Практический английский для ИТ-специалистов
Грамматика, лексика и профессиональная коммуникация
Айви Вордс

© Айви Вордс, 2026

ISBN 978-5-0069-2690-5

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

Предисловие

Дорогие читатели!

Данная книга создана для ИТ-специалистов, стремящихся улучшить навыки профессиональной коммуникации на английском языке. В современном ИТ-секторе владение технической терминологией недостаточно. Для успешного взаимодействия с коллегами, менеджерами и клиентами необходимо умение ясно, точно и грамотно выражать мысли как в устной, так и в письменной форме.

В книге представлен систематический подход к изучению английского языка в профессиональном контексте. Каждая глава сосредоточена на конкретной грамматической конструкции, лексической теме или коммуникативной функции, применяемой в ИТ. Материалы включают объяснение грамматики на русском языке, примеры предложений с переводом, небольшие тексты для закрепления материала, упражнения различного типа и ответы к ним.

Особое внимание уделено практическому применению языка в повседневной работе: написание писем, подготовка отчетов, участие в совещаниях, обсуждение проектов, объяснение технических процессов и участие в интервью. Все примеры и упражнения ориентированы на уровень B1—B2, что позволяет эффективно развивать навыки как начинающим специалистам, так и тем, кто уже имеет опыт работы.

Я надеюсь, что данная книга станет полезным инструментом для профессионального роста и поможет читателю уверенно использовать английский язык в профессиональной среде, минимизируя недопонимания и повышая эффективность коммуникации.

Sentence Structure in IT Communication

Grammar Focus

Sentence structure – это порядок слов в предложении. В английском языке он более фиксированный, чем в русском, и особенно важен в профессиональной ИТ-коммуникации: письмах, тасках, документации, отчётах и комментариях к коду.

Базовая структура английского утвердительного предложения:

Subject + Verb + Object (+ details)

Пример:

The developer fixed the bug.

Разработчик исправил баг.

В ИТ-контексте чёткая структура предложения помогает:

быстро передавать информацию;

избегать двусмысленности;

писать понятную техническую документацию;

эффективно общаться в распределённых командах.

Основные элементы предложения

Subject (подлежащее) – кто или что выполняет действие

Verb (сказуемое) – действие или состояние

Object (дополнение) – на что направлено действие

Details – время, место, причина, способ выполнения

Примеры в ИТ-контексте

The system processes user data automatically.

Система обрабатывает пользовательские данные автоматически.

Our team released the update last week.

Наша команда выпустила обновление на прошлой неделе.

The application crashed after the deployment.

Приложение упало после деплоя.

The engineer checks the logs every morning.

Инженер проверяет логи каждое утро.

We use this framework for backend development.

Мы используем этот фреймворк для backend-разработки.

Важные особенности

Вопросы и отрицания требуют вспомогательных глаголов (do / does / did).

Обстоятельства времени обычно ставятся в конце предложения.

Английские предложения почти всегда требуют явного подлежащего.

Story

Alex works as a junior software engineer in a small international company. Every morning, he opens his task tracker and reviews the list of assigned tickets. Clear communication is very important for his work, especially because most of his teammates live in different countries.

When Alex writes comments on tasks, he always tries to use simple and clear sentence structures. He starts with the subject, adds the main action, and then explains the result. This approach helps other developers understand what was done and why it matters. For example, when he finishes a feature, he writes a short update describing the change and its impact on the system.

During the day, Alex reads documentation and system reports. Well-structured sentences make this process easier and faster. He notices that technical texts with clear word order reduce misunderstandings and save time during development.

In the evening, Alex prepares a short progress report for the team lead. He describes completed tasks, current issues, and plans for the next day. Because his sentences are direct and well-organized, the report is easy to read and understand. Over time, Alex sees that good sentence structure improves not only his English but also his professional communication.

Useful Words and Expressions

sentence structure – структура предложения

clear communication – чёткая коммуникация

task tracker – трекер задач

assigned ticket – назначенная задача

teammate – член команды

international company – международная компания

software engineer – инженер-программист

task comment – комментарий к задаче

system report – системный отчёт

documentation – документация

word order – порядок слов

progress report – отчёт о прогрессе

development process – процесс разработки

technical text – технический текст

main action – основное действие

describe the result – описывать результат

reduce misunderstandings – снижать недопонимание

professional communication – профессиональное общение

Exercises

Exercise 1

Put the words in the correct order to form a sentence.

writes / Alex / clear comments / tasks / on

the system / processes / data / automatically

the team lead / reads / report / the

developers / documentation / read / daily

the update / released / company / the

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

A good sentence structure helps to

a) slow down communication

b) reduce misunderstandings

c) replace technical skills

In English sentences, the subject usually comes

a) at the end

b) in the middle

c) before the verb

Clear word order is especially important in

a) informal chats only

b) technical documentation

c) personal diaries

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

How important is clear sentence structure in your work or studies?

Do you write reports, comments, or documentation in English?

What type of technical texts do you read most often?

How does clear communication help in teamwork?

What would you like to improve in your professional English?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

Alex writes clear comments on tasks.

The system processes data automatically.

The team lead reads the report.

Developers read documentation daily.

The company released the update.

Exercise 2

b) reduce misunderstandings

c) before the verb

b) technical documentation

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Clear sentence structure is very important in my work because it helps me explain ideas quickly. It also reduces confusion in written communication.

Yes, I write comments and short reports in English. I try to keep my sentences simple and clear.

I mostly read technical documentation and system descriptions. These texts help me understand how tools and frameworks work.

Clear communication helps teams work faster and avoid mistakes. It also improves cooperation between developers.

I would like to improve my writing skills in professional English. This will help me communicate more confidently at work.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Start sentences with the main idea, then add details.

Use one sentence to express one clear thought.

When writing documentation, read your sentence and check if it is easy to understand without extra context.

Present Simple for Daily Work and Routines

Grammar Focus

Present Simple используется для описания регулярных действий, привычек, расписаний и фактов. В профессиональной ИТ-среде это одно из самых часто используемых времён, так как оно подходит для описания ежедневной работы, обязанностей, процессов и стандартных процедур.

