Larisa Lubimova
English Grammar with Kudjo. Part 3 Понятная и забавная грамматика для детей и взрослых.

Дизайнер обложки Роман Любимов

Unit 1
Revision of Tenses

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EXERCISE 1

Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:

As far as you remember, our friends went to the attic to find the old letters to reveal the truth.

Hundreds of tiny screeching fuzzy ***** with leathery *****, long toenails and dog snouts attacked them in the *****. Have you ever seen bats? For Kudjo and Luna it was the ***** time and, of course, they got scared stiff. They didn’t ***** immobilised by fear. The wave of bats knocked them down and vanished in the ***** of the forest.

While the dogs were lying there trying to ***** what had happened, they heard a strange fluttering *****. They went inside to investigate and saw a tiny grey *****, which had got stuck between two old floorboards. Luna begged Kudjo to help the bat get out of the crack. Kudjo knew that it was ***** to take bats in your hands only with thick gloves. They looked for something like ***** in an old chest of drawers and found some big leather *****. He took the ***** carefully while Luna was making the crack ***** with a poker. One minute more and the pup would be free.

(to be continued)

EXERCISE 2

Change the sentences using the tense in brackets:

For example,

People are afraid of bats. (Present Perfect Continuous) – People have been experiencing fear of bats for centuries.

1 The bat is making a clicking sound. (Past Continuous)

2 Some people call bats heroes of the night (Past Simple Passive)

3 People even celebrate Bat Week every last week of October. (Present Simple Passive)

4 Bats help foresters and farmers protect their crops from pests because bats can eat their body weight in insects. (Present Perfect)

5 Kudjo said that he loved bats because they can eat up to 1,200 mosquitoes an hour. (Direct Speech)

EXERCISE 3

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form:

1 Kudjo was astonished when he /tell/ that bats are not blind.

2 Kudjo thought that bats /use/ the attic for hibernation before the dogs’ coming there.

3 Kudjo just /read/ that bats live in friendly colonies, share information and food and even adopt orphans.

4 When Kudjo looked at the pup, which they /rescue/, it /hang/ upside down and /eat/ some insect.

5 It /believe/ that the first bats /discover/ 65 to 100 million years ago.

EXERCISE 4

Find and correct mistakes in 4 sentences:

1 Kudjo and Luna took care of the pup, fed it with some insects and it told them the colony of bats has been living in the attic for a few months.

2 The pup helped them find the drawer where the old letters were kept.

3 Kudjo and Luna heard some voices outside. Luna’s parents had woken up and are trying to find them.

4 The dogs quickly opened the drawer and grasped a pile of letters, which were tied together with an antique box.

5 Kudjo and Luna kissed the little bat good-bye and ran downstairs, where they were looking for.

EXERCISE 5

Chilly is texting a message to Kudjo. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past, present and future tenses:

1Hi, Kudjo. How you /do/?

2 Guess what? I just /tell/ that we /come/ to you next month.

3 Everything /prepare/ for this trip right now.

4 Shopping lists /write/, clothes /sort/ out, the bags /check/ at the moment.

5 Luckily, I /find/ a quiet place where nobody can bother me. Oh no! My secret hideout /discover/. Ay me!

EXERCISE 6

Choose the correct option:

1 The bats ***** a symbol of happiness in China and Japan.

a consider

b are considered

c will be considered

2 In cultural folklore, bats ***** as ingredients for medicines and potions in witchcraft.

a were used

b used

c are used

3 They say witches ***** bats to spy on people during medieval times.

a used to tame

b tame

c were used to tame

4 Researchers ***** bats groom themselves as cats do.

a have been discovered

b discover

c have discovered

5 Several animals such as birds, snakes, and weasels ***** to prey on bats

a are known

b be known

c know

EXERCISE 7

Translate the story:

К счастью. родители ушли искать Куджо и Луну в другую часть сада, и им удалось выскользнуть из дома незамеченными. Они спрятали письма с коробочкой в своем тайнике под старой яблоней и побежали навстречу родителям. Те выглядели встревоженными, так как их разбудила и напугала невероятно огромная стая летучих мышей, которая пронеслась прямо над ними. Когда они увидели Луну, они сразу же успокоились и накинулись на нее с вопросами. Куджо и Луна соврали, что они ходили на озеро и не видели никаких летучих мышей. Они даже пытались убедить родителей, что им все это приснилось, как вдруг из чердачного окна вылетел малыш, которого они освободили. Родители Луны сразу бросились на чердак. Луна и Куджо вспомнили, что не закрыли ящик и бросились за ними. Они очень не хотели, чтобы родители увидели, что письма пропали…

(продолжение следует)

Unit 2
Conditional Sentences (real and zero condition)

We use Zero Conditional Sentences to express something which is always true and in this case we can use when instead of if :

If (when) people see bats, they get scared because of bad association with vampires.

The structure is:

If + Subject + Present Simple, Subject + Present Simple.

The zero conditional is also often used to give instructions, using the imperative in the main clause :

If you want to come, call me beforehand.

We use the real conditionals when we talk about future situations we believe are real or possible:

If Luna’s parents allow, we’ll take the pup home.

The structure is:

If + Subject + Present Simple, Subject + Future Simple.

It is also common to use this structure with unless, as long as, as soon as, when or in case instead of if.

We’ll go to the boarding house again as soon as Chilly comes.

We put a comma after the if-clause when it comes first.

We’ll find a new place for the pup if Luna’s parents refuse to keep it with us.

If Luna’s parents refuse to keep it with us, we’ll find a new place for the pup.

EXERCISE 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form:

Luna and Kudjo are talking about the pup.

1 What we /do/ if they /not let/ us take the pup home?

2 It /die/ in the wild without its family unless we /find/ a safe place for him.

3 If my dad /refuse/, I /beg/ my mum to allow us to do it. She has a heart of gold.

4 But if she /be/ scared of bats, she never /let/ you keep the pup home.

5 If she /not let/ me have the pup at home, /take/ it to your place.

6 If I /take/ it to my place, it /become/ my pet.

EXERCISE 2

Finish the conditional sentences:

1 If you heat chocolate, ….

2 Luna’s parents will get angry if ….

3 If you are hungry, ….

4 If the dogs keep barking, ….

5 Luna’s parents will let her keep the pup if ….

6 Kudjo will feel happier if ….

EXERCISE 3

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form and answer the questions using conditional sentences:

1 What /happen/ to the pup if Luna’s parents /not let/ her have it at home?

2 If there /be/ no coffee at home, what Kudjo /do/?

3 What Kudjo and Luna /do/ when Chilly /come/?

4 If Kudjo /eat/ out tonight, what he /have/ for dinner?

5 What color you /get/ if you /mix/ yellow and red?

6 What Kudjo /do/ if he /be/ bored?

EXERCISE 4

Look at the situations and make sentences using conditional sentences:

For example,

Kudjo and Luna want to take care of the pup, but Luna’s parents might be against it. – If Luna’s parents are against the pup, Kudjo and Luna won’t take care of the pup.

