught through English with acultural application, realizes the authors methodology, Developing Cognitive Abilities inForeign Language Learning The textbook can also be effectively used byRussian students learning English.




. . Introduction. Preambula






1






2



      ,   ,    , ,  ,  .    ,         .    ,      .

..

The whole world is going through aturning point now, and the leader will be the one who is ready and capable ofchange the one who acts and goes forward. Our country and our people have shown such will at all defining historical stages ofour development. Over the past almost 30years, we have achieved such changes that other States would need centuries.

Vladimir Putin

  .  堖   . Ƞ,               .

 

Keep growing and developing. Constant development is the law oflife. And aperson who always tries toadhere tofirmly established views only for the sake ofconsistency, drives himself into the wrong position.

Mahatma Gandhi

  ,       ࠖ   ,      .

..

We proceeded and and are proceeding from the fact that intodays complex and turbulent world, the preservation oflaw and order is one ofthe few levers capable ofkeeping international relationsfrom

sliding into chaos.

Vladimir Putin

  . - ,    ,   .

 

Dont lose faith inhumanity. Humanity is like the ocean, if afew drops are dirty, the ocean does not become polluted.

Mahatma Gandhi

  ,  ,     ,   ,  ,   , ,  ,  .

..

Inorder tomove forward and develop dynamically, we must expand the space offreedom, strengthen the institutions ofdemocracy, local self-government, civil society structures, courts, and be acountry open tothe world.

Vladimir Putin

     ,     ,     . ,   ,     ,    ,      .



Today, all nations are too closely united for any ofthem toimagine that they can live separately.They say that the world is indivisible, as well as freedom and prosperity now, and trouble inthis one world that can no longer be divided into separate fragments.

Jawaharlal Nehru






3






4



 (. 3, .1)  (. 4, . 2)       ,    ,  ,   .

         .   ,         , , .

Russia (. 3, .1) and India (.4, .2) hold similar positions on most acute global problems, be it regional conflicts, international terrorism, cross-border drug trafficking,etc.

Indias thousand-year history and rich cultural heritage have an extraordinary attraction. Inturn, Indian citizens are interested indiscovering the riches ofRussian music, literature, andart.

        ,   .           ,      .     ,       -  2010..

Over the past decades, traditionally friendly relations have developed between Russia and India, and they are steadily strengthening. Inrecent years, Russia and India have reached the level ofaparticularly privileged strategic partnership, which is aunique format ofinterstate cooperation. This wording is enshrined inthe Joint Statement adopted following the visit ofthe President ofthe Russian Federation toNew Delhi inDecember 2010..

-   ,   .   堖    ,     ,      ,    .

(   https://www.mid.ru/ru/maps/in/ (https://www.mid.ru/ru/maps/in/))

Russian-Indian relations are defined byamature, multifaceted and intense nature. They are based on ahigh degree ofmutual understanding and trust, the proximity ofpriorities for economic and social development, the coincidence ofapproaches toensuring universal peace and security, and the formation ofanew architecture ofthe world order.

(website ofthe Russian Foreign Ministry https://www.mid.ru/ru/maps/in/ (https://www.mid.ru/ru/maps/in%20/))



     ,        ,      (),  -- (), ,    ().       ,  ,  -  腻

  ࠖ PhD,  ,     (, -. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-2-89-49-64 (https://ridero.ru/link/J-5aXc3L284lAEX_8FwzK))

India and Russia share the concept ofamultipolar world, which is reflected intheir cooperation within the framework ofinternational organizations such as the United Nations (UN), the Russia-India-China (RIC) format, BRICS, and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO). India has shown greater interest inthe formats ofthe RIC and BRICS than inthe SCO, not being the founding state ofthe latter organization

Raj Kumar Sharma PhD, Postdoctoral Research, Delhi School ofTransnational Relations (India, New Delhi. https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2023-2-89-49-64)

                        ,      Π  .    ..           (  ,  ).       .             :

ꠖ    ,   .          ,   .

 ,   



Inthe Textbook ofthe Russian language for Indians students through the medium ofEnglish with acultural application, the authors methodology Development ofcognitive abilities inthe process ofteaching aforeign language was used, which she presented at the sites ofthe Moscow State Pedagogical University and the Higher School ofEconomics. The concept ofthe authors methodology byTinyakovaE.A. is included inthe multi-volume encyclopedic Register ofnew scientific directions ofthe Russian Academy ofNatural Sciences (International Association ofScientists, Specialists and Teachers). The main features ofthis successful technique are presented inthe book. The textbooks methodology is also based on the similar principle oflanguage-culture interaction from the Indian methodology:

Language is much more than grammar and philology. It is apoetic testimony tothe genius ofrace and culture and aliving embodiment ofthe thoughts and fantasies that shaped them.