Образование

Subject + base verb

Для третьего лица единственного числа (he / she / it) к глаголу добавляется -s / -es.

Примеры:

I work on backend tasks.

Я работаю над backend-задачами.

She manages the project documentation.

Она ведёт проектную документацию.

Когда используется Present Simple

Регулярные действия и рабочие рутины

We start work at nine o’clock.

Мы начинаем работу в девять часов.

Постоянные обязанности

The developer reviews pull requests.

Разработчик просматривает pull-реквесты.

Факты и общепринятые процессы

The system stores user data securely.

Система безопасно хранит пользовательские данные.

Расписания и графики

The meeting starts at 10 a.m.

Встреча начинается в 10 утра.

Отрицания и вопросы

Отрицание: do not / does not + verb

We do not deploy on Fridays.

Вопросы: Do / Does + subject + verb

Do you work with this framework?

Story

Maria works as a frontend developer in an international IT company. Her working day follows a clear and predictable routine. She starts her day by checking emails and reviewing tasks in the project management system. After that, she updates the task status and plans her priorities for the day.

Maria usually works on user interface improvements and fixes small visual issues. She writes clean code and follows the company’s coding standards. During the day, she communicates with designers and backend developers to make sure that all parts of the application work together smoothly.

Every afternoon, Maria reviews pull requests and leaves comments if something needs improvement. She also reads technical documentation to stay updated on tools and frameworks that the team uses. When a task is completed, she writes a short summary and moves the ticket to the next stage.

At the end of the day, Maria prepares for the next working day. She updates her task list and checks the schedule for meetings. This daily routine helps her stay organized, productive, and confident in her work.

Useful Words and Expressions

daily routine – ежедневная рутина

working day – рабочий день

project management system – система управления проектами

task status – статус задачи

priority – приоритет

frontend developer – frontend-разработчик

user interface – пользовательский интерфейс

coding standards – стандарты кодирования

pull request – pull-request

leave comments – оставлять комментарии

technical documentation – техническая документация

stay updated – быть в курсе

complete a task – завершать задачу

task summary – краткое описание задачи

next stage – следующий этап

schedule – расписание

stay organized – быть организованным

productive – продуктивный

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the verb (Present Simple).

Maria usually ___ (check) emails in the morning.

The team ___ (use) a project management system.

She ___ (work) on user interface tasks.

Developers ___ (review) pull requests daily.

The meeting ___ (start) at 10 a.m.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

Present Simple is mainly used to describe

a) finished actions in the past

b) daily routines and facts

c) future plans only

In the sentence «She writes clean code», the verb

a) has no ending

b) has -s because of the subject

c) is in the past form

Which sentence uses Present Simple correctly?

a) She is work on tasks every day.

b) She works on tasks every day.

c) She worked on tasks every day.

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

What does your typical working or study day look like?

What tasks do you usually work on during the day?

Do you follow a fixed daily routine? Why or why not?

How do daily routines help you stay productive?

What part of your daily work would you like to improve?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

checks

uses

works

review

starts

Exercise 2

b) daily routines and facts

b) has -s because of the subject

b) She works on tasks every day.

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

My typical working day starts with checking emails and tasks. Then I focus on my main responsibilities.

I usually work on technical tasks related to my projects. I also review documentation and updates.

Yes, I follow a fixed daily routine because it helps me manage my time better. It also reduces stress during work.

Daily routines help me stay focused and organized. They allow me to complete tasks more efficiently.

I would like to improve my time management during the day. This will help me work more productively.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Use Present Simple to describe what you do regularly at work.

This tense is ideal for documentation, task descriptions, and process explanations.

When writing about routines, add time expressions like usually, every day, often.

Present Continuous for Ongoing Tasks and Issues

Grammar Focus

Present Continuous используется для описания действий, которые происходят прямо сейчас, в текущий период времени или временно, а также для ситуаций, которые находятся в процессе решения. В ИТ-сфере это время часто применяется при обсуждении текущих задач, проблем, изменений и статуса работы.

Образование

Subject + am / is / are + verb + -ing

Примеры:

I am working on a new feature.

Я работаю над новой фичей.

They are fixing a critical bug.

Они исправляют критический баг.

Основные случаи использования

Действия, происходящие в момент речи

The system is processing requests.

Система обрабатывает запросы.

Текущие задачи и временные проекты

We are migrating the database this week.

Мы на этой неделе переносим базу данных.

Текущие проблемы и их решение

The team is investigating the issue.

Команда изучает проблему.

Изменяющиеся ситуации

The application is becoming more stable.

Приложение становится более стабильным.

Отрицания и вопросы

Отрицание: am / is / are not + verb-ing

We are not deploying the update today.

Вопросы: Am / Is / Are + subject + verb-ing

Are you working on this task right now?

Story

Daniel is working as a backend developer in a growing tech company. This week, he is focusing on improving system performance. At the moment, he is analyzing server logs and monitoring application behavior under high load.

Several team members are reporting issues with response time, so Daniel is investigating the root cause. He is running tests, checking configurations, and reviewing recent changes in the codebase. While he is working on the issue, other developers are updating related services.

The project is moving fast, and the team is preparing for an important release. During daily updates, everyone is sharing what they are currently working on. Clear descriptions of ongoing tasks help the team stay aligned and avoid duplicate work.

Later in the day, Daniel is documenting his findings and sending a short status update to the team lead. He explains which parts of the system are causing delays and what steps the team is taking to fix them. While the issue is not fully resolved yet, progress is being made, and the system is becoming more stable with each update.

Useful Words and Expressions

ongoing task – текущая задача

current issue – текущая проблема

backend developer – backend-разработчик

system performance – производительность системы

server logs – серверные логи

response time – время отклика

investigate an issue – исследовать проблему

root cause – первопричина

run tests – запускать тесты

codebase – кодовая база

related services – связанные сервисы

daily update – ежедневный апдейт

stay aligned – быть синхронизированными

status update – обновление статуса

system behavior – поведение системы

high load – высокая нагрузка

document findings – документировать результаты

release preparation – подготовка релиза

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the verb (Present Continuous).