1 Kudjo and Luna would like to check if everything is fine with the pup. They are thinking of arranging a picnic in the country.

2 Kudjo is willing to take care of the pup but he doesn’t know how to do it.

3 Luna’s parents don’t mind going to the country but it depends on the weather.

4 Luna’s mum has agreed to help the pup but the final decision depends on Luna’s dad.

5 Kudjo wants to throw a party but all his friends might be busy this Sunday.

6 Luna’s parents might allow her to keep the pup at home as she has been behaving herself recently.

EXERCISE 5

Find and correct mistakes in 5 sentences:

Kudjo’s laws:

1 If you will lose something, you will find it in the last place you look.

2 If you will lose one boot and buy a new set of four, you will find the lost one.

3 If you will be in a taxi and you are late for something urgent, all the traffic lights will be red.

4 If you see the light at the end of the tunnel, it be the light of an oncoming train.

5 When the sandwich will be dropped, it will always land butter-side down.

6 When all else fails, read the instructions.

EXERCISE 6

Kudjo is texting a message to Chilly. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct past, present and future tenses:

1 Hi, Chilly. Haven’t heard from you recently. How your life /be/?

2 you /pack/ everything for the trip?

3 By the way, you /go/ by plane? How many times you /fly/ so far?

4 How long you /stay/ with me? you /stay/ longer if the weather /be/ fine?

5 I hope you /not change/ your mind and we /go/ to the boarding house together.

6 I /look/ forward to it so much!

EXERCISE 7

Choose the correct option:

1 Kudjo said that he ***** believing in superstitions since that meeting.

a started

b has started

c had started

2 He even hung a horseshoe above his door after he ***** it would bring luck.

a had told

b had been told

c was told

3 If a fork or spoon ***** on the ground, a female guest *****.

a falls / will come

b will fall / comes

c will fall / will come

4 If you ***** from a knife, you ***** «angry like a dog».

a will eat / are

b eat / will be

c will eat / will be

5 If you ***** salt, you ***** or face some other problems.

a spill / will quarrel

b will spill / will quarrel

c will spill / quarrel

6 Now Kudjo ***** that if you ***** inside, there’ll be no money in the house.

a believes / will whistle

b is believing / whistle

c believes / whistle

EXERCISE 8

Translate the story:

К счастью, на чердаке был полный порядок и даже ящик шкафа был задвинут. Родители успокоились, спустились вниз и начали собираться обратно в город. Куджо и Луна побежали к своему тайнику под яблоней, чтобы забрать письма. На земле, прямо на их тайном месте сидел летучий мышонок. Он завернулся в свои крылья и тихонько поскуливал. Голодный и замерзший. Куджо и Луна поймали ему несколько мух на обед и малыш повеселел. Его нельзя было оставлять под деревом одного, так как он был слишком мал и беззащитен. Луна и Куджо решили, что если они не возьмут его с собой в город, то он погибнет.

Они подумали, что убедят родителей потом, а пока просто укутали малыша в теплый шарф и спрятали в рюкзак вместе со старыми письмами и загадочной коробкой. Они не знали, чем, кроме насекомых, кормят летучих мышей, но на всякий случай положили бутерброд с сыром.

Пока они ехали, из рюкзака не доносилось ни звука и Куджо подумал, что малыш просто наелся, согрелся и уснул. Но когда они уже подъезжали к городу, он осторожно заглянул в рюкзак и …. никого там не увидел! Что же случилось с малышом? Неужели он выполз из сумки и остался в деревне? Что с ним будет, если они его не найдут и не помогут?

(продолжение следует)

Unit 3
Conditional Sentences (unreal condition of present and future)

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We use these sentences to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the present and, therefore, are unlikely to happen in the present or future.

The structure is:

Subject + would (could, might) + V0 if subject + Past Simple or Past Continuous.

If Luna’s parents weren’t so superstitious, they wouldn’t object to the pup.

We usually use were instead of  was for all persons in the if-clause:

If I were him, I’d read more about bats.

The following expressions can be used instead of if: provided/providing that, as long as, suppose/supposing, etc.

Suppose you met a vampire bat, what would you do?

EXERCISE 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the Unreal Conditional

1 If Kudjo /can/ play football, he /become/ the most famous football player.

2 If he /have/ a car, he /drive/ to the country to look for the pup.

3 How you /feel/ if you /be/ in the pup’s situation? No family, no food, no help.

4 If the pup /not be/ so little, he /survive/ in the wild.

5 Luna and Kudjo /be/ happy if the parents /allow/ them to keep the pup at home.

6 Luna’s parents /not let/ her take the pup unless she /behave/ herself and /promise/ to take good care of it.

7 If Kudjo /can/, he /help/ all bats in the world.

EXERCISE 2

Finish the sentences with the correct form of real or unreal conditionals:

For example,

If Kudjo read about bats, ….– If Kudjo read about bats, he would know what to feed the pup with.

1 If you asked Kudjo to cook you a meal, ….

2 If Kudjo had nothing to do, ….

3 If Kudjo finds the pup, ….

4 Kudjo’s life would be more comfortable and quiet if…

5 When Kudjo goes to Japan, ….

6 They would look after the pup if ….

7 If Kudjo could, ….

EXERCISE 3

Look at the situations and make sentences using real and unreal conditionals:

For example,

Luna’s parents are afraid of bats and so they won’t allow Luna to have it at home. – If Luna’s parents weren’t afraid of bats, they would allow Luna to have it at home.

1 People are scared of bats because they associate them with vampires.

2 The sun might come out later, and they will have another picnic.

3 Luna can’t make up her mind about who to talk first- mum or dad. She has just asked Kudjo for advice.

4 Kudjo has done all his jigsaw puzzles and now he is bored to death.

5 He doesn’t like rain and puddles so he is staying all day at home.

6 Luna has bought an awful collar. Should Kudjo tell her the truth?

7 Luna is crying. Her parents forbid her to take the pup.

EXERCISE 4

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of unreal conditional and guess the last word of the sentence:

Kudjo’s dreams:

1 If I /be/ a bird or a bat, I /fly/ to other *****.

2 If I /have/ wheels instead of legs, I /run/ far *****.

3 I /eat/ a lot if it /rain/ steaks and *****.

4 If I /have/ a castle, I /invite/ a lot of bats to live in *****.

5 If I /be/ the World Leader, I /give/ all cats and dogs friendly caring *****.

6 If I /can/ meet anyone famous from history, I /meet/ *****.

7 If I /can/ go back in time, I /go/ to Ancient Rome to be the first tamed *****.

EXERCISE 5

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of unreal conditional and answer the questions:

