Лексика и выражения английского языка
Практическое пособие для уровня B1—B2
Айви Вордс

© Айви Вордс, 2026

ISBN 978-5-0069-3356-9

Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero

Предисловие

Данное пособие предназначено для взрослых учащихся уровня B1—B2, стремящихся улучшить навыки владения английским языком. Особое внимание уделено развитию словарного запаса, пониманию устойчивых выражений, фразовых глаголов и естественных сочетаний слов.

В книге каждая глава построена по единой структуре: представлен фокус на лексику, сопровождаемый объяснением значений и примерами употребления, затем следует текстовая история, включающая изучаемые слова и выражения. После этого предлагаются упражнения для закрепления материала, а также ответы с разъяснениями. Дополнительно включены советы по запоминанию и правильному использованию слов и фраз.

Книга направлена на формирование у читателя умения использовать английский язык в повседневной и профессиональной среде, избегать типичных ошибок, связанных с буквальным переводом с родного языка, и понимать нюансы естественной речи. Материалы пособия способствуют развитию навыков письменной и устной речи, расширению словарного запаса, а также повышают уверенность при общении на английском языке.

Пособие может использоваться как для самостоятельного обучения, так и в рамках курсов, а структура глав позволяет систематически и последовательно осваивать лексику и практические навыки.

Daily Routines and Habits

Vocabulary Focus

1. Habit vs Routine

Habit – привычка, действие, которое человек регулярно повторяет.

Routine – установленный порядок действий, определённая структура дня.

Habit – это отдельное повторяющееся действие.

Routine – это система действий, организованная последовательность.

Examples:

Reading before bed is a good habit.

Читать перед сном – хорошая привычка.

Checking your email first thing in the morning can become a habit.

Проверять электронную почту с утра может стать привычкой.

My morning routine includes breakfast and planning the day.

Мой утренний распорядок включает завтрак и планирование дня.

She follows the same routine during the week.

В течение недели она придерживается одного и того же распорядка.

Важно: если речь идёт о структуре дня, используйте routine, а не habit.

2. Usually vs Normally

Оба слова переводятся как «обычно», но имеют разное значение.

Usually – то, что происходит чаще всего.

Normally – то, что считается стандартным или типичным.

I usually wake up at 7 a.m.

Я обычно просыпаюсь в 7 утра.

I normally work from home on Fridays.

Обычно (по стандарту) я работаю из дома по пятницам.

Normally, the office is quiet in the morning.

Как правило, в офисе утром тихо.

Usually отвечает на вопрос «как часто?».

Normally подчёркивает стандартную ситуацию.

3. Do vs Make

Do используется с задачами, деятельностью и процессами.

Make используется, когда создаётся результат или принимается решение.

Common collocations:

do homework

do the dishes

do exercise

do housework

do business

make a decision

make a mistake

make breakfast

make a plan

make progress

Examples:

I do exercise three times a week.

She made an important decision yesterday.

He does the housework in the evening.

We made a plan for the week.

Типичная ошибка: «make homework». Правильно – «do homework».

Story

Olga believes that a well-structured routine improves both productivity and concentration. A few years ago, she did not pay much attention to her daily habits. She usually started her day without a clear plan and often reacted to tasks as they appeared.

Eventually, she decided to change her routine. Now she normally wakes up at the same time every weekday. She makes breakfast, does some light exercise, and reviews her schedule before starting work. This routine allows her to organise her priorities more effectively.

Olga understands that a habit is different from a routine. Drinking a cup of tea in the evening is a habit. Planning the day, checking important messages, and completing tasks in a specific order form a routine. When she follows her routine, she makes fewer mistakes and does more focused work.

She usually completes her most demanding tasks in the morning. Normally, she avoids unnecessary distractions during working hours. These consistent habits help her maintain balance and use her time wisely.

Olga believes that stable routines and simple daily habits create long-term results.