Jawaharlal Nehru, Indian politician



ꠖ   . ꠖ    . -         ,  .

..,  

Language is the history ofapeople. Language is the path ofcivilization and culture. Therefore, the study and preservation ofthe Russian language is not an idle occupation with nothing todo, but an urgent need.

A. I.Kuprin, Russian writer



 ꠖ  .   .      ,     ,     : , , , , , ,  ..

 ,  ,

 ,   

The Russian language is not difficult. You have tounderstand it. If this statement is true for Russian, it is true for all languages, because difficulty is always relative: interest, devotion, love, persistence, passion, time, disposition, etc.

Tinyakova Elena, the author,

Zanarella Paolo, figure inItalian culture

         :           ?     1 428  (.5).       ,   .   146,204 .    399,3 .    . ..

For which auditorium is the textbook Russian for international communication: atextbook ofthe Russian language for Indians through the medium ofEnglish with acultural application povided? Today, 1billion 428million people live inIndia (.5). But the textbook can also be successfully applied byRussian learners ofEnglish. The population ofRussia is 146,294millions (. 5). The population ofUSA and Great Britain, together, 399,3millions. This is apure mathematical calculation. But still






5



    .. 27.  0,9%    .  -     (. 6).     , , XIX ,   1960- .. 3.

However, Indians live all over the world..This is 27million, approximately 0.9% ofthe total population ofthe country.The Indian diaspora is one ofthe largest inthe modern world (.6). The first big wave ofemigrants took place mainly inthe XIX century, the second wave followed inthe 1960s 3million.

   The map ofIndian diasporas






6



,  ,    .      .     -  -    (. 7) 9,  1915      .

Indians living abroad maintain ties with their homeland. There are many highly educated and good specialists among them. InIndia, an official holiday was established -the Day ofthe Indian Diaspora Pravasi Bharatiya Divas (. 7) on January 9, when Mahatma Gandhi returned from South Africa in1915on thisday.






7




 REVIEW


   -ɠʠ  Ȼ

INTERNATIONAL PROJECT GLOBAL CULTURE-RUSSIAN FOR INTERNATIONAL COMMUNICATION,  - ..,   ,   

At the current juncture ofgeopolitical turmoil when the verified and reliable information about Russia is not accessible tocommon readers living incountries flooded bythe narratives peddled bythe mainstream Anglo- Saxon media, the growing interest inlearning Russian languages is witnessing similar tomid-1960s ofthe last century at the height ofCold War between the USSR and USA-led West. India, since independence, always had warm and friendly relations with Russia and there was agreat interest toknow about the people ofRussia. However, after the collapse ofUSSR in1991there was almost vacuum inaccessibility ofRussian literature and information for the common people,

Inview ofthis the textbook RUSSIAN FOR INDIANS WITH CULTUROLOGICAL APPLICATION compiled byprof. Elena Aleksandrovna Tinyakova is awelcome development. Not only alarge section ofIndians interested inRussia, its literature and culture is going tobenefit but also help the growing number ofyoung Indian travellers toRussia incommunicating with their Russian counterparts. It is aknown fact that the Russian language is the one ofthe official languages ofthe United Nations, Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and acts as lingua franca for many Eurasian countries.

Composition ofthe textbook has embraced the rich practice and methodology ofteaching Russian language as aforeign language evolved inlate sixties ofthe last century up till now bythe group ofRussian teachers ofthe faculty ofphilology ofMoscow Lomonosov State University. Well illustrated and free ofunnecessary grammatical tasks the book focuses the learners attention on cognitive and communicating skills.

Unique feature ofthis textbook is that, unlike other textbooks oflanguages, there is no focus on teaching grammar generally abhorred bythe learners but imparting communication skills. Another welcome feature is the Russian songs and notes toplay the music. Well it implies that the user would need ateacher with musical literacy. However, this lacuna could be resolved bygiving web links tothe songs available on the internet.

Learning aforeign language opens an absolutely new world ofthe native culture and traditions ofthe people ofadifferent land developed as anation indifferent geopolitical and geo-economic conditions with diverse historic experience. This textbook has taken due care toease the understanding ofthis aspect oflearning anew language byintroducing the learner toconcise knowledge ofvarious aspects ofthe Russian world including history, arts, science and culture.

