Английская грамматика для продолжающих
Для изучающих на среднем и продвинутом уровне
Айви Вордс

© Айви Вордс, 2026

ISBN 978-5-0069-1585-5

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

Предисловие

Дорогие читатели,

Эта книга создана для тех, кто уже обладает базовыми знаниями английского языка и стремится систематизировать и углубить свои навыки в грамматике через практику и осознанное применение правил. Моя цель – не просто перечислить временные формы, модальные глаголы и грамматические конструкции, а показать, как они функционируют в реальных языковых ситуациях, как их сочетать и использовать для точного, выразительного и естественного общения.

В процессе изучения языка часто возникает ощущение «нехватки структуры»: знаешь отдельные правила, но не всегда понимаешь, как их применять в связной речи, письме или формальных ситуациях. Эта книга построена таким образом, чтобы восполнить этот пробел: каждый блок материала сопровождается систематическим объяснением, примерами употребления и акцентом на типичные ошибки, которых следует избегать. Особое внимание уделено продвинутым аспектам – сложным временам, условным конструкциям, согласованию частей речи, а также нюансам модальных глаголов и устойчивых выражений.

Книга может использоваться как самостоятельное пособие для углублённого изучения грамматики, так и как справочный материал для студентов разных уровней.

Present Simple

Grammar Focus

Present Simple используется для описания:

Регулярных действий и привычек.

Фактов и общих истин.

Расписаний и программ.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + V1 (для he/she/it добавляется -s/-es)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + do/does not + V1

Вопросительная форма: Do/Does + subject + V1?

Примеры:

I work every day. – Я работаю каждый день.

She does not like coffee. – Ей не нравится кофе.

Do you play football? – Ты играешь в футбол?

Советы:

Для he/she/it добавляем -s/-es: he works, she watches.

Используем наречия частоты: always, usually, often, sometimes, never.

Для отрицаний и вопросов используем do/does.

Story

A Busy Week

Tom is a teacher. He works in a school and teaches English to teenagers. Every morning, he gets up at 6:30 and has breakfast. He usually drives to work and arrives at school at 8:00. His students study different subjects, but English is his favorite class. After school, Tom goes to the park and plays football with his friends. On Mondays, he visits his parents, and on Fridays, he watches movies at home. Tom does not like staying at home all day. On weekends, he sometimes goes hiking or reads books. His life is busy, but he enjoys every day.

Useful Words and Expressions

Teacher – учитель

School – школа

Student – ученик

To work – работать

To teach – преподавать

Breakfast – завтрак

To get up – вставать

To arrive – прибывать

To study – учиться

To play – играть

To go – идти, ехать

To watch – смотреть

To visit – навещать

To read – читать

Always – всегда

Usually – обычно

Often – часто

Sometimes – иногда

Never – никогда

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Tom ______ (work) in a school.

He ______ (not / like) staying at home all day.

His students ______ (study) English every day.

On Fridays, he ______ (watch) movies at home.

Sometimes, he ______ (go) hiking on weekends.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ to school every day.

a) go

b) goes

c) going

We ______ not play football on Mondays.

a) do

b) does

c) did

______ you like pizza?

a) Do

b) Does

c) Did

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What does Tom do for work?

What time does he get up?

What does he usually do after school?

Does he like staying at home all day?

What does Tom do on weekends?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

works

does not like

study

watches

goes

Exercise 2:

b) goes

a) do

a) Do

Exercise 3:

Tom is a teacher. He teaches English to teenagers.

He gets up at 6:30 every morning.

After school, he goes to the park and plays football with his friends.

No, he does not like staying at home all day.

On weekends, he sometimes goes hiking or reads books.

Mini Tips

Добавляйте -s/-es для he/she/it и запоминайте неправильные формы: have → has.

Используйте наречия частоты, чтобы делать предложения более естественными: always, usually, sometimes, never.

Повторяйте простые действия каждый день, чтобы закрепить Present Simple.

Present Continuous

Grammar Focus

Present Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, происходящих прямо сейчас.

Временных действий или событий.

Планов и договоренностей на ближайшее будущее.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + am/is/are + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + am/is/are + not + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Am/Is/Are + subject + V-ing?

Примеры:

I am reading a book now. – Я сейчас читаю книгу.

She is not working today. – Она сегодня не работает.

Are they playing football in the park? – Они играют в футбол в парке?

Советы:

Добавляйте -ing к глаголу: go → going, watch → watching.

Используйте для действий в момент речи: now, at the moment, today.

Для he/she/it используем is, для I – am, для остальных – are.

Story

A Busy Morning

Anna is cooking breakfast in the kitchen. Her brother, Peter, is reading a newspaper in the living room. Outside, the children are playing in the garden. Their dog, Max, is running after a ball. Anna is listening to music while she is preparing sandwiches. Peter is drinking coffee and is checking his emails on the laptop. The neighbors are talking near the gate. Anna and Peter are not worrying about the noise; they are used to it. Today, the weather is sunny, so everyone is enjoying the morning. By 10 a.m., Anna is planning to visit the market, and Peter is meeting his friends for a football game.