1 If you /have/ a time machine, you /travel/ to the past or to the future?

2 If you /be/ an animal, what animal you /be/?

3 If a fortune-teller /offer/ to answer one question about your future, what you /ask/?

4 If an alien /come/ to Earth for three days only, what you /show/ it?

5 If you /can/ have any superpower, what it /be/?

6 What spell you /want/ to know if you /be/ a wizard?

7 What you /do/ if you /see/ a bat fly into your room?

EXERCISE 6

Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:

kudjo and Luna were so anxious about the ***** that they completely forgot about the letters and the strange *****, which they had taken from the *****. A day later they were ***** and chatting in Kudjo’s room when Luna suddenly caught sight of the backpack and remembered the *****. She screamed with excitement, rushed to the bag, ***** it, took out the pile of letters and the box and ***** them to Kudjo. They decided to start from the box, but to their great disappointment, they didn’t manage to ***** it. They put it aside and opened the first letter. There was nothing special in it. It was written by a dog who moved to some old ***** after the death of a relative. Kudjo and Luna had read a couple of boring letters more and were about to stop when suddenly they spotted the word «ghost’. They went on to read about the ***** of a dog that had been looking for some treasure for ages. At this moment Kudjo and Luna realised that they were reading the story of Luna’s great-great-great-great-great *****, the dog that mysteriously ***** through a puzzle. Now, they knew what exactly had happened to that lady dog. But what about the treasure? Where to look for it? Where is this ghost now? What house is it haunting? What is there in the ***** and how to open it?

What ***** happen if they opened the box? What would they do if they ***** that ghost? Would it do any ***** to them? A lot of new questions but no *****.

EXERCISE 7

Find and correct 13 mistakes in the sentences that are taken from the letter which Kudjo and Luna found in the attic:

1 A lot of weird and spine-chilling things had been happening to me every day since I moved to my aunt’s house.

2 The very first night I woken up by an ice-cold touch and saw the shape of a dog standing very close to me. Just standing and gazing into my face.

3 I have woken by it every night since then. What would you do if you would be me?

4 I’d tried to escape on several occasions but I have brought back every time. I have a gut feeling that if I’ll try to do it again, something terrible will happen to me. Would you try?

5 I don’t know what the ghost want me to do but what would I do even if I’d know?

6 Uncanny sounds heard in all rooms during the day. Spooky or what? What did you feel if you would hear them?

7 I’m writing this letter to you and it seems I am stared awfully at. Come and help me, please, otherwise I’ll die.

EXERCISE 8

Choose the correct option:

1 Kudjo and Luna ***** all the letters several times but still don’t know what to do.

a had read

b have read

c have been reading

2 ***** in the house if you ***** it was haunted?

a Would you stay / would know

b Would you stay / knew

c Will you stay / knew

3 What ***** if you ***** a ghost next to your bed?

a would you do / saw

b will you do / will see

c would you do / would see

4 Now Kudjo and Luna ***** what happened to that lady dog.

a are knowing

b knew

c know

5 But they don’t know how the box *****.

a opens

b can opened

c can be opened

6 What ***** in the box if they *****open it?

a will they find / will can

b would they find / can

c will they find / can

7 They hope another key to the mystery ***** in this box.

a found

b will be found

c finds

EXERCISE 9

Translate the story:

Куджо и Луна были немного расстроены. Они так долго и тяжело пытались добраться до этих писем, но даже с их помощью не смогли раскрыть тайну семьи Луны. Единственное, что они узнали, это то, что таинственная пра-пра-пра-пра-прабабушка еще долго продолжала обитать в своем доме, но уже как призрак, который не успокоится, пока не найдет свое сокровище. Значит, чтобы снять семейное проклятие, им нужно отыскать это сокровище и отдать его призраку. Но как это сделать? Оставалась последняя надежда- поговорить еще раз с прабабушкой Луны и убедить ее рассказать все, что ей известно. Как только Чили приедет, они сразу же отправятся в этот старый пансионат и не уедут оттуда, пока не узнают все секреты.

Кстати, они совсем забыли про коробочку. Вдруг там найдется подсказка или даже разгадка? Если бы только они могли открыть ее, то сейчас бы не ломали голову. Куджо предложил разбить коробочку молотком, но Луна была против – ведь они могут повредить то, что находится внутри. Тогда Куджо предложил разгрызть ее, но Луна опять была против – ведь Куджо может сломать свои красивые острые клыки. Наконец, Куджо предложил распилить ее, и тут Луна согласилась. Они побежали в кладовку, где хранились все инструменты, нашли отличную пилу и приступили к «хирургической операции». “ Пациент» оказался сложным. Они пилили уже минут 20, когда услышали, что пришли родители Луны. Куджо быстро спрятал пилу и коробку в ящик с инструментами и они выбежали навстречу родителям, делая вид, что играли в прятки. Если бы родители узнали, что они делают, их бы точно наказали.

(продолжение следует)

Unit 4
Conditional sentences (unreal condition of past)

The past unreal conditional form, also known as the third conditional or conditional 3, is used to express imagined situations that would have happened differently under other hypothetical circumstances. We imagine a condition or situation in the past which was impossible or didn’t happen.

The structure is: 

– If + subject + past perfect, subject + would have + V3.

If Kudjo and Luna hadn’t found the letters, they wouldn’t have found out about the treasure.

EXERCISE 1

Put the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past unreal conditional:

1 If Kudjo and Luna /not want/ to find the letters, they /not go/ to Luna’s country house last weekend.

2 If they /not go/ to Luna’s country house, they /not climb/ to the attic.

3 If they /not climb/ to the attic, they /not alarm/ bats there.

4 If they /not alarm/ bats, the little pup /not get/ frightened.

5 If the pup /not get/ frightened, it /not get/ stuck in a crack.

6 If it /not get/ stuck in a crack, it /fly/ away with its family.

7 If it /fly/ away with its family, it /not leave/ on its own.

8 If it /not leave/ alone, Kudjo /not find/ it in the tree.

EXERCISE 2

Put the verb in the correct form of the unreal conditional of past and answer the questions:

1 What you /do/ if you /find/ half a worm in the apple you were eating?

2 If you /be/ born a hundred years earlier, how your life /be/ different?

3 If you /allow/ to eat whatever you wanted in your childhood, what you /eat/?

4 What you /do/ if you /smash/ your friend’s laptop?

5 If for your last birthday a friend /present/ you a picture she had painted and you didn’t like it, you /put/ it on the wall in your house?

6 What you /do/ if you /see/ a huge spider in your bath last night?

7 What you /do/ if you /come/ home from shopping and /realise/ that you had forgotten to pay for something expensive?

8 What you /do/ yesterday if you /tell/ that all of us had only two days to live?

EXERCISE 3

Look at the situations and make sentences using the unreal conditional of past:

For example,

Kudjo fell off the wall and hurt his paw very much.– If Kudjo hadn’t fallen off the wall, he wouldn’t have hurt his paw.

1 Luna slipped on a banana skin. She twisted her leg.

2 Luna wanted to make tea. She burnt her paws with boiling water.

3 Luna’s mum dropped the iron. She burned her paw.

4 Luna’s dad didn’t drive carefully. He crashed his car.

5 Luna fell down the stairs. She hurt her knee.

6 Luna’s dad walked into a lamp post. He bumped his head.

7 Luna’s mum didn’t slice the bread carefully. She cut her paw badly.

8 Luna didn’t look where she was going. She crashed into a dustbin.

Has something triggered the curse of Luna’s family?