Though the textbook is meant for the English reader inIndia, it could be widely useful for Indians living invarious countries because there is an inherent interest inthe Russian reality which differs from the negative picture painted bythe anglo saxon media. This is one ofthe plus points ofthe style and purpose ofthis textbook which will be welcomed inIndia where due togreat interest inRussia aInstitute ofRussians Studies was inaugurated inNew Delhi inNovember 1965and now Russian language is being taught inalmost all Indian universities and many schools.

This textbook has the high potential for introduction for beginners and advanced courses inthe Indian schools and universities teaching the Russian language and prove useful for people willing tostudy it independently.

Iwould like tohighly commend the tremendous work done byDr Elena Tinyakova inwriting this textbook at atime when there is aglobal demand tolearn the Russian language.

Vinay K. Shukla, M.A. (Russian Philology), MV Lomonosov Moscow State University.

Consulting Editor. Raksha Anireveda Defence quarterly, Delhi, India (www.raksha-anirvda.com)

Former Moscow Bureau Chief Press Trust ofIndia (PTI) news agency

Translator ofseveral books byMikhail Sholokhov, Mikhail Bulgakov, Babel, perestroika era byAnatoly Rybakov Children OfArbat and many other literary works bySoviet and Russian writers for Raduga Publishers Moscow.

+919873756808 shuklamoscow@gmail.com

206, Samvad Apartments

Alpha-1

Greater Noida 201308

Delhi NCR India







. ..

1.     

  

2.  

3.       

 1.   

1.1. -  (, 

,   ;  ;

)

1.2.  : ,,

, ,  (, , ), ,  ,  ,  ,  

1.3.  ,  

 .

1.4.   ,    

 2.  

		2.1.  
		2.2.   
		2.3.    
		2.4.   
		2.5.   ࠖ  
		2.6.   
		2.7.   
		2.8.   

 3.     ( ) 

 4.   .           ,       .

.  



 




TABLE OFCONTENTS


Introduction Preambula..

1. Why you need tolearn Russian inIndia.

Poem about the Russian language

2. Methodical recommendations

3. Types ofRussian dictionaries and how tousethem

CHAPTER 1. Entering the Russian language

1.1. Introductory course ofphonetics (alphabet, groups

ofletters and sounds, syllables topractice distinguishing sounds; reading rules; about orthoepy)

1.2. Basic grammar. Morphology: noun, prepositions, adjective, numerals (counting, dates, time), pronoun, adverb, verb. Syntax. Punctuation

1.3. Learning tospeak incolloquial phrases

1.4. Short thematic texts that will form adictionary

CHAPTER 2. Opening Russia

2.1. State symbols

2.2. Briefly about the country ofRussia

2.3. Public holidays and memorabledays

inthe calendar ofRussia

2.4. Outstanding Russian scientists

2.5. The wealth ofthe Russian language is its literature

2.6. The world ofRussian artists

2.7. Russian classical music

2.8. Favorite Russian songs

CHAPTER 3. Russian and Indian (inEnglish) wisdom inbrief through proverbs

CHAPTER 4. English for India. How did the English language color history ofIndia and make it the most populous country speaking English and on the other side having most number oflanguages

ATTACHMENT. About Russian names and surnames

BIBLIOGRAPHY

information about the authors




1.    .   . 1. Why you need tolearn Russian. Poems about the Russian language


      . ,            .

Today, interest for the Russian language and culture is reviving inIndia. For example, students ofDelhi University from the Faculties ofnatural sciences are happy toattend courses on Russian culture and folklore.

       .       - ,    , .

Interest inthe Russian language inIndia sees not only practical horizons. Linguists also point tothe deep roots ofthe kinship ofthe two languages Russian, as the language ofthe Slavic group, and Sanskrit.

 .      2- . ?       ,    , ,    .              .      .

Alittle bit ofhistory. Sanskrit has existed inwritten form alone for more than 2millennia ago. Sanskrit is the main linguistic medium ofthe allIndian high culture, the language ofthe vast majority ofphilosophical, literary, scientific and religious texts ofantiquity. Inmodern India, Sanskrit is used as the language ofthe humanities and as the language ofworship inHindu temples. It is spoken byboth high-born brahmins and ordinary people ofNorthern India.

  c,   , 60%     .    .    60-       , ,     ,  :     !   !   : 黠  , nava- ;    ,  tva-  tu- ; ໠  ,  dva- ; 򻠖  , bhratar- .