Useful Words and Expressions

To cook – готовить

Breakfast – завтрак

Kitchen – кухня

Newspaper – газета

Living room – гостиная

To play – играть

Garden – сад

Dog – собака

To run – бегать

To listen – слушать

Music – музыка

Sandwich – бутерброд

Coffee – кофе

To check – проверять

Laptop – ноутбук

Neighbors – соседи

Today – сегодня

Now – сейчас

At the moment – в данный момент

To meet – встречаться

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Anna ______ (cook) breakfast now.

Peter ______ (read) a newspaper.

The children ______ (play) in the garden.

Anna ______ (not / worry) about the noise.

Peter ______ (meet) his friends for football.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ listening to music at the moment.

a) is

b) are

c) am

______ you reading the book now?

a) Do

b) Are

c) Is

Max ______ running after the ball.

a) is

b) are

c) am

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What is Anna doing in the kitchen?

Where is Peter and what is he doing?

What are the children doing outside?

How do Anna and Peter feel about the noise?

What plans do Anna and Peter have for later?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

is cooking

is reading

are playing

is not worrying

is meeting

Exercise 2:

a) is

b) Are

a) is

Exercise 3:

Anna is cooking breakfast in the kitchen.

Peter is reading a newspaper in the living room.

The children are playing in the garden.

They are not worrying about the noise; they are used to it.

Anna is planning to visit the market, and Peter is meeting his friends for football.

Mini Tips

Используйте now, at the moment, today для распознавания Present Continuous.

Помните правило добавления -ing к глаголу и вспомогательные глаголы am/is/are.

Практикуйтесь, описывая действия вокруг себя: «I am drinking tea», «My friend is listening to music».

Present Perfect

Grammar Focus

Present Perfect используется для описания:

Действий, которые произошли в неопределённый момент в прошлом и важны сейчас.

Опытов и достижений.

Действий, которые только что произошли.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + have/has + V3 (Past Participle)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + have/has + not + V3

Вопросительная форма: Have/Has + subject + V3?

Примеры:

I have visited Paris twice. – Я побывал в Париже дважды.

She has not finished her homework yet. – Она ещё не закончила домашнее задание.

Have you seen this film? – Ты видел этот фильм?

Советы:

Используйте с наречиями already, yet, just, ever, never, so far.

Не указывайте точное время (для этого есть Past Simple).

Повторяйте конструкции с разными глаголами, чтобы закрепить.

Story

A New Experience

Lucy has always wanted to try cooking Italian food. Last week, she has joined a cooking class. She has already made three dishes, and her teacher has praised her work. Lucy has never cooked pasta before, so this is a big step for her. She has learned many new techniques and has improved her skills. On Saturday, Lucy has invited her friends to taste her dishes. They have really enjoyed the food and have given her many compliments. Lucy has felt proud and happy. She has discovered a new hobby and has decided to continue cooking every weekend. This experience has changed her view on cooking and made her more confident in the kitchen.

Useful Words and Expressions

To try – пробовать

Cooking – приготовление пищи

Food – еда

Italian – итальянский

Class – урок, занятие

Dish – блюдо

To praise – хвалить

Work – работа

To learn – учиться

Technique – техника

Skill – навык

Friend – друг

To enjoy – наслаждаться

Compliment – комплимент

Proud – гордый

Happy – счастливый

Hobby – хобби

To discover – открывать

To decide – решать

To change – менять

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Lucy ______ (try) cooking Italian food.

She ______ (not / cook) pasta before.

Her teacher ______ (praise) her dishes.

She ______ (invite) her friends on Saturday.

Lucy ______ (discover) a new hobby.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

I ______ visited London.

a) have

b) has

c) did

She hasn’t ______ her homework yet.

a) finish

b) finished

c) finishing

______ you ever tried sushi?

a) Have

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What new activity has Lucy started?

How many dishes has she made so far?

How do her friends feel about her cooking?

Has Lucy ever cooked pasta before?

How has this experience changed Lucy?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

has tried

has not cooked

has praised

has invited

has discovered

Exercise 2:

a) have

b) finished

a) Have

Exercise 3:

Lucy has started cooking Italian food as a new hobby.

She has already made three dishes.

Her friends have really enjoyed the food and given her compliments.

No, she has never cooked pasta before.

This experience has made Lucy more confident in cooking and has inspired her to continue learning.

Mini Tips

Используйте наречия already, yet, just, ever, never, so far для закрепления Present Perfect.

Практикуйтесь с глаголами, которые описывают опыт или достижения: visit, try, see, learn, discover.

Чтобы легче запоминать, описывайте свой день: «I have eaten breakfast», «I have finished my homework».

Present Perfect Continuous

Grammar Focus

Present Perfect Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, которые начались в прошлом и продолжаются до настоящего момента.

Действий, которые недавно закончились, но имеют результат сейчас.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + have/has + been + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + have/has + not + been + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Have/Has + subject + been + V-ing?

Примеры:

I have been studying English for two hours. – Я учу английский уже два часа.