EXERCISE 4

Finish the sentences using the unreal conditional of past:

1 They wouldn’t have found out the truth if ….

2 If Luna’s parents had known that Luna had been in the attic and taken the box, ….

3 If Luna’s parents hadn’t come back home so soon, ….

4 Luna and Kudjo would have opened the box if ….

5 If Luna’s parents had told them the truth from the very beginning,…

6 Kudjo and Luna would have thrown the box away if ….

7 If they had known why the bats were occupying the attic, ….

8 If bats hadn’t flown away, ….

EXERCISE 5

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of conditional sentences and guess the last word of the sentence:

1 If the bats hadn’t been alarmed, they /continue/ roosting in the attic and protecting the *****.

2 If nobody helps the little pup, it /not survive/ in the *****.

3 Kudjo and Luna would have helped the pup if it /not escape/ from *****.

4 They would have found it immediately if they /look/ in the backpack *****.

5 If they find it this time, they never /let/ it go until it is *****.

6 They wonder what the bats will do if they /realise/ that the pup is *****.

7 If they /realise/ it, will they come back to look for *****?

8 If they /come/ back, would they stay in the *****?

EXERCISE 6

Finish the sentences with your ideas using different types of conditional sentences:

1 If Chilly comes tomorrow, ….

If Chilly came tomorrow, ….

If Chilly had come last weekend, ….

2 If Kudjo and Luna saw the box, ….

If Kudjo and Luna sawed the box, ….

If Kudjo and Luna had sawn the box that time, ….

3 If Luna’s parents learn about the box,…

If Luna’s parents learnt about the box,…

If Luna’s parents had learnt about the box when they were in the country,…

4 If parents always tell their children the truth, ….

If parents always told their children the truth, ….

If Luna’s parents had told Luna the truth from the very beginning,…

5 The parents will be furious if ….

The parents would be furious if ….

The parents would have been furious if ….

6 It will be a disaster unless ….

It would be a disaster unless ….

It would have been a disaster unless ….

7 Kudjo will risk it if ….

Kudjo would risk it if ….

Kudjo would have risked it if ….

8 What will they do if ….

What would they do if ….

What would they have done if ….

EXERCISE 7

Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:

Kudjo and Luna couldn’t continue ***** in Luna’s house. They didn’t even want to imagine what would have happened if the parents had seen them with the saw. When Luna’s parents were *****, Luna crept to the boxroom, found the tool box and carried it to the front door, where Kudjo had been ***** for her impatiently.

It was midnight and if they had started sawing they would have woken up all the neighbours, so they decided to continue it in the morning, said ***** to each other and went to sleep. Kudjo put the box under his ***** and fell fast asleep as soon as he closed his *****.

He had never slept so sound as a top. He wouldn’t have ***** anything even if somebody had started screaming ***** next to him.

The next day he hardly woke up and when he looked at the ***** he was surprised to see that he had been sleeping for 12 *****!

When he took the box he noticed that it had changed the ***** from grey to almost *****. He got puzzled even more when he didn’t see any scratches which they had made while ***** yesterday. He jumped off the bed and ***** to tell Luna about everything.

EXERCISE 8

Find and correct 9 mistakes in the sentences:

1 Luna was looking forward to Kudjo’s coming as she has great news- the parents had finally agreed to go to the country to look for the pup and take care of it.

2 The car didn’t start because Luna’s dad forgot to switch off the lights and the battery went flat. If he remembered to do it, they wouldn’t have had to take a taxi.

3 The taxi was very slow and they came to the country in the late evening. If they had driven their car, they would come much earlier.

4 As soon as they arrived, Kudjo and Luna ran around the house but didn’t see the pup anywhere. It was very dark as the sun was setting. If it weren’t so dark, the pup would have been seen in a tree.

5 Frustrated, the dogs got into the house and ran upstairs to the attic. If they would come a minute later, it would have been too late.

6 The poor little pup was hanging upside down in the corner and a fat neighbour’s cat tried to catch it.

7 The cat would have caught and eaten the bat if Kudjo wouldn’t have barked so loudly that the cat vanished out of sight immediately.

8 Luna took the pup and they went downstairs, where Luna’s parents waited for them.

EXERCISE 9

Choose the correct option:

1 The little bat ***** with hunger and fear when Luna’s parents were poring over it.

a trembled

b was trembling

c has been trembling

2 They decided that if the pup ***** older they ***** to take care of it. But the bat was too young and needed its family.

a were / would agree

b had been / would have agreed

c is / will agree

3 It is clear that they need to find the pup’s family as soon as possible. If they ***** it before long, it ***** die.

a won’t do / may

b didn’t do / will

c don’t do / may

4 Kudjo and Luna took the pup and ran to the village, where there were some abandoned houses. If bats ***** far, they ***** in one of them.

a wouldn’t have flown / would have roosted

b hadn’t flown / would have roosted

c didn’t fly / would roost

5 It had become as black as pitch, but luckily, the dogs had a torch. If they ***** it, they ***** nothing around.

a didn’t take / would see

b wouldn’t take / would have seen

c hadn’t taken / would have seen

6 The pup didn’t make any sounds and refused to eat a bug, which Luna ***** for it.

a had found

b founded

c has found

7 Kudjo and Luna looked in every empty house, but still there were no traces of the bats. What ***** to the pup if they ***** the bats?

a would have happened / didn’t find

b would happen / wouldn’t find

c would happen / didn’t find

8 Suddenly they heard fluttering noises, which ***** louder and louder.

a were getting

b got

c have got

EXERCISE 10

Translate the story:

Малыш вдруг оживился и начал чирикать как птичка. Он все время повторял один и тот же звук, но делал это все громче и громче, жалобнее и жалобнее. Куджо и Луна выключили фонарик и прислушались. Звук трепещущих крыльев становился сильнее и сильнее. Внезапно на них обрушился настоящий шквал крыльев и лап. Бедные Куджо и Луна не знали, что им делать и как защищаться. Что бы ты сделал, если бы был на их месте? Трудно представить, что было бы с нашими собаками, если бы вдруг малыш не заверещал очень-очень громко. В тот же самый момент летучие мыши перестали нападать, взлетели и уселись на дуб. Осталась только одна мышь. Она подлетела к малышу, схватила его и отскочила в сторону вместе с ним. Куджо и Луна сразу догадались, что это была мама малыша. Она начала обнюхивать и облизывать своего детеныша и что-то нежное при этом попискивать.

Если бы малыш не остановил стаю, Куджо и Луна были бы искусаны с головы до кончиков хвостов. К счастью, мыши оказались понятливыми и дружелюбными. Когда малыш все им рассказал, они начали подлетать к Куджо и Луне с разными угощениями- жуками, мухами и прочей летающей гадостью.

Потом случилось самое неожиданное – они собрались в кучку, начали что-то пищать между собой и потом замахали своими крыльями. Если бы Куджо и Луна были летучими мышами, они бы сразу поняли, что их куда-то зовут. Но так как они были просто собаки, то до них эта мысль дошла лишь спустя несколько минут.