Useful Words and Expressions

habit – привычка

routine – распорядок

to follow a routine – придерживаться распорядка

to wake up – просыпаться

to make breakfast – готовить завтрак

to do exercise – выполнять упражнения

to review a schedule – просматривать расписание

to organise priorities – расставлять приоритеты

to complete a task – завершать задачу

to make progress – делать прогресс

to maintain balance – поддерживать баланс

to avoid distractions – избегать отвлекающих факторов

working hours – рабочие часы

consistent habits – устойчивые привычки

long-term results – долгосрочные результаты

demanding tasks – сложные задачи

specific order – определённый порядок

to improve productivity – повышать продуктивность

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

Reading before bed is a healthy ______ (habit / routine).

My daily ______ includes checking emails and planning tasks.

I ______ (usually / normally) start work at 9 a.m.

Normally, the manager ______ (does / makes) a decision quickly.

She ______ (does / makes) exercise in the evening.

Planning the day can become a useful ______ (habit / routine).

I ______ (usually / normally) take a short break after lunch.

He ______ (made / did) a detailed plan for the project.

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) make homework

b) do homework

a) morning habit

b) morning routine

a) make housework

b) do housework

a) make a plan

b) do a plan

a) usually the office is quiet

b) normally the office is quiet

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

What daily habits help you stay organised?

Do you normally follow the same routine on weekdays and weekends?

What do you usually do before starting work or study?

Have you ever changed your routine to become more productive?

How do consistent habits influence long-term results?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

habit

routine

usually

makes

does

habit

usually

made

Exercise 2

b

b

b

a

b

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

Certain daily habits help me stay organised, such as planning my tasks and reviewing my schedule. These habits improve my time management.

I normally follow a structured routine during the week, but my weekends are more flexible. This balance allows me to rest while remaining productive.

I usually check my schedule and identify my main priorities for the day. This helps me focus on important tasks.

Yes, I once adjusted my routine to include regular breaks. As a result, my productivity improved significantly.

Consistent habits create stability and support long-term development. They allow a person to achieve goals more effectively.

Vocabulary Tip

Learn verbs together with their typical combinations.

For example: make a decision, do exercise, follow a routine.

This approach improves accuracy and helps you sound more natural in professional and everyday communication.

Time and Priorities

Vocabulary Focus

1. In Time vs On Time

On time – вовремя, точно по расписанию, без опоздания.

In time – вовремя, но в значении «успеть», до того как стало слишком поздно.

On time связано с точным временем.

In time связано с результатом (успеть до определённого момента).

Examples:

The meeting started on time.

Встреча началась вовремя (по расписанию).

She arrived on time for the presentation.

Она пришла вовремя на презентацию.

We finished the report in time.

Мы закончили отчёт вовремя (успели до дедлайна).

He submitted the documents just in time.

Он отправил документы как раз вовремя (успел).

Если речь идёт о расписании – используйте on time.

Если речь идёт о том, что удалось успеть – используйте in time.

2. Spend vs Waste

Spend – тратить время или деньги (нейтрально).

Waste – тратить впустую, неэффективно.

Examples:

I spend a lot of time planning my week.

Я трачу много времени на планирование недели.

She spends two hours a day commuting.

Она тратит два часа в день на дорогу.

Do not waste your time on unimportant tasks.

Не тратьте время на неважные задачи.

He wasted the entire morning on unnecessary emails.

Он потратил всё утро впустую на ненужные письма.

Spend – нейтральное действие.

Waste – подчёркивает неэффективность.

3. Deadline vs Due Date

Оба слова обозначают крайний срок, но используются в разных контекстах.

Deadline – финальный срок выполнения задачи, часто в работе или проекте.

Due date – дата, к которой что-то должно быть готово или оплачено.

Examples:

The deadline for the project is Friday.

Крайний срок проекта – пятница.

We are working to meet the deadline.

Мы работаем, чтобы уложиться в срок.

The payment due date is the 15th of May.