She has not been feeling well lately. – В последнее время она плохо себя чувствует.

Have they been waiting for the bus long? – Они давно ждут автобус?

Советы:

Используется с выражениями времени: for, since, lately, recently, all morning/day/week.

Показывает длительность действия.

Отличается от Present Perfect тем, что акцент на процессе, а не только на результате.

Story

Learning to Play Guitar

Mark has been learning to play the guitar for three months. Every evening, he has been practicing for two hours. His fingers are sore because he has been playing a lot, but he enjoys it. Mark has been listening to online tutorials to improve his technique. Lately, he has been trying to learn a new song every week. His friend Sarah has been watching him and has been giving advice. This week, Mark has been preparing for a small performance at school. Everyone has been noticing his progress, and he feels proud. Learning the guitar has been changing his daily routine, but he is happy with the results.

Useful Words and Expressions

To learn – учиться

Guitar – гитара

To play – играть

To practice – практиковаться

Fingers – пальцы

Sore – болят, устали

Enjoy – наслаждаться

Tutorial – урок (видео или онлайн)

Technique – техника

Song – песня

Friend – друг

Advice – совет

To watch – наблюдать

To prepare – готовиться

Performance – выступление

Progress – прогресс

Daily routine – распорядок дня

Lately – в последнее время

For – в течение

Since – с (начала действия)

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Mark ______ (learn) guitar for three months.

He ______ (practice) two hours every evening.

His friend Sarah ______ (watch) him and ______ (give) advice.

Mark ______ (prepare) for a performance this week.

Learning guitar ______ (change) his daily routine.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ been studying English all morning.

a) have

b) has

c) did

We ______ not been working hard recently.

a) have

b) has

c) did

______ you been waiting long?

a) Have

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

How long has Mark been learning guitar?

What has he been doing every evening?

Who has been giving him advice?

How has learning guitar affected his daily routine?

What is Mark preparing for this week?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

has been learning

has been practicing

has been watching, has been giving

has been preparing

has been changing

Exercise 2:

b) has

a) have

a) Have

Exercise 3:

Mark has been learning guitar for three months.

He has been practicing two hours every evening.

His friend Sarah has been giving him advice.

Learning guitar has been changing his daily routine, but he enjoys it.

He is preparing for a small performance at school this week.

Mini Tips

Используйте for (длительность) и since (начало действия) для Present Perfect Continuous.

Акцентируйте процесс: «I have been reading» – действие длилось, а не только факт.

Практикуйтесь, описывая свои действия за день: «I have been studying English since morning», «I have been walking in the park for an hour».

Past Simple

Grammar Focus

Past Simple используется для описания:

Действий, которые произошли и закончились в прошлом.

Последовательности событий в прошлом.

Историй и воспоминаний о прошлом.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + V2 (Past Simple)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + did not + V1

Вопросительная форма: Did + subject + V1?

Примеры:

I visited Paris last year. – Я посетил Париж в прошлом году.

She did not go to school yesterday. – Она не ходила в школу вчера.

Did you watch the movie? – Ты смотрел фильм?

Советы:

Для правильных глаголов добавляем -ed: work → worked, play → played.

Для неправильных глаголов используем форму второго столбца (V2): go → went, see → saw.

Указывайте точное время действия: yesterday, last week, in 2019, two days ago.

Story

A Day at the Beach

Last Saturday, Anna and her friends went to the beach. They woke up early and prepared sandwiches and drinks. The sun was shining, and the weather was perfect. Anna played volleyball with her friends, and Peter swam in the sea. They built a sandcastle and took many photos. In the afternoon, they had ice cream and relaxed on the sand. Anna did not forget to put on sunscreen, but Peter forgot and got sunburned. They returned home in the evening, tired but happy. Everyone enjoyed the day and decided to go again next weekend.

Useful Words and Expressions

Beach – пляж

Friend – друг

To go – идти, ехать

To wake up – просыпаться

To prepare – готовить

Sandwich – бутерброд

Drink – напиток

Sun – солнце

Weather – погода

To play – играть

Volleyball – волейбол

To swim – плавать

Sea – море

To build – строить

Sandcastle – песочный замок

Photo – фотография

Ice cream – мороженое

To relax – отдыхать

To forget – забывать

To enjoy – наслаждаться

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Anna and her friends ______ (go) to the beach last Saturday.

They ______ (build) a sandcastle.

Peter ______ (forget) to put on sunscreen.

They ______ (return) home in the evening.

Everyone ______ (enjoy) the day.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ a sandwich yesterday.

a) eat

b) ate

c) eaten

We ______ not swim in the sea.

a) did

b) did

c) did not

______ they go to the beach last weekend?

a) Did

b) Do

c) Does

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

When did Anna and her friends go to the beach?

What activities did they do at the beach?

Who forgot to put on sunscreen?

How did they feel at the end of the day?

What did they decide for next weekend?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

went

built

forgot

returned

enjoyed

Exercise 2:

b) ate

c) did not

a) Did

Exercise 3:

They went to the beach last Saturday.