(продолжение следует)

Unit 5
It’s time and would rather

IT’S TIME…

We use it’s time + somebody + Past Simple (Past Continuous) when they should have already done it or started it. We often use this structure to criticise or complain:

It’s time Kudjo stopped barking at unknown dogs.

You can also say It’s about time …. or It’s high time ….

This makes the criticism stronger:

It’s about time they were sleeping. It’s midnight.

It’s high time Luna’s parents told her about all the family skeletons.

Remember to use only Past Simple or Past Continuous in this construction, which refers to unreal present or future.

EXERCISE 1

Find the proper verb and put it into the correct form: eat, teach, come, return, remember, give up, become, stop, have

1 It’s time Chilly ***** to Kudjo.

2 It’s high time Kudjo and Luna ***** believing in ghosts.

3 It’s about time Luna ***** a heart-to-heart with her parents.

4 It’s high time Kudjo ***** serious and responsible.

5 It’s time they *****. It’s lunchtime.

6 It’s time they ***** home from walking. It’s very late.

7 It’s about time parents ***** that they used to be children too.

8 It’s high time Kudjo ***** Luna to speak the Humanish language.

9 It’s high time Luna ***** flirting with other dogs.

EXERCISE 2

Look at the situations and make sentences using it’s /about /high/ time:

For example,

Luna always has filthy paws after walking, even in dry weather. — It’s time she became tidier.

1 The weather is chilly and gloomy. It has been drizzling since yesterday.

2 Kudjo looks sleepy. He has spent all night doing puzzles.

3 Luna refuses to eat healthy dog food. She prefers pasta and pizza.

4 Kudjo and Luna aren’t talking to each other. They have argued over trifles.

5 Luna is in panic. Her dad is looking for the saw!

6 Kudjo has forgotten to return the saw. He always forgets important things!

7 Luna is cooking today. The dish smells and looks disgusting.

8 Luna is waiting for Kudjo with the saw. He is late, as usual!

9 The spring has come and cats are caterwauling!

WOULD RATHER

Would rather (do) = would prefer (to do).

We use would rather («d rather) + V0 to express preference: He’d rather stay at home today.

The negative form is: I’d rather not + V0

He’d rather not go out tonight.

We say ’would rather do something than do something else’:

He’d rather stay at home than go out.

When the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb, we use another structure: I’d rather somebody + Past Simple

In this structure we use the past , but the meaning is present not past.

He’d rather Luna stayed with him at home and cooked something tasty.

EXERCISE 3

Answer these weird questions using «d rather or «d rather not:

1 Would you rather eat a spider or a snail?

2 Would you rather be invisible or have the ability to fly?

3 Would you rather get lost in the jungle or on an island?

4 Would you rather get stuck on a deserted island alone or together with 4 annoying people?

5 Would you rather be able to teleport anywhere you want or be able to read minds?

6 Would you rather be good-looking but stupid or intelligent but ugly?

7 Would you rather move to a new city every week or never be able to leave the city where you were born?

8 Would you rather be talked about by everybody or ignored by everybody?

9 Would you rather be able to disappear or make other people disappear?

EXERCISE 4

Look at the situations and make sentences using «d rather + someone + Past Simple:

Kudjo is talking to Luna. Complete the sentences, as in the example:

– I’ll cook dinner if you really want me to, but ….I’d rather you cooked something delicious tonight.

1 I’ll go to the market if you really want me to, but ….

2 I’ll tidy the room if you really want me to, but ….

3 I’ll empty the rubbish bin if you really want me to, but ….

4 I’ll hoover the flat if you really want me to, but ….

5 I’ll make coffee if you really want me to, but ….

6 I’ll wash the bowls if you really want me to, but ….

7 I’ll throw a party this weekend if you really want me to, but ….

8 I’ll find your favourite toy if you really want me to, but ….

9 I’ll fight with that nasty Dane if you really want me to, but ….

EXERCISE 5

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form and guess the last word of the sentence:

1 Kudjo would rather Luna /not communicate/ with her neighbour so *****.

2 It’s high time Luna /behave/ herself in *****.

3 Kudjo would rather /live/ in the country and /eat/ natural *****.

4 Luna would rather /not go/ to the country at all. She is afraid of pigs and *****.

5 Luna’s parents would rather Luna /know/ nothing about their skeletons in the *****.

6 It’s about time they /stop/ considering Luna to be little and *****.

7 Luna would rather /have/ long blonde hair than short brown *****.

8 Kudjo would rather /not have/ any hair in the hot *****.

9 It’s time Kudjo and Luna /find/ a new hobby (for example, fishing) and /forget/ about *****.

EXERCISE 6

Change the sentences using the constructions in brackets:

For example,

Luna’s parents are too fussy and it irritates Luna. («d rather) – Luna would rather her parents were not so fussy.

1 Kudjo and Luna didn’t understand what the bats were trying to tell them because they didn’t know their language. (unreal of past)

2 Kudjo has been meaning to learn different languages of birds and mammals. («d rather)

3 Anyway, Kudjo and Luna guessed that the bats wanted to show them something important. (unreal of past)

4 The dogs agreed to follow the bats because they believed them. (unreal of past)

5 The bats would like Kudjo and Luna to go into the forest. («d rather)

6 Luna is a bit scared of going to the middle of nowhere especially after midnight. (unreal of present)

7 Moreover, Luna’s parents are in a twit because it’s too late and Luna hasn’t come home yet. (it’s high time)

8 On the other hand, the bats may know something that can help the dog find the truth. (real condition)

9 Kudjo prefers to follow the bats anywhere in spite of the night time. («d rather)

EXERCISE 7

Enlarge the sentences by using the constructions in brackets:

For example,

Kudjo wants Luna to go with him.

«d rather… – Kudjo would rather Luna went with him to see what the bats have decided to show them.

It’s time… — It’s time Luna stopped being such a coward.

If … – If Luna were not so cowardly, she’d risk going with Kudjo.

1 Luna’s parents are worried a lot.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

2 The bats are still fluttering their wings around Kudjo and Luna.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

3 The little pup is feeling much better now.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

4 Luna has agreed to follow the bats but only in the morning.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

5 The first problem is how to explain it to the bats.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

6 The next problem is that bats are nocturnal animals.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

7 Kudjo can see only one option now- he’ll follow the bats alone.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

8 Luna doesn’t want to let him go without her.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

9 Finally, Kudjo has made up his mind to go there on his own.

«d rather… —

It’s time… —

If … —

⠀

EXERCISE 8

Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:

Kudjo said ***** to Luna and gestured for the bats to start flying. They flew up immediately and moved very slowly and so low that nearly parted Kudjo’s hair. It looked uncanny. A cloud of ***** and a running ***** under the screen of night. Kudjo had been following the bats for ***** minutes when suddenly he felt somebody else running behind him. He stopped, turned around and sighed with relief. It was Luna. She got scared stiff when she was ***** alone and decided that she would be safer with Kudjo in the middle of nowhere than running alone to her *****.