The Sanskrit language ofIndia, an ancient literary language, coincides with Russian by60% invocabulary. Lets recall one amazing fact. This is avisit toRussia inthe 60-s ofthe last century bythe sanskritologist Durga Prasad Shastri, who, after visiting one ofthe many northern Russian villages, was sincerely amazed: The Russian language is so similar toSanskrit! Translation inot Russian is not even necessary! Here are some examples: new inRussian, nava inSanskrit; the pronoun you -in Russian, the basis oftva or tu inSanskrit; two inRussian, the basis ofdva inSanskrit; brother -in Russian, bhratar inSanskrit.

        ,           .  ,      .           ,   ,         ,        .

However, this textbook builds adialogue between the Russian language and English, inherited bythe Indians after colonial dependence and accompanying the native and indigenous language ofHindi. Thus, English inthis textbook appears on Indian soil and social background. With the current international situation and the position ofthe United States ofAmerica and Great Britain on anumber ofissues, English from India, which is leading amore peaceful policy tosolve modern crisis issues, is reaching the leading frontiers as the most widely spoken language on the planet.






8



,   1100     (    ⠖ , , ,   )       .     863      (. 8),        蠖 ,    ,      .     ,   . ,    ,  . Ѡ ,      ,       . ,  ,     ,     , , ,    , ,   .    .      .



The Slavs who lived more than 1100years ago inthe state ofGreat Moravia (the territory ofmany modern European states Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic, part ofPoland and Ukraine) communicated inalanguage incomprehensible toevery nation and did not have awritten language. The Great Moravian prince Rostislav invited in863two learned monks Cyril and Methodius (. 8), who lived inthe most powerful and richest state ofthat time Byzantium, it was approximately where the modern countries ofGreece and Turkey are located. Byzantium was famous for its scientists no less than for its wealth and army. The language spoken inthis state was Greek. From it, the brothers, having created an alphabet based on the Greek secret writing, translated the Holy Scriptures and church books into the Moravian language. Letters combined inthe alphabet, created byCyril and Methodius and their students, began tobe used not only inchurch books, but also archive notes, letters, business documents inone word, everything that arose the need for. These letters are called Cyrillic. And modern English uses the letters Latin.

     24  .

頖      XXI ,             .        . 頖     ,  VIIVIII .  XIVXV.,    : ,  .

Day ofRemembrance ofSaints Cyril and Methodius is May, the 24-th inthe new style.

Old Church Slavonic is the language ofthe oldest survived papers ofthe Xth-XIth centuries, as well as the language ofchurch books translated from Greek byCyril and Methodius; it is considered the first literary language ofthe Slavs. The development ofthe Old Church Slavonic as aliterary language was the Church Slavonic language. Old Russian is acommon language ofthe Eastern Slavs, formed inthe VIIth-VIIIth centuries and existed until the XIV XV centuries, when it broke up into three languages: Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian.



:         .     .     ,   ,     .             ,                  ,     ,        ,     .



Note: It is recommended tocompare all information-containing and explanatory texts with parallel English translation. This is also auseful teaching technique. It is recommended tomemorize Russian sentences, phrases from such texts, which are supported byunderstanding inEnglish. Such acomparison ofthe Russian and English texts will also contribute tothe expansion ofthe vocabulary for communication inRussian, it is recommended towrite down understood Russian words inthe dictionary for better memorization and analyze their structure through the presented grammar rules ofthe Russian language inorder toknow the original form ofthe word, because it must be stored inmemory and then applied according tothe grammar learned.



          - -  ( 130000 ,  .., :   ,2004).     --     ,    -  2022.   ,   : - -,   ,    .. ...     1974.   ,       ,      .  ,   -      (   ) .  -         (2022, -).     ,   . .., .., ..   . 3- .,. ,1999. .  - . -,  ,2015.