Daniel ___ (analyze) server logs at the moment.

The team ___ (work) on performance improvements this week.

Developers ___ (fix) the issue right now.

The system ___ (become) more stable.

She ___ (prepare) a status update.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

Present Continuous is used to describe

a) permanent routines

b) ongoing or temporary actions

c) completed actions

Which sentence describes a current issue?

a) The system stores user data.

b) The system is processing requests slowly.

c) The system processed requests yesterday.

Which auxiliary verb is used with «they»?

a) is

b) am

c) are

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

What task are you working on right now?

Are you currently learning or improving any technical skill?

Is your team working on any important issue at the moment?

How do you usually report ongoing tasks to your team?

What part of your current work requires the most attention?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

is analyzing

are working

are fixing

is becoming

is preparing

Exercise 2

b) ongoing or temporary actions

b) The system is processing requests slowly.

c) are

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

I am currently working on a backend feature for my project. It requires careful testing and review.

Yes, I am learning a new framework at the moment. It helps me improve my development skills.

Yes, my team is working on a performance issue. We are trying to identify the root cause.

I usually report ongoing tasks during daily meetings. I also send short status updates in writing.

Performance optimization requires the most attention right now. It affects the overall system stability.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Use Present Continuous when describing what is happening now or this week.

This tense is especially useful in stand-ups, status updates, and issue discussions.

Combine it with time markers like at the moment, currently, this week for clarity.

State vs Action Verbs in Technical Contexts

Grammar Focus

В английском языке глаголы делятся на state verbs (глаголы состояния) и action verbs (глаголы действия). Это различие особенно важно в техническом и профессиональном контексте, потому что оно влияет на выбор времени, прежде всего Present Simple и Present Continuous.

State Verbs

State verbs описывают:

состояния

восприятие

владение

мышление

чувства

Они обозначают то, что существует, а не действие в процессе. Обычно такие глаголы не используются в Continuous.

Примеры в ИТ-контексте:

The system needs an update.

Системе требуется обновление.

I understand the architecture.

Я понимаю архитектуру.

This tool belongs to our team.

Этот инструмент принадлежит нашей команде.

The application seems stable.

Приложение кажется стабильным.

Action Verbs

Action verbs описывают:

действия

процессы

изменения

Они могут использоваться во всех временах, включая Continuous.

Примеры:

The system is processing requests.

Система обрабатывает запросы.

The developer is testing a new feature.

Разработчик тестирует новую фичу.

We are updating the documentation.

Мы обновляем документацию.

Некоторые глаголы с двойным значением

Некоторые глаголы могут быть и state, и action, в зависимости от значения.

The application runs on Linux.

Приложение работает на Linux. (state)

The application is running performance tests.

Приложение запускает тесты производительности. (action)

Story

Ethan works as a DevOps engineer in a cloud-based company. He understands the system architecture very well and knows how different services depend on each other. On most days, the infrastructure runs smoothly, and the system needs only minor adjustments.

This week, however, Ethan is monitoring performance more closely. The team is deploying a new configuration, and several services are behaving differently than expected. Ethan is checking system metrics and reviewing logs to understand what is happening.

At the same time, he believes that automation improves reliability. He prefers tools that reduce manual work and increase stability. While he is analyzing current issues, the system remains available for users, which is critical for the business.

During meetings, Ethan explains how the system works and why certain components require attention. Clear language helps the team understand complex processes. By knowing when to describe states and when to describe actions, Ethan communicates more precisely and avoids confusion in technical discussions.

Useful Words and Expressions

state verb – глагол состояния

action verb – глагол действия

system architecture – архитектура системы

cloud-based – облачный

infrastructure – инфраструктура

depend on – зависеть от

run smoothly – работать стабильно

minor adjustments – незначительные изменения

monitor performance – отслеживать производительность

configuration – конфигурация

system metrics – метрики системы

remain available – оставаться доступным

automation – автоматизация

reliability – надёжность

manual work – ручная работа

technical discussion – техническое обсуждение

current issue – текущая проблема

behave differently – вести себя иначе

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the verb.

The engineer ___ (understand / is understanding) the system design.

The service ___ (run / is running) in the background right now.

This tool ___ (belong / is belonging) to the infrastructure team.

The system ___ (process / is processing) user requests at the moment.

He ___ (prefer / is preferring) automated solutions.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

State verbs usually describe

a) processes and actions

b) states, thoughts, and possession

c) temporary activities

Which sentence uses an action verb?

a) The system needs an update.

b) The engineer knows the solution.

c) The team is deploying a new version.

Which verb can be both state and action?

a) belong

b) understand

c) run

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

Which technical processes do you understand well in your work or studies?

What systems or tools do you currently rely on?

Are you working on any task that requires constant monitoring?

Do you prefer manual work or automated solutions? Why?

How does clear grammar help in technical communication?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

understand

is running

belong

is processing

prefer

Exercise 2

b) states, thoughts, and possession

c) The team is deploying a new version.

c) run

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

I understand the basic system architecture of my project. This helps me make better technical decisions.

I currently rely on several cloud-based tools for my work. They help me manage infrastructure and deployments.

Yes, I am working on a service that requires constant monitoring. It is important for system stability.

I prefer automated solutions because they reduce manual work. Automation also improves reliability.

Clear grammar helps teams communicate complex ideas more effectively. It reduces misunderstandings in technical discussions.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Use Present Simple with state verbs to describe how systems work or what you know.

Use Present Continuous with action verbs to describe ongoing technical processes.

When explaining systems, clearly separate what exists from what is happening now.

Past Simple for Completed Tasks and Reports

Grammar Focus

Past Simple используется для описания действий и событий, которые произошли и завершились в прошлом. В ИТ-контексте это время особенно важно для отчётов, ретроспектив, описания выполненных задач, инцидентов и этапов проекта.