They played volleyball, swam in the sea, built a sandcastle, and relaxed.

Peter forgot to put on sunscreen.

They felt tired but happy at the end of the day.

They decided to go to the beach again next weekend.

Mini Tips

Запоминайте неправильные глаголы для Past Simple.

Используйте указатели времени: yesterday, last week, two days ago.

Практикуйтесь, рассказывая прошлые события: «I watched a movie yesterday», «I went to the park last weekend».

Past Continuous

Grammar Focus

Past Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, происходивших в определённый момент в прошлом.

Одновременных действий в прошлом.

Действий в прошлом, которые прерывались другим событием.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + was/were + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + was/were + not + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Was/Were + subject + V-ing?

Примеры:

I was reading a book at 8 p.m. – Я читал книгу в 8 вечера.

They were not watching TV when I called. – Они не смотрели телевизор, когда я позвонил.

Was she playing football at 5 p.m.? – Она играла в футбол в 5 вечера?

Советы:

Используйте для фона событий в прошлом.

Was – для I, he, she, it; Were – для you, we, they.

Часто используется с Past Simple для прерывающих действий: «I was reading when the phone rang.»

Story

A Rainy Afternoon

Yesterday afternoon, it was raining heavily. Anna was reading a book in her room while her brother Peter was drawing pictures at the table. Their parents were cooking lunch in the kitchen. Outside, the dog was running and barking in the garden. At 3 p.m., the electricity went out, and the lights were not working. Anna was listening to music on her headphones, but Peter was not happy because he could not see the colors clearly. Their parents were talking about the weekend plans. Despite the rain, everyone was enjoying the afternoon in their own way.

Useful Words and Expressions

Yesterday – вчера

Afternoon – после полудня

To rain – идти (о дожде)

Heavily – сильно

To read – читать

Book – книга

Brother – брат

To draw – рисовать

Picture – рисунок

Table – стол

Parents – родители

To cook – готовить

Lunch – обед

Dog – собака

Garden – сад

To run – бегать

To bark – лаять

To listen – слушать

Music – музыка

Electricity – электричество

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

It ______ (rain) heavily yesterday afternoon.

Anna ______ (read) a book in her room.

Peter ______ (draw) pictures at the table.

The dog ______ (run) in the garden.

The lights ______ (not / work) at 3 p.m.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ listening to music when the phone rang.

a) was

b) were

c) did

They ______ playing football at 5 p.m.

a) was

b) were

c) did

______ he drawing pictures in the morning?

a) Was

b) Were

c) Did

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What was the weather like yesterday afternoon?

What were Anna and Peter doing at home?

What were their parents doing?

What happened at 3 p.m.?

Did everyone enjoy the afternoon?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

was raining

was reading

was drawing

was running

were not working

Exercise 2:

a) was

b) were

a) Was

Exercise 3:

It was raining heavily yesterday afternoon.

Anna was reading a book, and Peter was drawing pictures.

Their parents were cooking lunch in the kitchen.

At 3 p.m., the electricity went out, and the lights were not working.

Yes, despite the rain, everyone was enjoying the afternoon in their own way.

Mini Tips

Используйте was/were + V-ing для описания действий в конкретный момент в прошлом.

Часто сочетайте с Past Simple для событий, которые прерывают действие: «I was reading when my friend called.»

Практикуйтесь, рассказывая прошлые моменты дня: «I was cooking dinner at 6 p.m.»

Past Perfect

Grammar Focus

Past Perfect используется для описания:

Действий, которые произошли до другого события в прошлом.

Последовательности событий в прошлом.

Действий, результат которых важен для прошлого момента.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + had + V3 (Past Participle)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + had + not + V3

Вопросительная форма: Had + subject + V3?

Примеры:

I had finished my homework before dinner. – Я закончил домашнюю работу до ужина.

She had not seen this movie before yesterday. – Она не видела этот фильм до вчерашнего дня.

Had they left the office when you arrived? – Они ушли из офиса, когда ты пришёл?

Советы:

Используется с before, after, by the time для обозначения последовательности.

Past Perfect показывает, что одно действие предшествовало другому действию в прошлом.

Часто используется в сочетании с Past Simple.

Story

A Forgotten Birthday

Last Saturday, Peter was very surprised. He realized that he had forgotten his sister Anna’s birthday. Before that day, he had bought a small gift but had not prepared a card. Anna had invited all her friends for a small party. When Peter arrived, everyone had already started singing «Happy Birthday.» He felt embarrassed because he had not remembered to buy a cake. Luckily, his sister had already received many presents and was happy. Peter quickly had written a card and had given it to her. By the end of the day, Peter had learned an important lesson: never forget a birthday!

Useful Words and Expressions

Birthday – день рождения

To forget – забывать

Sister – сестра

To buy – покупать

Gift – подарок

Card – открытка

Friend – друг

Party – вечеринка

To arrive – приходить

To start – начинать

To sing – петь

Cake – торт

Happy – счастливый

Embarrassed – смущённый

To receive – получать

Lesson – урок

Before – до

After – после

Already – уже

Never – никогда

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Peter ______ (forget) his sister’s birthday.