Kudjo felt relieved of a great weight to see Luna. If she had run on her own to her parents’ house, he’d have worried a lot.

The cloud of bats was circling around impatiently over their *****. Their screeching sounds were getting louder and louder and their ***** were fluttering faster and faster. The dogs realised that they were very ***** to the place the bats wanted them to see. The bats were gesturing for them «It’s high time we continued». Kudjo and Luna yipped with agreement and ***** after the cloud of bats.

(to be continued)

EXERCISE 9

Find and correct 17 mistakes in the sentences:

1 Ten minutes later they ran to a weird place. If they wouldn’t have seen it with their own eyes they wouldn’t believed that such a place could be so close to their country house.

2 It looked as if spring didn’t come there yet. They could still see snow here while everywhere around the trees and grass are turning green.

3 Suddenly the dogs felt that something changed. Luna and Kudjo turned around and didn’t see any bats. They vanished into thin air.

4 Kudjo and Luna turned out to be in the middle of nowhere without any help and support. If they wouldn’t have believed the bats, they would have already came home.

5 What would you done if you had been them? Would you had tried to find the way home or would you continued exploring the place?

6 Of course, Luna would rather Kudjo find the way back home, but Kudjo thinks it’s about time they find the answers to all their questions in this particular place.

7 They checked every stone, every bush and every tree, but hadn’t found anything special.

8 They couldn’t understand why the bats wanted them to come here.

9 If the bats can speak Doggish or Kudjo and Luna can speak Battish, everything would be much simpler.

EXERCISE 10

Choose the correct option:

1 It’s high time they ***** back home.

a come

b came

c would come

2 Luna’s parents would rather Luna and Kudjo ***** at home now.

a were

b are

c would be

3 They ***** more worried if they ***** where Luna is now.

a will be / know

b would be / would know

c would be / knew

4 Luna would rather ***** at home in her bed now, But not in this weird place.

a be

b would be

c is

5 If they ***** those bats, ***** them, they ***** this night in their warm and soft beds.

a wouldn’t have believed / wouldn’t have followed / had spent

b hadn’t believed / hadn’t followed / would have spent

c didn’t believe / didn’t follow / would spend

6 Luna started whimpering and Kudjo decided to go back home. But he didn’t remember the way they ***** here.

a had come

b came

c have come

7 If he ***** the bats but had run on his own, he would definitely ***** the way here.

a wouldn’t have followed / had remembered

b hadn’t followed / remembered

c hadn’t followed / have remembered

8 While Kudjo ***** to find the way back, Luna ***** and running around him.

a had been trying / had been still whining

b was trying / was still whining

c tried / was still whining

9 Suddenly she ***** whining and started digging out something very fast.

a stopped

b had stopped

c would stop

EXERCISE 11

Translate the story:

Куджо подбежал к ней и увидел, что она раскапывает какой-то небольшой холмик, покрытый зеленой травой и желтыми цветочками мать-и-мачехи. Это было так удивительно видеть кусочек весны посреди зимы. Странно, почему они раньше не заметили этот бугорок? Если было бы светлее, когда они прибежали на это место, они бы, наверное, его сразу увидели. Давно было бы им пора вернуться домой и они не стали терять время на раздумья и оба принялись раскапывать этот холмик. Если он отличается так сильно от всего этого места, значит, там что-то есть особенное. Что-то, что привело их сюда. Что-то, что летучие мыши хотели, чтобы они нашли.

Луна вдруг взвизгнула, потому что ее лапа наткнулась на что-то твердое и теплое. Она расчистила это место получше и собаки увидели квадратную кожаную коробку, которая, действительно, была очень теплой на ощупь. Как только Луна положила на нее свою лапу, коробка медленно открылась сама. Внутри ничего не было. Только какая-то квадратная выемка на самом дне. Куджо и Луна вздохнули разочарованно, закрыли коробку и побежали домой со всех лап. Самое странное было то, что сейчас они четко знали, куда бежать и где их дом. Им давно бы уже пора сидеть дома и получать нагоняй от родителей Луны.

(продолжение следует)

Unit 6
If only and Wish Sentences

We use

Subject + wish + somebody + Past Simple or Past Continuous or

If only + somebody + Past Simple or Past Continuous

to talk about things we would like to be different in the present/future (but which are impossible or unlikely)

Kudjo wishes he knew the truth. (= He doesn’t know it and he regrets this)

If only Kudjo knew the truth!

After wish and if only , you can use were instead of  was ( I wish it were etc. ). It sounds more formal.

I wish it was is also possible. So you can say:

Kudjo wishes Luna were (was) here now.

There is no big substantial difference between wish and if only, apart from the fact that if only gives more emphasis to what we are saying.

EXERCISE 1

What do they wish? Write sentences with I wish or If only:

For example,

Kudjo: I love horses but I can’t ride. — If only I could ride horses!

1 Luna: I love dancing but I don’t have anybody to dance with.

2 Kudjo: I love spending time with Luna. I enjoy doing puzzles. But Luna isn’t allowed to do jigsaw puzzles.

3 Luna’s parents: We know that we must tell Luna all our family secrets but we don’t know how to do it.

4 Luna: I have fallen in love with Chilly and am looking forward to his coming.

5 Kudjo: I’d like to live in the country all year round but we have to live in the city almost all the time.

6 Kudjo: I’m fed up with dry food. Why can’t I eat raw meat instead?

7 Kudjo: I hate washing paws after every walk. If I lived in the country, I wouldn’t do it.

8 Luna’s parents: We should spend more time with Luna but we are so busy.

9 Luna: I hate learning but Kudjo wants me to read more and learn something useful.

10 Kudjo: I don’t know how to open this box but it is very important.

We use

Subject + wish + somebody + Past Perfect

or

if only + somebody + Past Perfect

to talk about things that happened or didn’t happen in the past and which we now regret.

Kudjo and Luna wish they had come home in time. (but they didn’t)

EXERCISE 2

Rewrite the sentences beginning with I wish (or If only) + Past Perfect:

For example,

Kudjo regrets having a row with Lina. – If only they hadn’t had a row.

1 Luna regrets not telling her parents that they might be late.

2 Luna’s parents regret taking Kudjo and Luna to the country.

3 They also believe that it was a bad idea to agree to help the pup.

4 They shouldn’t have let Kudjo and Luna follow the bats.

5 They should have started looking for them a long ago.

6 They regret not telling Luna the family skeleton.

7 Kudjo regrets that Chilly hasn’t come yet.

8 Kudjo regrets that he couldn’t open the box.

9 Luna regrets that the parents have bought her an old-fashioned collar.

10 Kudjo regrets that he hasn’t learnt the Battish language.

EXERCISE 3

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form of unreal wish of the past or unreal wish of the present:

1 Kudjo wishes he /can/ do his favourite jigsaw puzzles together with Luna.

2 Luna wishes her parents /not ground/ her for a month.

3 Luna’s parents wish their distant relatives /not come/ with a visit next weekend.

4 Luna’s parents wish they /can/ spend weekends without any guests.

5 Luna wishes she /choose/ a new collar herself yesterday.

6 Luna wishes her parents /not punish/ them for coming home so late.

7 Kudjo and Luna wish they /find/ out the secret of the new box.

8 Kudjo and Luna wish the bats /explain/ to them what to do with this box.

9 Kudjo wishes Chilly and he /can/ go to the boarding house again.

10 Kudjo wishes Luna /not join/ them in their trip to the boarding house.

We often use

Subject + wish + somebody + would or

if only + somebody + would

to complain, to talk about things we want to happen or stop happening, because they are annoying us.