Образование

Subject + verb (past form)

Для правильных глаголов используется окончание -ed

Неправильные глаголы имеют особую форму

Примеры:

The team completed the task.

Команда завершила задачу.

The system failed during deployment.

Система дала сбой во время деплоя.

Основные случаи использования

Завершённые задачи и этапы проекта

We released the update last Friday.

Мы выпустили обновление в прошлую пятницу.

Отчёты и статусные обновления

The engineer fixed the issue and closed the ticket.

Инженер исправил проблему и закрыл тикет.

Инциденты и события в прошлом

The application crashed after the configuration change.

Приложение упало после изменения конфигурации.

Последовательность действий

She reviewed the code, updated the documentation, and sent the report.

Она проверила код, обновила документацию и отправила отчёт.

Отрицания и вопросы

Отрицание: did not + base verb

We did not deploy the fix yesterday.

Вопросы: Did + subject + base verb

Did you finish the task on time?

Story

Last week, Oliver worked on a critical backend task for his project. The goal was to improve database performance before the next release. On Monday, he analyzed slow queries and identified several performance issues.

On Tuesday, Oliver optimized indexes and refactored parts of the data access layer. After that, he ran performance tests and compared the results with previous metrics. The changes reduced response time and improved system stability.

On Wednesday, the team deployed the update to the staging environment. Oliver monitored the system closely and confirmed that the fix worked as expected. Later that day, he updated the documentation and wrote a detailed report for the team lead.

By the end of the week, the task was fully completed. The team reviewed the results during a meeting and discussed next steps. Because the report clearly described what happened and what actions were taken, everyone understood the progress and the current state of the system.

Useful Words and Expressions

completed task – завершённая задача

project stage – этап проекта

backend task – backend-задача

database performance – производительность базы данных

slow query – медленный запрос

identify an issue – выявить проблему

optimize indexes – оптимизировать индексы

data access layer – слой доступа к данным

run performance tests – запускать тесты производительности

response time – время отклика

staging environment – среда тестирования

deploy an update – развернуть обновление

monitor the system – отслеживать систему

confirm the fix – подтвердить исправление

update documentation – обновить документацию

detailed report – подробный отчёт

current state – текущее состояние

next steps – следующие шаги

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the verb (Past Simple).

Oliver ___ (analyze) database performance issues.

The team ___ (deploy) the update to staging.

He ___ (run) performance tests after the change.

The fix ___ (reduce) response time.

She ___ (write) a report for the team lead.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

Past Simple is mainly used to describe

a) ongoing actions

b) completed actions in the past

c) future plans

Which sentence describes a completed task?

a) The team is fixing the issue.

b) The team fixes the issue every week.

c) The team fixed the issue yesterday.

Which auxiliary verb is used in questions in Past Simple?

a) do

b) did

c) does

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

What task did you complete recently?

Did you write any reports or summaries last week?

What technical problem did you solve in the past?

How did you verify that the task was completed successfully?

What did you learn from your last finished project or task?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

analyzed

deployed

ran

reduced

wrote

Exercise 2

b) completed actions in the past

c) The team fixed the issue yesterday.

b) did

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

I completed a backend optimization task recently. It improved system performance.

Yes, I wrote a short progress report last week. It summarized completed tasks and results.

I solved a database performance issue in a previous project. It required careful analysis and testing.

I verified the task by running tests and monitoring system behavior. The results matched the expected outcome.

I learned how important clear reporting is after completing a task. It helps the team understand what was done.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Use Past Simple in reports to clearly describe completed actions.

This tense is ideal for retrospectives, incident reports, and task summaries.

Keep sentences chronological to make reports easier to read.

Past Continuous for Processes and Interruptions

Grammar Focus

Past Continuous используется для описания действий и процессов, которые были в процессе в определённый момент в прошлом. В ИТ-контексте это время особенно полезно при описании длительных процессов, фоновых операций и ситуаций, которые были прерваны другим событием.

Образование

Subject + was / were + verb + -ing

Примеры:

The system was processing requests.

Система обрабатывала запросы.

The engineer was monitoring the service.

Инженер отслеживал сервис.

Основные случаи использования

Процессы в определённый момент в прошлом

At 10 a.m., the server was handling high traffic.

В 10 утра сервер обрабатывал высокую нагрузку.

Фоновые действия

The application was running in the background.

Приложение работало в фоновом режиме.

Прерывание процесса другим действием

Часто используется вместе с Past Simple.

The system was deploying the update when it crashed.

Система устанавливала обновление, когда произошёл сбой.

Параллельные действия

While the team was testing the feature, users were reporting issues.

Пока команда тестировала фичу, пользователи сообщали о проблемах.

Вопросы и отрицания

Отрицание: was / were not + verb-ing

The service was not responding at that time.

Вопросы: Was / Were + subject + verb-ing

Were you working on the issue during the incident?

Story

During last Friday’s deployment, the team was preparing a new release for production. At that time, the system was running under heavy load because many users were active. Several background services were processing requests and synchronizing data.

While the deployment was in progress, the monitoring system detected unusual behavior. The server was responding slowly, and error rates were increasing. The team lead was reviewing logs when an alert appeared on the dashboard.

At the same moment, engineers were discussing possible causes of the issue. Some team members were checking configuration files, while others were analyzing recent code changes. The system was not failing completely, but performance was clearly degrading.

When the issue became more serious, the team paused the deployment. After the load decreased, they resumed the process and completed the release successfully. Later, they prepared an incident report describing what was happening at each stage. The report clearly explained which processes were running and which events interrupted them, making the situation easy to understand for everyone involved.

Useful Words and Expressions

background process – фоновый процесс

heavy load – высокая нагрузка

deployment – деплой

production environment – продакшн-среда

monitoring system – система мониторинга

unusual behavior – необычное поведение

error rate – уровень ошибок

review logs – просматривать логи

alert – оповещение

dashboard – панель мониторинга

configuration file – конфигурационный файл

code change – изменение в коде

degrade performance – снижать производительность

pause deployment – приостановить деплой

resume the process – возобновить процесс

incident report – отчёт об инциденте

describe a process – описывать процесс

involved – вовлечённый

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the verb (Past Simple or Past Continuous).