He ______ (buy) a small gift before that day.

He ______ (not / prepare) a card.

Anna’s friends ______ (already / start) singing when he arrived.

Peter ______ (learn) an important lesson.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ already left when I called.

a) had

b) has

c) did

They ______ not finished the homework before the teacher arrived.

a) had

b) has

c) did

______ you seen this movie before yesterday?

a) Had

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What did Peter forget last Saturday?

What had he bought before the day?

How had Anna’s friends prepared for the party?

How did Peter fix his mistake?

What lesson had Peter learned by the end of the day?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

had forgotten

had bought

had not prepared

had already started

had learned

Exercise 2:

a) had

a) had

a) Had

Exercise 3:

Peter forgot his sister Anna’s birthday.

He had bought a small gift but had not prepared a card.

Anna’s friends had already started singing and prepared for the party.

Peter quickly wrote a card and gave it to her.

Peter had learned an important lesson: never forget a birthday.

Mini Tips

Используйте Past Perfect для предшествующих действий: «I had eaten before he arrived.»

Часто сочетайте с Past Simple: одно действие (Past Perfect) произошло до другого (Past Simple).

Практикуйтесь, описывая прошлые события в последовательности: «I had finished homework before dinner.»

Past Perfect Continuous

Grammar Focus

Past Perfect Continuous используется для описания:

Действий, которые длились до определённого момента в прошлом.

Действий, которые имели результат в прошлом.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + had + been + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + had + not + been + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Had + subject + been + V-ing?

Примеры:

I had been studying for two hours before my friend arrived. – Я учился два часа, прежде чем пришёл мой друг.

She had not been feeling well before the trip. – До поездки она плохо себя чувствовала.

Had they been waiting long when the bus came? – Они долго ждали, когда приехал автобус?

Советы:

Используется с выражениями времени: for, since, before, by the time.

Акцент на длительности действия до прошлого события.

Часто сочетайте с Past Simple: действие в процессе (Past Perfect Continuous) + событие, которое произошло (Past Simple).

Story

Waiting for the Bus

Tom had been waiting at the bus stop for over an hour when it finally arrived. He had been checking his watch every five minutes and had been getting increasingly impatient. Before that, he had been trying to call the bus company, but the line had not been working. The people around him had been talking quietly, sharing stories to pass the time. By the time the bus came, Tom had been standing in the rain and had been feeling cold and wet. Despite all that, he smiled because he had been looking forward to visiting his friend. The long wait had made him more patient and careful about checking bus schedules in the future.

Useful Words and Expressions

Bus stop – автобусная остановка

To wait – ждать

Hour – час

To check – проверять

Watch – часы

Impatient – нетерпеливый

To try – пытаться

Company – компания

Line – линия

Not working – не работает

To talk – говорить

Quietly – тихо

To stand – стоять

Rain – дождь

Cold – холодно

Wet – мокрый

To smile – улыбаться

To look forward – с нетерпением ждать

To make – делать

Patient – терпеливый

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Tom ______ (wait) at the bus stop for over an hour.

He ______ (check) his watch every five minutes.

He ______ (try) to call the bus company.

People around him ______ (talk) quietly.

He ______ (feel) cold and wet by the time the bus arrived.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ been working all morning before lunch.

a) had

b) has

c) did

We ______ not been walking long when it started to rain.

a) had

b) has

c) did

______ they been waiting for the train when it arrived?

a) Had

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

How long had Tom been waiting at the bus stop?

What had he been doing while waiting?

What problem did he face before the bus arrived?

How had the people around him been passing the time?

How did the experience affect Tom?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

had been waiting

had been checking

had been trying

had been talking

had been feeling

Exercise 2:

a) had

a) had

a) Had

Exercise 3:

Tom had been waiting at the bus stop for over an hour.

He had been checking his watch and had been getting increasingly impatient.

He had been trying to call the bus company, but the line had not been working.

The people around him had been talking quietly to pass the time.

The experience had made him more patient and careful about checking bus schedules.

Mini Tips

Используйте had been + V-ing для действий, которые длились до прошлого события.

Сочетайте с Past Simple для обозначения момента, когда процесс закончился: «I had been reading when the phone rang.»

Практикуйтесь с описанием ожидания, длительных занятий и процессов: «I had been studying for two hours before dinner.»

Future Simple (Will)

Grammar Focus

Future Simple (will) используется для:

Предсказаний о будущем.

Решений, принятых в момент речи.

Обещаний и предложений помощи.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + will + V1

Отрицательная форма: Subject + will not / won’t + V1

Вопросительная форма: Will + subject + V1?

Примеры:

I will help you with your homework. – Я помогу тебе с домашней работой.

She will not / won’t come to the party. – Она не придёт на вечеринку.

Will they visit us next week? – Они навестят нас на следующей неделе?

Советы:

Используется для спонтанных решений: «I’ll answer the phone.»