Interesting comparison ofRussian and Hindi can be done analysing the published dictionary Modern Russian-Hindi Dictionary. (about 130,000words and phrases, author O.G.Ultsiferov, Moscow: Russian Language Media, 2004). New Russian-English-Hindi Dictionary bythe Indian scientist Abhay Morye, presented at the Russian House inNew Delhi in2022, may also be ofinterest. One more dictionary  Russian-Hindi and Hindi-Russian bythe authors O.G.Ultsiferov and B.I.Shurshalin, that is already ofadual direction, but it is thematic, carrying words for general economic and foreign trade. The publication ofthis dictionary dates back to1974. This suggests that todays communication requires new materials that would help inlive communication between people and specialists. Not very many, but gradually there appear helper books for Indians who want tocommunicate inHindi (ofcourse English is also present) and Russians. Arecent event was the presentation ofthe New textbook ofRussian with audio support byIndian scientist Abhay Morye (2022, New Delhi). There is also asmall experience ofRussian authors, but with long pauses inpublication. Z.M.Dymshits, O.G.Ultsiferov, V.I.Goryunov Textbook ofthe Hindi language. 3rd ed., corrected. Moscow, 1999. A. Kostina Russian-Hindi phrasebook. St.Petersburg, KARO Publishing House, 2015.



           .

                    ,    Ի, ?      

Representatives ofthe Ministry ofEducation ofthe Russian Federation are discussing issues ofexpanding the study ofthe Russian language with the Indian side.

We are ready tosend our Russian teachers towork inschools and other educational institutions inIndia inorder topopularize the language and form the basis for future applicants wishing toenter Russian educational establishments, said Denis Gribov, Deputy Minister ofEducation ofthe Russian Federation.

     .    ,   .        , , ,  ,   .             .         ,              .

There is agrowing interest inthe Russian language inIndia. It is studied inboth public and private schools. At the same time, the teaching ofthe Russian language is conducted byIndian teachers, who, ofcourse, know the language, but are not native speakers. Therefore, the Ministry ofEducation ofthe Russian Federation sees the special relevance ofthe implementation ofthe project Russian teacher abroad inIndia. Russian teachers will teach Indian schoolchildren within the framework ofacooperation agreement signed bythe Center for International Cooperation ofthe Ministry ofEducation ofthe Russian Federation and the Indian public school Mount Abu.



        - -     .     :                   .

Astriking event is the creation and development ofthe Mahatma Gandhi and Leo Tolstoy Russian-Indian Cultural and Educational Center on the basis ofthe Delhi school. Director ofthe Delhi School Sunita Tanwar said: The creation ofthis center and the joint study ofthe moral heritage ofthe great thinkers Leo Tolstoy and Mahatma Gandhi will be an excellent opportunity for our students.

		

		Ѡ   ,
		Ƞ  ,
		 ,   ,
		   .
		   ,
		 ,   ,
		   ,
		Ƞ, ,   !
		   ,
		 , , ,
		 ,   ,
		   ,  !
		 , 
		, ,  ,
		    
		,  !
		 

      

       50-  XX ࠖ        .              .       .         -, , ,  .         .   ,        ,     .

Russian is needed inIndia at all levels ofeducation

Cooperation between Russia and India inthe field ofeducation began back inthe 50s ofthe XX century it was then that the first Indian students came tostudy inthe USSR. At about the same time, interest inthe Russian language appeared inIndia it began tobe studied inhigher educational institutions. Now Russian is also taught inschools all over the country. Five Russian centers ofscience and culture have been opened inIndia inNew Delhi, Calcutta, Mumbai, Trivandrum and Chennai. Russian teachers give courses there according toRussian state programs and textbooks. The rapid development ofeconomic, cultural and tourism ties between the countries creates aneed for specialists who speak Russian at ahigh level.



      (),   ,      1964   - .       -  .

The Department ofRussian Language was opened at the Savitribai Phule Indian University (Pune), located near Mumbai, in1964 during the best days ofSoviet-Indian friendship. But even today, Indian students are learning Russian and are friendly toRussia.



 2014     ,     45. Ѡ       .      ,  - ,  ,  ѻ (  ),   ,   ,     Ƞ( - ),   ,  , (-)   , -  ,     .   -⠖  ,    ,    ,    .

In2014, the Association ofUniversities ofRussia and India appeared, which currently includes 45universities. On the Russian side, its work is coordinated byTomsk State University. The association includes Far Eastern Federal University, Moscow Institute ofPhysics and Technology, Lobachevsky University, The National University ofScience and Technology (MISiS), Tomsk Polytechnic University, theNational Research University Higher School ofEconomics, National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), Novosibirsk State University, Samara University, Information Technologies, Mechanics and Optics University (Saint Petersburg), St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, The Ural Federal university and other universities. Among the Indian participating universities are Delhi University, Varanasi Indian Institute ofTechnology, Indian Institute ofTechnology ofBombay, Indian Statistical Institute and others.



 ,       .    - .

       . 2023/2024   200.     30?000.