The system ___ (process) requests when the alert ___ (appear).

Engineers ___ (check) logs while the deployment ___ (run).

The server ___ (handle) high traffic at that moment.

The team ___ (pause) the deployment when performance ___ (degrade).

Users ___ (report) issues while the system ___ (deploy) the update.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

Past Continuous is used to describe

a) completed actions

b) processes in progress in the past

c) future plans

Which sentence shows an interruption?

a) The team deployed the update.

b) The system was processing data all night.

c) The system was deploying the update when it crashed.

Which auxiliary verb is used with «they»?

a) was

b) were

c) did

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

What process were you working on during your last incident or deadline?

Were you monitoring any system while another task was in progress?

What was happening in your team when an issue appeared?

How do incident reports help teams understand interruptions?

What processes in your work usually run in the background?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

was processing, appeared

were checking, was running

was handling

paused, degraded

were reporting, was deploying

Exercise 2

b) processes in progress in the past

c) The system was deploying the update when it crashed.

b) were

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

I was working on a deployment process during my last deadline. It required careful coordination with the team.

Yes, I was monitoring system performance while other tasks were running. This helped prevent major issues.

The team was discussing possible solutions when the issue appeared. Everyone reacted quickly to the alert.

Incident reports help teams understand what was happening at each moment. They clearly show which actions were interrupted.

Monitoring and data synchronization processes usually run in the background. They support system stability.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Use Past Continuous to describe background processes in incident reports.

Combine it with Past Simple to clearly show interruptions.

This structure helps explain complex technical situations step by step.

Present Perfect for Professional Experience

Grammar Focus

Present Perfect используется для описания действий, которые начались в прошлом и имеют связь с настоящим, или для опыта, который важен для текущей ситуации. В ИТ-контексте это время часто применяется для описания профессионального опыта, достижений, выполненных проектов и навыков, которые актуальны сейчас.

Образование

Subject + have / has + past participle (3 форма глагола)

Примеры:

I have completed several cloud deployments.

Я выполнил несколько развертываний в облаке.

She has learned new programming frameworks this year.

Она изучила новые программные фреймворки в этом году.

Основные случаи использования

Опыт и достижения

We have implemented CI/CD pipelines in multiple projects.

Мы внедрили CI/CD-пайплайны в нескольких проектах.

Действия, результаты которых важны сейчас

The team has resolved the security issue.

Команда устранила проблему с безопасностью.

Изменения с течением времени

The application has become more stable over the last month.

Приложение стало более стабильным за последний месяц.

Количество выполненных действий

I have fixed five critical bugs this week.

Я исправил пять критических багов на этой неделе.

Вопросы и отрицания

Отрицание: have / has not + past participle

I have not tested this feature yet.

Вопросы: Have / Has + subject + past participle

Have you completed the task?

Story

Sophia has worked as a full-stack developer for several years. During this time, she has contributed to many projects and has gained experience in both frontend and backend development. She has implemented new features, fixed bugs, and optimized performance across multiple applications.

This year, Sophia has focused on cloud technologies. She has deployed several applications to AWS and has configured CI/CD pipelines to automate testing and deployment. The team has noticed significant improvements in efficiency since these changes were introduced.

Sophia has also learned new frameworks and tools to keep up with industry trends. She has attended workshops and online courses to enhance her skills. These experiences have helped her complete complex tasks more effectively and have increased her confidence as a developer.

Throughout her career, Sophia has collaborated with international teams. She has participated in code reviews, shared knowledge with colleagues, and contributed to technical documentation. These professional experiences have prepared her for new challenges and ongoing projects, making her a reliable and skilled member of her team.

Useful Words and Expressions

professional experience – профессиональный опыт

full-stack developer – full-stack разработчик

frontend – фронтенд

backend – бэкенд

implement a feature – внедрить функциональность

fix a bug – исправить баг

optimize performance – оптимизировать производительность

cloud technologies – облачные технологии

deploy an application – развернуть приложение

CI/CD pipeline – CI/CD-пайплайн

automate testing – автоматизировать тестирование

efficiency – эффективность

learn a new tool – изучить новый инструмент

attend a workshop – посещать воркшоп

complete a complex task – выполнить сложную задачу

confidence – уверенность

collaborate with a team – сотрудничать с командой

technical documentation – техническая документация

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct form of the verb (Present Perfect).

I ___ (complete) several backend tasks this week.

She ___ (learn) two new frameworks this month.

The team ___ (deploy) the application to the cloud.

We ___ (fix) critical bugs already.

He ___ (attend) workshops to improve his skills.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

Present Perfect is mainly used to describe

a) completed actions with a past date

b) actions with relevance to the present

c) ongoing actions in the moment

Which sentence shows professional experience?

a) I fixed a bug yesterday.

b) I have fixed several bugs this month.

c) I am fixing a bug now.

Which auxiliary verb is used with «she»?

a) do

b) has

c) is

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

Have you completed any significant tasks this week?

What new skills have you learned recently?

Have you deployed applications or services this month?

How has your work improved because of recent experience?

Have you collaborated with colleagues on any important projects?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

have completed

has learned

have deployed

have fixed

has attended

Exercise 2

b) actions with relevance to the present

b) I have fixed several bugs this month.

b) has

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Yes, I have completed a performance optimization task this week. It improved system stability.

I have learned a new framework and automated testing tools recently. This helps me work faster.

Yes, I have deployed two applications to the cloud this month. The deployments went smoothly.

My work has improved because I have learned to use new tools and follow best practices. It increases my efficiency.

Yes, I have collaborated with colleagues on code reviews and documentation. This helped us maintain high-quality standards.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Use Present Perfect to describe your professional achievements or experience without specifying exact dates.

Combine it with time expressions like this week, this month, so far, recently for clarity.