Используется с наречиями будущего: tomorrow, next week, soon, in an hour.

Для планов чаще используют going to, а для обещаний и решений – will.

Story

A Weekend Plan

Next weekend, Emma will visit her grandparents. She will take a train early in the morning. Her brother, Tom, will help her pack her bag. They will bring some fruits and gifts for their grandparents. Emma will meet her friends before the trip, and they will go to the café together. On the train, she will read a book and will listen to music. Her grandparents will be very happy to see them. After the visit, Emma will return home in the evening and will tell her parents all about the trip. She will remember this weekend for a long time.

Useful Words and Expressions

Weekend – выходные

To visit – посещать

Grandparents – бабушка и дедушка

To take – брать

Train – поезд

Early – рано

Morning – утро

Brother – брат

To help – помогать

Bag – сумка

Fruit – фрукты

Gift – подарок

Friend – друг

Café – кафе

Trip – поездка

To read – читать

Music – музыка

To return – возвращаться

To tell – рассказывать

To remember – помнить

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Emma ______ (visit) her grandparents next weekend.

Tom ______ (help) her pack her bag.

They ______ (bring) fruits and gifts.

She ______ (read) a book on the train.

Emma ______ (tell) her parents about the trip.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

I ______ call you tomorrow.

a) will

b) did

c) am

She ______ not come to the café.

a) will

b) does

c) did

______ they visit the museum next week?

a) Will

b) Did

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

Who will Emma visit next weekend?

How will Tom help Emma?

What will Emma bring for her grandparents?

What will Emma do on the train?

How will Emma feel after the trip?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

will visit

will help

will bring

will read

will tell

Exercise 2:

a) will

a) will

a) Will

Exercise 3:

Emma will visit her grandparents next weekend.

Tom will help her pack her bag.

They will bring fruits and gifts for their grandparents.

Emma will read a book and listen to music on the train.

She will be happy and remember the weekend for a long time.

Mini Tips

Используйте will для спонтанных решений, обещаний и предсказаний: «I will help you.»

Часто сопровождается указателями времени: tomorrow, next week, soon.

Чтобы закрепить, описывайте планы на день: «I will study tomorrow», «I will call my friend in an hour.»

Be going to (Future Plans)

Grammar Focus

Be going to используется для:

Планы или намерения на будущее.

Предсказания, основанные на текущих фактах или ситуации.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + am/is/are + going to + V1

Отрицательная форма: Subject + am/is/are + not + going to + V1

Вопросительная форма: Am/Is/Are + subject + going to + V1?

Примеры:

I am going to visit my friend tomorrow. – Я собираюсь навестить друга завтра.

She is not going to eat pizza tonight. – Она не собирается есть пиццу сегодня вечером.

Are they going to watch the movie next week? – Они собираются посмотреть фильм на следующей неделе?

Советы:

Используется для личных планов и намерений.

Отличается от will: «will» – спонтанное решение, «be going to» – заранее запланированное.

Часто встречается с наречиями будущего: tomorrow, next week, soon, in an hour.

Story

A Summer Plan

Next summer, Lucy is going to travel to Italy. She is going to visit Rome, Florence, and Venice. Her brother, Jack, is going to join her for the first week. They are going to stay in a small hotel near the city center. Lucy is going to take many photos of famous places, and Jack is going to try the local food. Before the trip, they are going to buy tickets and make a schedule. Lucy’s parents are going to help them with the planning. They are very excited because this trip is going to be an unforgettable experience.

Useful Words and Expressions

Summer – лето

To travel – путешествовать

Italy – Италия

To visit – посещать

City – город

Brother – брат

To join – присоединяться

Week – неделя

To stay – останавливаться

Hotel – гостиница

To take – делать (фото)

Photo – фотография

Place – место

Food – еда

Ticket – билет

To buy – покупать

Schedule – расписание

Parents – родители

To help – помогать

Excited – взволнованный

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Lucy ______ (travel) to Italy next summer.

Jack ______ (join) her for the first week.

They ______ (stay) in a small hotel.

Lucy ______ (take) many photos.

They ______ (buy) tickets before the trip.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ going to visit her friend tomorrow.

a) is

b) are

c) am

We ______ not going to eat pizza tonight.

a) is

b) are

c) am

______ he going to watch the movie next week?

a) Is

b) Are

c) Am

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

Where is Lucy going to travel next summer?

Who is going to join her?

Where are they going to stay?

What is Lucy going to do during the trip?

How do they feel about the trip?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

is going to travel

is going to join

are going to stay

is going to take

are going to buy

Exercise 2:

a) is

b) are

a) Is

Exercise 3:

Lucy is going to travel to Italy next summer.

Her brother Jack is going to join her for the first week.

They are going to stay in a small hotel near the city center.

Lucy is going to take many photos, and Jack is going to try the local food.

They feel very excited because the trip is going to be unforgettable.

Mini Tips

Используйте be going to для планов и намерений: «I am going to visit my friend tomorrow.»

Отличайте от will: «I’ll answer the phone» – спонтанное решение, «I’m going to answer the phone» – запланированное.