Luna wishes her parents wouldn’t be so strict.

You can’t use this structure for a wish about yourself, i.e. NOT

I wish I would…, I wish we would…

EXERCISE 4

Put the verbs in brackets in the correct form and guess who is saying it: Kudjo (K), Luna (L), Luna’s parents (P) or Chilly (C):

1 Oh no! You have turned over my bowl with food. I wish you /not be/ so clumsy! (K)

2 You are always asking us a lot of stupid questions! We wish you /not be/ such a chatter-box! (P)

3 You are so bossy! If only you /stop/ telling me what to do every time! (L)

4 They have had so many adventures without me. I wish I /be/ with them. (C)

5 Her paws are filthy again! We wish she /mind/ her step and /not get/ in every puddle! (P)

6 My parents don’t allow me to do a lot of things! I wish they /not be/ so strict! (L)

7 If only it /stop/ raining! I am fed with staying at home. (L) or (K)

8 If only I /come/ sooner. I’m looking forward to seeing Kudjo and Luna. (C)

9 I was so scared in the forest last night. I wished I /stay/ at home with my parents. (L)

10 I wish my dad /give/ me some pocket money! (L)

EXERCISE 5

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form and answer the questions with I wish and If only:

1 What foreign language do you wish you /can/ speak?

2 What is something very expensive that you wish you /have/?

3 What do you wish you /not do/ lately?

4 What activity do you wish you /have/ more time for?

5 What do you wish you /receive/ for your last birthday?

6 What bad habit do you wish you /can/ stop?

7 Who do you wish you /see/ next weekend?

8 Where do you wish you /live/?

9 What do you wish you /look/ like?

10 What do you wish you /can/ do perfectly without learning it?

EXERCISE 6

Write sentences with I wish or If only for the following situations:

For example,

Luna scratched the floor with the saw when she was carrying it to the box room. — If only I had been more careful with that saw!

1 Luna’s dad ran out of petrol on the way home and they had to push the car to the nearest petrol station.

2 It’s pouring with rain and Kudjo can’t stand puddles and mud.

3 Kudjo has had a fight with a bulldog and now his jaw is bleeding a bit.

4 Kudjo is eating his dry food and dreaming about some rare steaks.

5 Kudjo has run out of jigsaw puzzles and is looking forward to getting a new one.

6 Kudjo hates it when people won’t clean up after their dogs.

7 Luna had a stupid fight with a poodle about the colour of her hair.

8 Kudjo lost his torch in the forest last night. It was his favourite one.

9 Luna stayed up late last night and now she is very sleepy and moody.

10 Luna’s parents have decided to spend all the summer in the country but Luna loves city life more.

EXERCISE 7

Put the verb in brackets in the correct form and guess the last word of the sentence:

1 Kudjo and Luna wished they /can/ understand what was so special about this *****.

2 They smelt it, licked it, turned it, opened it and closed it again. No clue. If only the bats /tell/ them what to do with *****.

3 One day Kudjo /do/ his jigsaw puzzle when suddenly it /dawn/ on him. The little box that they found in the attic might fit the hollow in the box that they found in the *****.

4 If he /do/ puzzles, he never /come/ with the idea of fitting two *****.

5 He wished he /fathom/ it out long *****.

6 He rushed to Luna’s place, where the little box /keep/ in a toolbox, grasped it and put it in the *****.

7 Luna and Kudjo /hear/ a little click and the little box opened *****.

8 To their great amazement they saw… a little piece of puzzle. They wished they /see/ something more *****.

9 When they came to themselves, they burst into laughter. If they /know/ what was there before, they never /follow/ the *****.

10 They wished they /spend/ that night in the forest looking for such *****.

EXERCISE 8

Enlarge the sentences by using the constructions in brackets:

For example,

Kudjo doesn’t want to get up. (wish) – Kudjo wishes he didn’t have to get up to go for a walk.

1 Kudjo and Luna don’t know what to do with this piece of puzzle. («d rather)

2 Luna is furious because she faced the music because of this piece of cardboard) that night. (wish)

3 She is so angry that she wants to throw it away. («d rather)

4 Kudjo wants her to calm down. (wish)

5 He is pulling his wits together and wants Luna to do the same. (it’s time)

6 Luna and Kudjo have even had a row because of it. (if only)

7 Kudjo suggests putting this piece of the puzzle aside. («d rather)

8 Luna still can’t calm down. (wish)

9 Suddenly they receive a message from Chilly that he is coming tomorrow. (if)

10 Luna is looking forward to seeing Chilly. (it’s time)

EXERCISE 9

Fill the gaps in the story with missing words:

Kudjo and Luna got ***** when they learnt the Chilly was coming the following day. They started ***** the room for him, found a nice soft ***** and sparkling bowls. They had been doing it for the whole ***** when it dawned on them that Cuba was coming too. If only they had realised it a bit earlier. They didn’t have any ***** to prepare the room for her. If they ***** thought about it before, they would ***** bought another mat and some more bowls.Luna suggested putting Cuba up in her *****. Kudjo wished all the dogs ***** together but he decided to agree with Luna this time.

While they were waiting ***** Cuba and Chilly to come, they completely forgot about that little ***** of a puzzle. If ***** they hadn’t done that! Later Kudjo wished he ***** remembered the place where they had put it.

Next morning Cuba and Chilly *****. It was a great day. The dogs were joyful to meet up because they hadn’t ***** each other for a couple of years.

Cuba and Chilly brought a lot of ***** from France, including tinned frogs’ legs for Kudjo and perfume for Luna. Kudjo wished they ***** brought something more delicious but he didn’t say anything. So polite of him!

After breakfast Luna and Kudjo told their French guests about all their ***** in detail.

EXERCISE 10

Find and correct 12 mistakes in the sentences:

1 If Cuba and Chilly didn’t come, Kudjo would have been very upset.

2 Kudjo wishes Chilly were with him since the adventures started.

3 Luna wishes Cuba gave her a bigger bottle of perfume. This little bottle is not enough. Kudjo wishes she didn’t give Luna any perfume at all.

4 Chilly and Cuba was so impressed by the story that they got keen to go to the boarding house as soon as possible.

5 They wish they can go to the abandoned camp too to investigate that house with that mirror.

6 It’s high time our special group of «private detectives’ start working again.

7 Cuba and Chilly wish they wouldn’t leave such an exciting place for France.

8 When Kudjo told them the story about Dradjo, Cuba started weeping and said she would never let the dragon leave her if she had been in Kudjo’s shoes.