Срок оплаты – 15 мая.

The assignment has a due date next week.

У задания срок сдачи на следующей неделе.

Deadline чаще используется в профессиональной среде.

Due date часто встречается в официальных документах, обучении и финансовых вопросах.

Story

Michael used to believe that he had enough time for everything. However, he often missed important details and sometimes submitted his work at the last moment. He usually completed tasks before the deadline, but not always in time to review them carefully.

After receiving several comments from his manager, Michael decided to change his approach to time management. Now he sets clear priorities at the beginning of each week. He identifies urgent tasks and checks every due date in his calendar. This allows him to organise his workload more effectively.

Michael understands the importance of being on time for meetings. Arriving on time shows respect and professionalism. At the same time, he tries to finish his projects in time to analyse the results and make improvements.

Previously, he spent hours responding to minor requests and sometimes wasted valuable time on unimportant activities. Now he evaluates each task and decides whether it deserves his attention.

By managing his time carefully and respecting every deadline, Michael has improved both the quality of his work and his professional reputation.

Useful Words and Expressions

deadline – крайний срок

due date – срок сдачи / оплаты

to meet a deadline – уложиться в срок

to miss a deadline – пропустить срок

on time – вовремя (по расписанию)

in time – вовремя (успеть)

to spend time on – тратить время на

to waste time – тратить время впустую

time management – управление временем

to set priorities – расставлять приоритеты

urgent task – срочная задача

workload – рабочая нагрузка

to submit work – сдавать работу

professional reputation – профессиональная репутация

to improve quality – улучшать качество

to evaluate a task – оценивать задачу

valuable time – ценное время

to organise workload – организовывать нагрузку

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

The report must be submitted ______ time. (in / on)

We arrived just ______ time for the meeting. (in / on)

She ______ (spent / wasted) three hours preparing the presentation.

Do not ______ (spend / waste) your time on minor issues.

The project ______ (deadline / due date) is next Monday.

The invoice ______ (deadline / due date) is the 10th of June.

He managed to finish the task just ______ time. (in / on)

They are working hard to meet the ______ (deadline / due date).

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) miss a deadline

b) lose a deadline

a) waste time

b) lose time

a) arrive in time for a scheduled meeting

b) arrive on time for a scheduled meeting

a) meet a deadline

b) do a deadline

a) spend time on a project

b) waste time on a project (neutral meaning)

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

How do you make sure you meet important deadlines?

What activities usually waste your time?

Do you normally arrive on time for meetings and appointments?

How do you decide which tasks deserve your time?

Have you ever completed a task just in time?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

on

in

spent

waste

deadline

due date

in

deadline

Exercise 2

a

a

b

a

a

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

I usually plan my tasks in advance and monitor every deadline carefully. This helps me distribute my workload effectively.

Minor interruptions and unnecessary online activity sometimes waste my time. I try to reduce these distractions.

Yes, I normally arrive on time for professional meetings. Punctuality is essential for maintaining credibility.

I evaluate each task according to its urgency and importance. This allows me to focus on meaningful responsibilities.

Yes, I have completed tasks just in time on several occasions. However, I prefer to finish projects earlier to review them properly.

Vocabulary Tip

When learning time-related vocabulary, always connect words with typical expressions:

meet a deadline, arrive on time, finish in time, waste valuable time.

Decisions and Choices

Vocabulary Focus

1. Choose vs Decide

Choose – выбирать из нескольких вариантов.

Decide – принимать решение после размышления.

Choose используется, когда есть варианты.

Decide подчёркивает процесс принятия решения.

Examples:

She chose the most practical option.

Она выбрала самый практичный вариант.

You can choose between two alternatives.

Вы можете выбрать между двумя альтернативами.

He decided to change his career.

Он решил сменить карьеру.

We decided that this strategy was more effective.

Мы решили, что эта стратегия более эффективна.

Важно:

Choose + object (choose a plan).