According tothe source, medical specialties are popular among Indian students inRussia. Economic and engineering profiles are also indemand. Every year, the Russian government provides educational quotas toIndian citizens. 200scholarships have been allocated for the 2023/2024academic year. There are about 30,000Indians studying inRussia today.




2. 2. Metho-dical recommendations


                   .     ࠖ   ,          ,     , ,    .         .

        :  ,   , , .      ,      ,   .

  -           .          .     ,   蠖 ,,,,, .     J Y    .                 .    ,  ,  ,     .  ,         ,   .          ,    . Ƞ  ,   .

  , .            .  ,  ,    ,    . Ƞ      (              ),             .         .    .     ,     .       .                ,       .

     . , ,   .   ,     ,      .   ,     ,  .

,     ,  .          . ,       .

Ƞ          .  ,  .       .      ,     ,    ,   .         ,  .

         ,        .

    ,   ,    ,      ,    .        ,  ,  ,       .       , ,    . Ƞ堖      :     .               .




2.Methodical recommendations


The method ofincluding the student into learning Russian sets the task tobring it tothe wide space ofthe Russian language through the presentation ofthe key characteristics ofthe Russian language. This explains the new genre ofthe textbook atextbook with aculturological application, that is, the support ofthe practice ofmastering the Russian language byalarge culturological block, including the geographical and administrative representation ofRussia, literature, painting and music from the depths ofhistory. The textbook combines Russian language teaching and intensive acquaintance with Russian culture.

The practical side oflearning the Russian language corresponds tothe basic linguistic sciences: phonetics and orthoepy, morphology and partly spelling, syntax, punctuation. The culturological block also introduces Russian lexicography, that is, the types ofdictionaries and briefly advises how touse them.

Inthe section Introductory Course ofPhonetics the author compared variantsand explained options for representing the sounds ofthe Russian language bysings ofLatin transcription. Here you need topay attention tothe Latin transcription recommended bythe author. It is more exact todifferentiate sounds that are difficult for foreigners topronounce ,,,,, and . Confusion inthe use ofLatin signs bylinguists J and Y can interfere with the memorization ofwords. Inaword, the presentation ofthe phonetics ofthe Russian language sets the goal toreduce the foreign accent tominimum when pronouncing Russian words and phrases. For this, tongue twisters, reading rules are given, and at the end ofthe book, proverbs, that is, firmly constructed phrases. With regard toorthoepy, the author teaches tofocus the accent byloud oral pronunciation ofawordor consult the dictionary. And after enough practice, the stress inRussian words is already determined bythe sense oflanguage, that is, it does not come from the rules. And it lends itself toasynergistic reception, that is, self-setting.

The morphology is given inashort, basic way. The author ofthe book tries toload the learners with rules as little as possible, and think more byanalogy from typical examples. After this, we can say matrix representation ofRussian grammar, there is atransition toshort texts. And if the texts ofculture studies are accompanied bytranslation (here, too, acombination ofthe translation ofafragment ofthe text and the submission ofwords for independent translation into Russian is used), short thematic texts are offered for understanding through application ofwords and phrases totranslate the text. These texts establish the main thematic layers for everyday conversation. It is better tomemorize them. And then repeat the sentences inadifferent order, changing for apossible projected situation. Words for short thematic texts are given intheir original form. Therefore, Russian language learners can compare these original forms with those inthe texts, and accompany this comparison with the rules from the Chapter on the basics ofgrammar.

Colloquial phrases are also offered for communicative situations. They are certainly best learned byheart. Tostrengthen memory, so that it is not just mechanical, inthe construction ofphrases, one must see the presented grammar. As you can understand, Russian grammar is given not from theoretical foundations, but from practical experience.

Stylistics, as abranch ofteaching the Russian language, is not presented separately. Because this is ahigher level ofacquiring linguistic experience. However, reading texts with cultural information can provide some experience.

And inconclusion, the author gives three tips for intensifying memory when learning Russian. This is surprise, naturalness and speed. Unexpectedness (surprise)  involves remembering the assimilated material inan unprepared situation. Naturalness should give atinge

offreedom ofreproduction, that is, application without tension, as inordinary conditions ofconversation, using the Russian language. Quickness (speed)  should train for the quickest possible retrieval from memory ofwhat has been learned.

If these three rules are observed, the success ofcommunication inRussian is ensured, its volume will only depend on the amount oflearned vocabulary.