It is ideal for reports, resumes, and describing career milestones.

Present Perfect vs Past Simple in Project Updates

Grammar Focus

В обновлениях проектов важно различать Past Simple и Present Perfect.

Past Simple используется для действий, которые закончились в определённое время в прошлом. Например:

We deployed the update yesterday.

Мы развернули обновление вчера.

Present Perfect используется для действий, которые начались в прошлом и имеют связь с настоящим, или для опыта и достижений, которые актуальны сейчас. Например:

We have deployed three updates this week.

Мы развернули три обновления на этой неделе.

Когда использовать Past Simple

Используйте Past Simple, если вы упоминаете конкретную дату, день или событие, которое уже завершилось:

The team fixed the bug last Friday.

I updated the documentation yesterday.

Когда использовать Present Perfect

Используйте Present Perfect, если вы хотите показать прогресс, достижения или опыт, который актуален сейчас, без указания точного времени:

The team has fixed five bugs this week.

I have updated the documentation several times this month.

Комбинирование времён

В отчётах о проекте часто комбинируют оба времени: Past Simple используется для завершённых событий, а Present Perfect – для текущего прогресса или достижений, которые влияют на настоящее.

Story

Last Monday, the development team deployed a new feature. They tested it thoroughly and verified that everything worked as expected. Later, they fixed a minor bug in the configuration file, which improved system stability.

Since the beginning of the week, the team has completed several tasks. They have updated the documentation, reviewed code changes, and configured CI/CD pipelines. These updates have made the deployment process faster and more reliable.

During the team meeting on Wednesday, the manager asked for a progress report. The developers explained what they had done yesterday and what they have accomplished so far. They highlighted which tasks were completed last week and which actions have ongoing effects. By combining Past Simple and Present Perfect, the report clearly showed both completed events and current progress, making it easier for stakeholders to understand the project status.

Useful Words and Expressions

progress report – отчёт о прогрессе

update a feature – обновить функциональность

deploy – развернуть

minor bug – небольшой баг

system stability – стабильность системы

since the beginning of the week – с начала недели

complete tasks – выполнять задачи

review code – проверять код

CI/CD pipeline – CI/CD-пайплайн

ongoing effects – текущие последствия

thoroughly – тщательно

verified – проверил

highlight achievements – выделять достижения

project status – статус проекта

team meeting – совещание команды

stakeholders – заинтересованные стороны

progress so far – прогресс на данный момент

combine tenses – сочетать времена

Exercises

Exercise 1

Выберите правильное время: Past Simple или Present Perfect.

The team ___ (deploy / has deployed) the feature yesterday.

We ___ (update / have updated) the documentation several times this week.

The developer ___ (fix / has fixed) the bug last Friday.

Our CI/CD pipeline ___ (improve / has improved) efficiency this month.

They ___ (complete / have completed) all planned tasks yesterday.

Exercise 2

Выберите правильный вариант.

Present Perfect используется для:

a) действий с конкретным временем в прошлом

b) действий, которые имеют значение сейчас или опыта

c) действий, происходящих в момент речи

Past Simple используется для:

a) общего опыта

b) завершённых действий с указанием времени

c) действий с текущим эффектом

Какая фраза сочетает оба времени правильно?

a) We deployed the update yesterday and have completed three more tasks this week.

b) We have deployed the update yesterday and completed three more tasks this week.

c) We deploy the update yesterday and have completed three more tasks this week.

Exercise 3

Ответьте на вопросы 2—3 предложениями.

What tasks did your team complete yesterday?

What have you accomplished so far this week?

Did you fix any critical issues last month?

Have you learned any new tools or frameworks recently?

How do you usually report project progress to your team?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

deployed

have updated

fixed

has improved

completed

Exercise 2

b) действий, которые имеют значение сейчас или опыта

b) завершённых действий с указанием времени

a) We deployed the update yesterday and have completed three more tasks this week.

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Yesterday, my team completed a deployment and fixed two minor bugs. It improved system stability.

So far this week, we have updated documentation and optimized the CI/CD pipeline. This has increased efficiency.

Yes, we fixed a critical security issue last month. The system is now secure.

I have learned a new frontend framework recently. It helps me develop faster and more efficiently.

I usually report progress during daily meetings and write a summary in the project management tool.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Используйте Past Simple, когда говорите о конкретных завершённых действиях.

Используйте Present Perfect, когда говорите о достижениях или действиях, которые важны сейчас.

Комбинируя оба времени, вы делаете отчёты о проектах чёткими и понятными для коллег и заинтересованных сторон.

Future Forms for Planning and Roadmaps

Grammar Focus

В управлении проектами и планировании важно уметь выражать будущие действия и планы. В английском языке используются разные формы будущего, каждая со своей функцией.

1. Will

Используется для быстрых решений, предсказаний и обещаний.

We will release the update next Friday.

Мы выпустим обновление в следующую пятницу.

I will check the server logs if an issue appears.

Я проверю логи сервера, если возникнет проблема.

2. Be going to

Используется для заранее спланированных действий и прогнозов, основанных на текущих данных.

We are going to deploy the new feature tomorrow.

Мы собираемся развернуть новую функциональность завтра.

The system is going to experience high traffic during the launch.

Система, вероятно, столкнётся с высокой нагрузкой во время запуска.

3. Present Continuous для будущего

Используется для запланированных действий с конкретным временем.

The team is meeting at 2 p.m. to review the roadmap.

Команда встречается в 14:00, чтобы обсудить дорожную карту.

4. Future Continuous

Используется для длительных действий в будущем.

At this time tomorrow, the system will be processing backup data.

Завтра в это время система будет обрабатывать резервные данные.

5. Future Perfect

Используется для действий, которые будут завершены к определённому моменту в будущем.

By the end of the sprint, we will have completed all critical tasks.

К концу спринта мы завершили все критические задачи.

Story

Next week, the development team has a busy schedule. On Monday, they are meeting to discuss the upcoming sprint and finalize the roadmap. They are going to prioritize features that improve system performance.