Практикуйтесь, описывая свои планы на будущее: «I am going to study tomorrow», «We are going to watch a movie next week.»

Future Continuous

Grammar Focus

Future Continuous используется для:

Действий, которые будут происходить в определённый момент в будущем.

Одновременных действий в будущем.

Вежливых вопросов о планах.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + will + be + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + will not / won’t + be + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Will + subject + be + V-ing?

Примеры:

I will be studying at 7 p.m. tomorrow. – Я буду учиться завтра в 7 вечера.

She will not be working on Sunday. – Она не будет работать в воскресенье.

Will they be traveling at this time next week? – Они будут путешествовать в это время на следующей неделе?

Советы:

Используется для фона событий в будущем, а не для завершённых действий.

Часто сопровождается временем или точкой во времени: at 8 o’clock, tomorrow morning, next week.

Можно использовать для вежливых вопросов о планах: «Will you be using the car tonight?»

Story

A Busy Sunday

Next Sunday, Anna will be cleaning her house in the morning. At the same time, her brother Peter will be playing football in the garden. Their parents will be preparing lunch in the kitchen. Later, Anna will be reading a new book while Peter will be listening to music. In the afternoon, they will be going for a walk in the park. Neighbors will be enjoying the sunny weather, and children will be riding bicycles. By the evening, everyone will be feeling tired but happy. It will be a busy and fun Sunday for the whole family.

Useful Words and Expressions

Sunday – воскресенье

Morning – утро

To clean – убирать

House – дом

Brother – брат

To play – играть

Football – футбол

Garden – сад

Parents – родители

To prepare – готовить

Lunch – обед

To read – читать

Book – книга

To listen – слушать

Music – музыка

Afternoon – после полудня

To go for a walk – идти на прогулку

Park – парк

Neighbor – сосед

Bicycle – велосипед

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Anna ______ (clean) her house in the morning.

Peter ______ (play) football in the garden.

Their parents ______ (prepare) lunch.

Anna ______ (read) a book later.

Children ______ (ride) bicycles in the afternoon.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

I ______ be studying at 8 p.m. tomorrow.

a) will

b) am

c) do

She ______ not be working on Saturday.

a) will

b) does

c) is

______ they be traveling next week?

a) Will

b) Do

c) Are

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What will Anna be doing in the morning?

What will Peter be doing at the same time?

What will their parents be doing?

What will they do in the afternoon?

How will everyone feel by the evening?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

will be cleaning

will be playing

will be preparing

will be reading

will be riding

Exercise 2:

a) will

a) will

a) Will

Exercise 3:

Anna will be cleaning her house in the morning.

Peter will be playing football in the garden at the same time.

Their parents will be preparing lunch in the kitchen.

They will be going for a walk in the park in the afternoon.

Everyone will be feeling tired but happy by the evening.

Mini Tips

Используйте will be + V-ing для действий, происходящих в будущем в определённый момент.

Отличайте от Future Simple: «I will study tomorrow» – факт, «I will be studying at 8 p.m.» – действие в процессе.

Практикуйтесь с планами на день: «I will be meeting my friend at 5 p.m.»

Future Perfect

Grammar Focus

Future Perfect используется для:

Действий, которые будут завершены к определённому моменту в будущем.

Подчеркивания результата действия к будущему времени.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + will + have + V3 (Past Participle)

Отрицательная форма: Subject + will not / won’t + have + V3

Вопросительная форма: Will + subject + have + V3?

Примеры:

I will have finished my homework by 8 p.m. – Я закончу домашнюю работу к 8 вечера.

She will not have seen the movie by tomorrow. – Она не посмотрит фильм к завтрашнему дню.

Will they have arrived at the station by 5 p.m.? – Они приедут на станцию к 5 часам?

Советы:

Используется с выражениями времени: by tomorrow, by the time, before next week.

Акцент на завершённости действия к конкретному моменту в будущем.

Часто используется вместе с Future Simple или Future Continuous для последовательности событий.

Story

A Completed Project

By next Monday, Sam will have finished his school project. He will have written all the chapters and will have checked all the references. His friend, Anna, will have prepared the presentation slides. By that time, their teacher will have received many other students’ projects as well. Sam will not have started any new project before finishing this one. Anna will have printed all the necessary documents. When they arrive at school, everything will have been ready for the presentation. Sam and Anna will feel proud because they will have completed all the work carefully and on time.

Useful Words and Expressions

Project – проект

School – школа

By next Monday – к следующему понедельнику

To finish – закончить

Chapter – глава

To write – писать

Reference – ссылка, источник

Friend – друг

To prepare – готовить

Presentation – презентация

Slide – слайд

Teacher – учитель

To receive – получать

To start – начинать

Document – документ

To print – печатать

To arrive – приходить

Ready – готовый

To feel – чувствовать

To complete – завершать

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Sam ______ (finish) his project by next Monday.

He ______ (write) all the chapters.

Anna ______ (prepare) the presentation slides.

Sam ______ (not / start) a new project before finishing this one.