The difference between the methodology ofthe Russian author and the international, more British, methods ofteaching English is that language training is not detailed into numerous exercises that come from the teachers initiative. The Russian author presents the unmistakable use ofthe Russian language bygrammatical, phonetic schemes, logically organized, and the student himself can come up with various exercises. That is, the students initiative is not loaded with the teachers exercises, ofcourse the Russian author gives the exercises. And most importantly, the most difficult problem ofteaching aforeign language is being solved: the correspondence ofthe semantic fields oflexical units. The student can compare the single-variant translation ofaword inthe list attached tothe text with finding the same meanings rendered inthe whole text inthe translation there may be differences.




3.     . 3. Types ofRussian dictionaries and how tousethem


     XI .        .        ,  . XVII     .         .

  ,  6  17891794,          .

       .     .

       ,  ,   ;      .

     .    .

    .        堖  .

     ,     , .         .    .      .         .

        .

       .

       .    

      .         .     ,     ,    ,   .

      .     .    ,      :   , ,   .     .

       .   ,   ()   ().      .   ,       , .      .

       ,    ,      , .

  .    ,    ,     .       .       ,     .

,   ,            .

   

 

 

 

 

  ( ,  ..)

 

 

 

 

    (    ,   堖     )

   

  (    )

 

 

 

 

  (   )

.. (  )



         .

3. Types ofRussian dictionaries and how tousethem

The history ofRussian dictionaries began inthe XIth century. But this was the lot ofasmall number ofliterate people inRussia. Thenfuture, vocabulary developedparallel tothe Russian language, science and literacy. The XVIIth is considered aturning point incompiling dictionaries inRussia. Because foreign languageswere actively included into science and culture.

The Dictionary ofthe Russian Academy, which consisted of6volumes and was published in17891794, is considered tobe the first proper academic dictionary ofthe Russian language inRussian philological science.

Nowadays many types ofdictionaries are issued inRussia. They correspond tothe branches ofthe science oflanguage.

Explanatory dictionaries contain basic information about the grammatical characteristics ofthe word, the meaning ofthe word, the correct use inthe text; insome explanatory dictionaries, emphasis is placed on word formation.

Dictionaries ofsynonyms provide examples for distinguishing shades ofmeaning. The wealth ofany language is assessed bysynonyms.

Dictionaries ofantonyms give words with opposite meanings. These dictionaries perform balancing oftwo poles inthe language the positive and the negative.

Dictionaries ofphraseological units help tounderstand stable phrases, where the meaning encompasses not one word, but several. Fixed phrases are translated into another language through the meaning ofagroup ofwords. Atypical example is proverbs. There are also special dictionaries ofRussian proverbs. Because not even all Russians can understand the meaning ofphraseological units.

Terminological dictionaries help tounderstand professional words and terms from aspecific field ofknowledge.

Frequency dictionaries help toidentify the most frequently used words.

Dictionaries ofneologisms explain the emerging new words inthe Russian language. Neologisms can appear on the material ofthe Russian language and enter from foreign languagesinto the Russian language. For such neologisms from other languages, there are also loan dictionaries. There are also dictionaries offoreign words, that is, these are the words that function inthe Russian language, but Russians feel them asforeign.

Etymological dictionaries explain the history ofthe formation ofword meanings. Sometimes it changes inthe course ofhistory. As happened with the word red, now it has two separate meanings: red incolor and holiday, for example, the red days ofthe calendar. And inancient times, the word red meant beautiful.

It is important for learners ofthe Russian language toknow about dictionaries ofhomonyms. Homonyms are words that are similar inspelling (homographs) or pronunciation (homophones). Dictionaries will help differentiate such similar words. Less similar words, which can also complicate their differentiation inuse, are paronyms. For such words, there are dictionaries ofparonyms.

Any student ofthe Russian language who wants tostudy Russian literature should know that inRussia dictionaries ofRussian writers, the majority, have been compiled.

The official literary language is one. But Russia occupies alarge territory, and inthe regions there may be words that are characteristic only ofthis region. Dialect dictionaries will help insolving this problem. Adialect is avariant ofthe Russian language with some peculiarities ingrammar, vocabulary and phonetics for agiven region.

So, the author lists dictionaries that will always help you toknow the Russian language perfectly after agood mastering ofthe material ofthis textbook.

Explanatory dictionary ofthe Russian language

Dictionary ofsynonyms

Dictionary ofantonyms

Dictionary ofphraseological units

Dictionary ofproverbs

Terminological dictionary (inthe field ofscience medical, technical, etc.)