By Tuesday, the team will be deploying updates to the staging environment. Monitoring tools will track all changes, and alerts will notify engineers if anything goes wrong. Meanwhile, some developers will be writing automated tests to ensure code quality.

During the week, the project manager will check progress regularly. By Friday, the team will have completed all planned tasks for the sprint. They will then prepare a report summarizing achievements and issues. This report will help stakeholders understand the current status and make decisions for the next sprint.

At the same time, the team will be learning new tools and frameworks to improve future development. Planning carefully and using clear schedules ensures that projects stay on track and goals are met efficiently.

Useful Words and Expressions

roadmap – дорожная карта проекта

sprint – спринт

prioritize features – расставлять приоритеты функций

staging environment – среда тестирования

deploy updates – развернуть обновления

monitoring tools – инструменты мониторинга

automated tests – автоматизированные тесты

code quality – качество кода

project manager – менеджер проекта

track progress – отслеживать прогресс

critical tasks – критические задачи

summarize achievements – подводить итоги

stakeholders – заинтересованные стороны

plan carefully – планировать тщательно

stay on track – оставаться в графике

meet goals – достигать целей

at the same time – одновременно

improve future development – улучшать будущую разработку

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct future form.

We ___ (will deploy / are going to deploy) the feature tomorrow.

At 10 a.m., the server ___ (will be processing / processes) backup tasks.

By the end of the sprint, we ___ (will have completed / complete) all critical tasks.

The team ___ (is meeting / meets) at 2 p.m. to review the roadmap.

The system ___ (is going to experience / will experience) high traffic during launch.

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

Which future form is used for predictions based on evidence?

a) will

b) be going to

c) future perfect

Which future form expresses actions that are scheduled?

a) present continuous

b) future continuous

c) will

Which sentence shows completion before a future moment?

a) By Friday, the team will have completed all planned tasks.

b) The team is deploying updates at the moment.

c) We are going to check logs tomorrow.

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

What are you going to work on next week?

Will you be attending any meetings tomorrow?

By the end of this sprint, what will you have accomplished?

Are you learning any new tools or frameworks in the coming weeks?

How do you plan tasks to ensure deadlines are met?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

are going to deploy

will be processing

will have completed

is meeting

is going to experience

Exercise 2

b) be going to

a) present continuous

a) By Friday, the team will have completed all planned tasks.

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Next week, I am going to implement a new feature for the backend. I will also review code from colleagues.

Yes, I will be attending a project meeting tomorrow at 11 a.m. It will cover the sprint plan.

By the end of this sprint, I will have completed all assigned tasks and written tests for new features.

Yes, I am learning a new testing framework next week. It will help automate code verification.

I plan tasks by creating a detailed roadmap and prioritizing critical actions. This helps meet deadlines efficiently.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Will – быстрые решения и предсказания.

Be going to – заранее спланированные действия и прогнозы.

Present Continuous – запланированные встречи или события с конкретным временем.

Future Continuous – действия в процессе в будущем.

Future Perfect – завершённые действия к определённому моменту.

Планирование с разными формами будущего помогает делать отчёты и дорожные карты понятными и точными.

Time Expressions in Technical English

Grammar Focus

В техническом английском важно точно указывать время действий, процессов и событий. В проектах, отчётах и документации правильное использование временных выражений делает информацию ясной и понятной для команды и заинтересованных сторон.

Основные группы временных выражений

Для завершённых действий (Past Simple)

yesterday – вчера

last week – на прошлой неделе

in 2022 – в 2022 году

two days ago – два дня назад

Пример:

We deployed the update yesterday.

Мы развернули обновление вчера.

Для действий, связанных с настоящим (Present Perfect)

this week – на этой неделе

so far – до сих пор

recently – недавно

lately – в последнее время

already / yet – уже / ещё не

Пример:

We have fixed several bugs this week.

Мы исправили несколько багов на этой неделе.

Для будущего (Future Forms)

tomorrow – завтра

next week / next month – на следующей неделе / в следующем месяце

by Friday – к пятнице

in two hours – через два часа

at this time tomorrow – завтра в это время

Пример:

By Friday, we will have completed all tasks.

К пятнице мы завершили все задачи.

Советы для ИТ-специалистов

Используйте точные временные выражения, чтобы коллеги понимали, когда происходили или произойдут действия.

Соответствие времени глагола и выражения: Past Simple с прошедшими датами, Present Perfect с «so far», Future Perfect с «by…».

В документации и отчётах временные выражения делают текст структурированным и понятным.

Story

During the last sprint, the team was very productive. Yesterday, they deployed a new feature to the staging environment and tested it thoroughly. Two days ago, the developers had updated the documentation for the previous release.

This week, the team has fixed several critical bugs and has optimized the CI/CD pipeline. So far, all automated tests have passed, and the deployment process is running smoothly. Recently, the project manager has reviewed progress reports and highlighted achievements. Lately, the team has been learning new monitoring tools to improve system reliability.

Next week, the team is going to implement new features for the client. By Wednesday, they will have completed the first phase of testing. At this time tomorrow, developers will be reviewing logs and analyzing performance metrics. These time expressions help everyone understand when each action occurs and how tasks relate to the project timeline.

Useful Words and Expressions

yesterday – вчера

last week – на прошлой неделе

two days ago – два дня назад

in 2022 – в 2022 году

this week – на этой неделе

so far – до сих пор

recently – недавно

lately – в последнее время

already – уже

yet – ещё не

tomorrow – завтра

next week / next month – на следующей неделе / в следующем месяце

by Friday – к пятнице

in two hours – через два часа

at this time tomorrow – завтра в это время

deployment – развертывание

automated tests – автоматизированные тесты

monitoring tools – инструменты мониторинга

Exercises

Exercise 1

Choose the correct time expression.

We deployed the update ___ (yesterday / this week).

The team has fixed several bugs ___ (so far / two days ago).

By Friday, we will have completed all tasks ___ (already / by Friday).

Developers updated the documentation ___ (last week / lately).