Everything ______ (be) ready when they arrive at school.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

I ______ have eaten dinner by 7 p.m.

a) will

b) did

c) am

She ______ not have seen the movie by tomorrow.

a) will

b) does

c) has

______ they have completed the homework by Monday?

a) Will

b) Do

c) Has

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

What will Sam have finished by next Monday?

What will Anna have prepared?

What will the teacher have received by that time?

What will Sam not have started?

How will Sam and Anna feel after completing the work?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

will have finished

will have written

will have prepared

will not have started

will have been

Exercise 2:

a) will

a) will

a) Will

Exercise 3:

Sam will have finished his school project by next Monday.

Anna will have prepared the presentation slides.

The teacher will have received many other students’ projects by that time.

Sam will not have started any new project before finishing this one.

Sam and Anna will feel proud because they will have completed all the work carefully and on time.

Mini Tips

Используйте will have + V3 для действий, которые будут завершены к будущему моменту: «I will have finished my homework by 8 p.m.»

Часто встречается с указателями времени: by tomorrow, by next week, by the time.

Практикуйтесь, описывая, что вы закончите к определённому моменту: «I will have cleaned my room by noon.»

Future Perfect Continuous

Grammar Focus

Future Perfect Continuous используется для:

Действий, которые будут продолжаться до определённого момента в будущем.

Подчёркивания длительности действия к будущему моменту.

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + will + have + been + V-ing

Отрицательная форма: Subject + will not / won’t + have + been + V-ing

Вопросительная форма: Will + subject + have + been + V-ing?

Примеры:

I will have been studying for two hours by 6 p.m. – Я буду учиться уже два часа к 6 вечера.

She will not have been working here long by next month. – Она не будет работать здесь долго к следующему месяцу.

Will they have been waiting for an hour when the bus arrives? – Они будут ждать уже час, когда приедет автобус?

Советы:

Используется с выражениями времени: for, since, by the time, by next week.

Акцент на длительности действия до будущего момента.

Часто используется с Future Simple или Future Perfect для последовательности событий.

Story

A Long Study Day

By 5 p.m. tomorrow, Alex will have been studying for six hours. He will have been reading different books and will have been writing many notes. His friend Mia will have been helping him with exercises since morning. Alex will not have been taking any breaks until lunchtime. The teacher will have been checking students’ progress during the day. By evening, Alex will have been feeling tired but satisfied. He will have been preparing for the final exam for months, and this long study day will have been the most productive.

Useful Words and Expressions

Study – учёба

To study – учиться

Book – книга

To read – читать

To write – писать

Note – заметка

Friend – друг

To help – помогать

Exercise – упражнение

Since morning – с утра

Break – перерыв

Teacher – учитель

To check – проверять

Progress – прогресс

By 5 p.m. – к 5 вечера

To feel – чувствовать

Tired – усталый

Satisfied – довольный

Final exam – экзамен

Productive – продуктивный

Exercises

Exercise 1: Fill in the blanks

Alex ______ (study) for six hours by 5 p.m. tomorrow.

He ______ (read) different books and ______ (write) many notes.

Mia ______ (help) him with exercises since morning.

Alex ______ (not / take) any breaks until lunchtime.

He ______ (feel) tired but satisfied by evening.

Exercise 2: Multiple Choice

She ______ have been working here for two years by next month.

a) will

b) might

c) could

We ______ not have been waiting long when the train arrives.

a) should

b) will

c) can

______ he have been studying all morning?

a) Will

b) Has

c) Did

Exercise 3: Comprehension Questions

Answer in 2—3 sentences each:

How long will Alex have been studying by 5 p.m.?

What will he have been reading and writing?

Who will have been helping him since morning?

Will Alex have taken any breaks until lunchtime?

How will Alex feel by evening?

Answer Key

Exercise 1:

will have been studying

will have been reading, will have been writing

will have been helping

will not have been taking

will have been feeling

Exercise 2:

a) will

b) will

a) Will

Exercise 3:

Alex will have been studying for six hours by 5 p.m.

He will have been reading different books and writing many notes.

His friend Mia will have been helping him with exercises since morning.

No, Alex will not have taken any breaks until lunchtime.

By evening, Alex will have been feeling tired but satisfied.

Mini Tips

Используйте will have been + V-ing для действий, которые будут продолжаться до определённого момента в будущем.

Отличайте от Future Perfect: Future Perfect – завершённое действие («I will have finished»), Future Perfect Continuous – длительное действие («I will have been studying»).

Практикуйтесь с длительными подготовками: «By 10 p.m., I will have been reading for three hours.»

Can / Could (Ability)

Grammar Focus

Can и Could используются для выражения:

Способности / умения делать что-либо.

Вежливых просьб и вопросов (Could).

Формула:

Положительная форма: Subject + can/could + V1

Отрицательная форма: Subject + cannot / can’t / could not / couldn’t + V1

Вопросительная форма: Can/Could + subject + V1?

Примеры:

I can swim very well. – Я умею хорошо плавать.

Конец ознакомительного фрагмента.

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