Frequency dictionary

Dictionary ofneologisms

Dictionary ofloan words

Dictionary ofobsolete words

Dictionary ofabbreviations

Word-formation dictionary ofthe Russian language (it will help tobuild Russian words from those that you know, your vocabulary will increase many times)

Dictionary ofdifficulties ofthe Russian language

Dictionary offoreign words inthe Russian language

Dictionary ofhomonyms

Dictionary ofparonyms

Pronouncing dictionary

Dialect dictionary

Dictionary ofA.S.Pushkin (and other Russian writers)

There are also many short dictionaries ofthe types presented above for school learners.




1   CHAPTER 1. Entering the Russian language





1.1. -(,   ,   ;  ; , ). 1.1. Introductory course ofphonetics (alphabet, groupsofletters and sounds, syllables topractice distinguishing sounds; reading rules; about orthoepy, tongue twisters)


  RUSSIAN ALPHABET 1

     

     

 Ƞ ʠ  ͠

     

  Ѡ Ӡ ՠ

     

    ۠

      

 ޠ

 

   .   .

The signs  and  are not pronounced. But they influence the meaning ofthe word.



     (.2)

Russian alphabet with recommended transcription inLatin (Tab.2)






2








Mind! The consonants are given with an attached vowel only for alphabetic reading. ! Ӡ     . Example  ʠ(k)



      Ѡ     . 3.

SOMETIMES, INCOMPARING THE SOUNDS OFTHE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE WITH THE SUPPORT OFENGLISH WORDS, SUCH AN OPTION IS GIVEN. Table3.






3



       ,    (.2).         .

Therefore, the author ofthis textbook insists on the first recommended transcription given bythe author (Tab.2). It is better for differentiating Russian sounds during their assimilation.

 Vowels

   6  :

[],[], [], [],  [],[][1 -   Russian transcription.].

There are 6vowels inRussian with one sound:

[],  [], [],[],  [],[].

 ,    :  [a],  [ o],  [y],  [].

Vowels with two sounds:

 [a],  [ o],  [y],  [].



  Consonants

paired 

    Ǡ voiced 

  ʠ Ѡ voiceless 

not paired 

     voiced 

    voiceless 

:     .

Note:  is conventionally mentioned among the consonants.



   Always hard consonants

, ,

   Always soft consonants

,,

 Sonorous , , ,.




   33,      ,   .

The Russian alphabet has 33letters, the hard sign  and the soft sign  are not pronounced but influence on pronunciation ofconsonants.

  Pronunciation ofconsonats

  Consonants are ronounced as hard ( before , , , ,   vowels)  as soft ( before , , , ,   vowels) 4






4



:       .

Note: The sign at the top ofthe consonant indicates its softness.

  :

Note about Russian transcription:

1.  ɠ      ,      [j]    ,         [je],  [jo],  [ju],  [ja].

1. The letter  occupies an intermediate position between consonants and vowels, therefore it is symbolically better tochoose the [j] sign from the transcriptional signs ofthe Latin transcription, and, accordingly, toconvey four Russian vowels with two sounds like that  [je],  [jo],  [ju],  [ja].

2.      [y],  Ƞ [i],        ,     ,   .

2. Then for  there remains the sign [y], and for Ƞ [i], and the difference between these vowels is difficult for native speakers ofanother language, or rather there is adifficulty withpronunciation, especially at the end ofwords.

3.           .    [e],          [??],     ,   .

3. Latin transcription signs are limited inconveying the difference between two Russian vowels E and . Both are conveyed bythe [e] sign, it would be better touse the first sign from the English diphthong [??] for , then the difference between E and  is clear, the second vowel is wider.



:       ; , ,     ,   ,    .

Note: even inLatin transliteration, Russians also have variants; transcription is mainly needed for spelling Russian names, surnames and geographical names, but not for memorizing Russian words.



 ///////////  5

Russian transcription ///////////////Foreign transcription Table5






5



   

How towrite correctly the sings  and







   toseparate the vowels , ,,߻

, , , , , 

   toseparate prefixes

, , , , 

  inforeign words

, , 







 ,    

at the end ofwords tosoften the final consonant

, , , , ,

   innouns offemale gender

, , ,

 inverbs

)  ininfinitive

, , , , ,

     -ininfinitive also before the reflexive particle -

, , 




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/elena-tinyakova-3333/uchebnik-russkogo-yazyka-dlya-indiycev-cherez-posreds-71781394/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


  Russian transcription.