The monitoring tools will run ___ (at this time tomorrow / yesterday).

Exercise 2

Choose the correct option.

Which time expressions are used with Past Simple?

a) yesterday, two days ago, last week

b) so far, recently, this week

c) tomorrow, next week, by Friday

Which time expressions are used with Present Perfect?

a) yesterday, last month

b) so far, lately, recently

c) tomorrow, in two hours

Which time expressions are used with Future Perfect?

a) yesterday, two days ago

b) so far, recently

c) by Friday, at this time tomorrow

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

What tasks did your team complete yesterday?

What progress has your team made this week so far?

Did you fix any bugs two days ago?

What are you going to do next week?

By the end of this week, what will you have accomplished?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

yesterday

so far

by Friday

last week

at this time tomorrow

Exercise 2

a) yesterday, two days ago, last week

b) so far, lately, recently

c) by Friday, at this time tomorrow

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Yesterday, my team deployed a new feature and tested it in the staging environment.

This week so far, we have fixed three critical bugs and updated documentation.

Yes, we fixed two bugs two days ago, which improved system performance.

Next week, I am going to implement a new reporting tool and review code changes.

By the end of this week, I will have completed all planned updates and automated tests.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Используйте Past Simple с точными датами и прошедшими событиями.

Используйте Present Perfect для прогресса, достижений или опыта без конкретной даты.

Используйте Future Forms с точными выражениями времени для планирования и отчётов.

Чёткие временные маркеры делают документацию и отчёты понятными для всей команды.

Countable and Uncountable Nouns in IT

Grammar Focus

В английском языке есть два типа существительных: countable (исчисляемые) и uncountable (неисчисляемые). В ИТ-контексте важно различать их, чтобы правильно использовать артикли, числа и выражения количества.

Countable nouns (исчисляемые)

Существительные, которые можно посчитать: one bug, two servers, three tasks.

Можно использовать с a / an, many, few, several.

Примеры:

I found three bugs in the code.

Я нашёл три ошибки в коде.

We have several servers in the network.

У нас несколько серверов в сети.

Uncountable nouns (неисчисляемые)

Существительные, которые нельзя посчитать напрямую: information, advice, software, hardware, knowledge.

Используются с some, much, a lot of, little.

Примеры:

I need some information about the server.

Мне нужна информация о сервере.

The project requires a lot of software testing.

Проект требует много тестирования программного обеспечения.

Советы для ИТ-специалистов

Если слово обозначает отдельные объекты, используйте countable: bug, server, file.

Если слово обозначает общее понятие или вещество, используйте uncountable: knowledge, data, traffic.

Для uncountable nouns нельзя использовать числа напрямую: неправильно говорить two software, правильно – two pieces of software.

Для документации и отчётов это особенно важно, чтобы текст был точным и понятным.

Story

During the last sprint, the development team found several bugs in the application. Each bug required detailed investigation and careful debugging. The team also installed three new servers to handle increased traffic.

The project manager requested some information about the system performance and network load. The developers collected data and prepared a report. They used a lot of software tools to analyze logs and monitor processes. Meanwhile, the team gained new knowledge about cloud deployment and server optimization.

In addition, they provided advice to junior developers on best practices and effective coding techniques. While discussing documentation, the team realized that some files were outdated and needed updates. Despite the challenges, the team completed all tasks on time. The combination of countable and uncountable nouns in their reports and communication helped make the updates clear and professional.

Useful Words and Expressions

bug – ошибка (countable)

server – сервер (countable)

task – задача (countable)

file – файл (countable)

piece of software – программа / часть ПО (uncountable when singular software)

information – информация (uncountable)

advice – совет (uncountable)

software – программное обеспечение (uncountable)

hardware – аппаратное обеспечение (uncountable)

knowledge – знания (uncountable)

data – данные (uncountable)

traffic – трафик (uncountable)

report – отчёт (countable)

tool – инструмент (countable)

process – процесс (countable/uncountable depending on context)

debugging – отладка (uncountable)

monitoring – мониторинг (uncountable)

best practices – лучшие практики (uncountable)

Exercises

Exercise 1

Identify whether the noun is countable (C) or uncountable (U).

bug – ___

software – ___

server – ___

advice – ___

task – ___

knowledge – ___

file – ___

data – ___

Exercise 2

Complete the sentences with a/an, some, or numbers.

I found ___ bug in the system.

We need ___ information about network traffic.

The team installed two ___ new servers.

She gave me ___ advice on testing.

There are five ___ files to update.

Exercise 3

Answer the questions using 2—3 sentences.

How many bugs did you find in the last project?

What software tools have you used recently?

How much information did you collect for the report?

Did you provide any advice to junior colleagues?

How many tasks did your team complete this week?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

C

U

C

U

C

U

C

U

Exercise 2

a

some

servers

some

files

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

I found three bugs in the last project. They were all related to the backend logic.

I have used debugging and monitoring software tools recently to improve performance.

I collected a lot of information about system performance for the report.

Yes, I provided advice to junior developers on coding best practices.

This week, our team completed five tasks, including testing and documentation updates.

Mini Tips for IT Professionals

Используйте countable nouns для отдельных объектов, багов, серверов и файлов.

Используйте uncountable nouns для данных, знаний, программного обеспечения и трафика.

Для uncountable nouns используйте выражения some, much, a lot of, a piece of… для точности.

Чёткое различие помогает делать технические отчёты и коммуникацию более профессиональными.

Articles in Technical Documentation

Grammar Focus

В английском языке есть три типа артиклей: a / an, the, и нулевой артикль (no article). В технической документации правильное использование артиклей делает текст ясным, точным и профессиональным.

1. Indefinite Articles: a / an

Используются перед исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда говорим о чём-то в первый раз или о каком-то объекте без конкретики.

Примеры:

Install a server in the main room.

Установите сервер в главной комнате.

A user reported an issue with the application.

Один пользователь сообщил о проблеме с приложением.

Правила выбора:

a перед согласными: a bug, a tool

an перед гласными: an error, an update

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