9 The dogs have just decided to start a new wave of investigations tomorrow because today they are too tired. If they hadn’t been so exhausted after the flight, they will start immediately.

10 Now Cuba and Chilly are kipping in their new cosy places while Kudjo and Luna were making a delicious lunch for them (without any frogs’ legs).

EXERCISE 11

Choose the correct option:

1 When Chilly and Cuba *****, they ***** surprised to see such lunch.

a wake up / will be

b will wake up / will be

c wake up / are

2 Kudjo wishes Chully and Cuba ***** longer.

a will stay

b can stay

c could stay

3 Kudjo wishes Luna ***** so much perfume.

a hadn’t used

b wouldn’t use

c won’t use

4 If Kudjo ***** about that little piece of a puzzle, the investigation ***** differently.

a didn’t forget / would have gone

b hadn’t forgotten / would go

c hadn’t forgotten / would have gone

5 Kudjo and Chilly have decided to start from the boarding house and they wish Luna and Cuba ***** at home.

a had stayed

b stayed

c will stay

6 Luna and Cuba wish the boys ***** them what to do and what not to do.

a wouldn’t tell

b haven’t told

c won’t tell

7 It’s time the dogs ***** arguing because of it.

a stop

b would stop

c stopped

8 While Kudjo is sleeping, Chilly can hardly wait for him in the rain. He’d rather Kudjo ***** as soon as possible.

a woke up

b would wake up

c wake up

9 It is drizzling and chilly. Chilly wishes it ***** drizzling.

a didn’t stop

b had stopped

c would stop

10 It’s high time Kudjo *****!

a would get up

b got up

c will get up

EXERCISE 12

Translate the story:

Куджо и Чилли решили не брать девчонок с собой на разведку в пансионат. Если бы они их взяли, то Луна и Куба всю дорогу бы болтали о пустяках и отвлекали их от серьезных мужских разговоров. И вообще, Куджо и Чилли приняли решение разузнать все самим, так как история с пансионатом казалась им какой-то мутной и подозрительной. Лучше будет, если девочки будут находиться как можно дальше от подобных расследований. Куджо и Чилли отправились в путь на рассвете, когда девчонки еще спали. Если бы Луна и Куба узнали о их планах, они бы точно увязались за ними. Если они будут потом ругаться и обижаться (а они точно будут), Чилли придумает какое-нибудь оправдание. Что-нибудь гениальное и простое, как например: «Ой, совсем забыли разбудить.» или «Погода была такая мерзкая, а вы так сладко спали, что мы решили съездить без вас.»

Как бы там ни было, Луна и Куба еще крепко спали в теплой комнате, а Куджо и Чилли уже месили лапами грязь по дороге к пансионату.

Куджо был абсолютно уверен, что он прекрасно помнит туда дорогу, но они шли и шли вот уже несколько часов, но ни озера, ни дома видно не было. Если бы Куджо не был там сам два раза до этого дня, он бы подумал, что пансионат ему просто приснился.

(продолжение следует)

Unit 7
The Gerund

There are three non-finite verb forms (verbals): the infinitive, the gerund and the participle.

The gerund is a common part of speech that most of us use every day, whether we know it or not.

For example, in the sentence Luna loves shopping.

«shopping’ is gerund

Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns.

Gerunds are formed from verbs by adding ING: go – going; play – playing; talk – talking. Gerunds can be formed from most verbs (except modal verbs).

Whenever there are two verbs together, one right after the other, the second verb must be in either the gerund form or the infinitive form.

What I mean is, we can never say She wanted go. or They enjoy run.

The second verb has to change, and the first verb dictates what form the second verb will be. To make these sentences correct, we have to say She wanted to go. or They enjoy running.

But why? And why can’t we say, She wanted going?

The simplest answer is, because there are certain rules we have to follow. Some verbs must be followed by gerunds.

Thus, we say Kudjo enjoys doing jigsaw puzzles. and we can never say He enjoys to do puzzles.

The list of the verbs that are followed by gerunds is not so big. The most common are:

love, like, dislike, hate, enjoy, prefer, finish, avoid, admit, confess to, consider, continue, deny, discuss, keep (=continue), look forward to, feel like, can’t help, imagine, fancy, miss, mind (in questions and negative sentences), can’t stand, object to, quit, pracrise, risk, spend, suggest, understand, etc.

EXERCISE 1

Find the proper verb and put it into the form of gerund: chat, take, get up, eat, get, look for, see, go, follow, gossip, stay, lie

1 Kudjo and Chilly spent all the morning ***** the boarding house.

2 Luna enjoys ***** and the girls spent all the night *****.

3 In the morning Cuba felt like ***** in bed till the evening.

4 But she couldn’t help ***** to join Luna for breakfast.

5 She knows Luna can’t stand ***** alone.

6 After breakfast Cuba and Luna were looking forward to ***** Kudjo and Chilly but they didn’t come.

7 Cuba found the message from Chilly, where he admitted ***** to the boarding place without them.

8 Luna and Cuba objected to ***** at home while the boys were having an adventure in the boarding house.

9 Luna suggested ***** Kudjo and Chilly.

10 Luna and Cuba will risk ***** into trouble if they go to this place on their own.

11 They prefer ***** a risk to feeling bored at home.

EXERCISE 2

Make up the sentences about our main characters using given verbs followed by the gerund:

For example,

Luna / can’t stand – Luna can’t stand having rows with Kudjo.

1 Kudjo / risk

2 Chilly / look forward to

3 Cuba / admit

4 Luna / enjoy

5 Luna’s parents / don’t mind

6 Luna’s ancestors / avoid

7 Kudjo and Luna / can’t help

8 Kudjo and Chilly / object to

9 Chilly and Cuba / prefer

10 Cuba and Luna / feel like

11 the bats / suggest

There are other cases of using the gerund:

– As a noun.

Clearing up the mystery is dangerous.

– After prepositions. You know that prepositions must always be followed by a noun and gerunds are very close to nouns. Therefore, if we want a verb to follow a preposition, we must change it to its gerund form.

Kudjo is interested in doing jigsaw puzzles.

– After the expressions: I’m busy, it’s no use, it’s (no) good, it’s worth, what’s the use of, be used to, there’s no point (in), get used to, have difficulty (trouble).

It’s worth risking.

EXERCISE 3

Finish the sentences using your ideas and gerunds:

For example,

Luna is afraid of …. – Luna is afraid of staying alone.

1 Kudjo and Chilly are discouraged by ….

2 Chilly is capable of ….

3 Kudjo is disappointed with ….

4 Luna is excited about ….

5 Kudjo is famous for ….

6 Cuba is fond of ….

7 The dogs are tired of ….

8 Luna has trouble ….

9 The dogs are busy ….

10 Cuba can’t get used to ….

11 Kudjo insists on ….

EXERCISE 4

Paraphrase the following sentences using gerunds:

For example,

Kudjo can swim very well. He is good ….– He is good at swimming.

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