Decide + to + verb (decide to start).

Decide + that + clause (decide that it is necessary).

2. Decision vs Solution

Decision – решение как выбор.

Solution – решение как способ устранения проблемы.

Decision связано с выбором.

Solution связано с проблемой.

Examples:

Making a decision requires careful analysis.

Принятие решения требует тщательного анализа.

The manager made a difficult decision.

Руководитель принял сложное решение.

We found a solution to the problem.

Мы нашли решение проблемы.

This software provides an effective solution.

Это программное обеспечение предоставляет эффективное решение.

Нельзя сказать «solution» вместо «decision», если речь идёт о выборе.

3. Opportunity vs Possibility

Оба слова переводятся как «возможность», но имеют разное значение.

Opportunity – благоприятная возможность, шанс.

Possibility – вероятность или теоретическая возможность.

Examples:

This job offer is a great opportunity.

Это предложение работы – отличная возможность.

She had the opportunity to work abroad.

У неё была возможность поработать за границей (шанс).

There is a possibility of delay.

Есть вероятность задержки.

It is a real possibility.

Это реальная возможность (вероятность).

Opportunity – позитивный шанс.

Possibility – факт вероятности.

Story

Several years ago, Anna faced an important career choice. She could choose between staying in her current position or accepting a new role in another company. Both options had advantages, and she needed time to decide.

Anna carefully analysed the situation before making a decision. The new company offered an opportunity for professional growth. However, there was also a possibility that the transition would be challenging. She understood that every decision involves a certain level of uncertainty.

After several discussions and personal reflection, Anna decided to accept the offer. She believed that growth requires courage and the ability to recognise opportunities. At the same time, she prepared herself for possible difficulties.

In the first months, she encountered unexpected problems. Instead of doubting her decision, she focused on finding practical solutions. Gradually, she adapted to the new environment and gained valuable experience.

Looking back, Anna believes that success often depends on the ability to choose wisely, make confident decisions, and transform challenges into solutions. Every opportunity carries some risk, but every possibility also brings potential development.

Useful Words and Expressions

to choose between – выбирать между

to make a decision – принимать решение

to decide to do something – решить сделать что-либо

to accept an offer – принять предложение

career choice – выбор карьеры

professional growth – профессиональный рост

to analyse a situation – анализировать ситуацию

to find a solution – находить решение

to face a challenge – столкнуться с трудностью

to gain experience – получить опыт

level of uncertainty – уровень неопределённости

personal reflection – личное размышление

to recognise an opportunity – распознать возможность

to involve risk – включать риск

unexpected problem – неожиданная проблема

to adapt to – адаптироваться к

to depend on – зависеть от

potential development – потенциальное развитие

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

She had to ______ (choose / decide) between two job offers.

He ______ (chose / decided) to continue his education.

Making a difficult ______ (decision / solution) can take time.

We are looking for a long-term ______ (decision / solution) to this issue.

This internship is a valuable ______ (opportunity / possibility).

There is a strong ______ (opportunity / possibility) that the plan will change.

They ______ (decided / chose) the most cost-effective strategy.

The team found an innovative ______ (decision / solution).

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) make a solution

b) find a solution

a) take a decision

b) make a decision

a) great possibility for career growth

b) great opportunity for career growth

a) choose to improve

b) decide to improve

a) possibility of success

b) opportunity of success

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

How do you usually make important decisions?

Have you ever had to choose between two attractive opportunities?

What helps you find effective solutions to problems?

How do you evaluate the possibility of risk before making a decision?

Do you believe that opportunities appear by chance or as a result of effort?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

choose

decided

decision

solution

opportunity

possibility

chose

solution

Exercise 2

b

b

b

b

a

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

I usually gather relevant information and analyse possible outcomes before making a decision. This approach reduces uncertainty.

Yes, I have faced situations where I had to choose between two attractive opportunities. I evaluated long-term benefits before deciding.

I focus on analysing the problem carefully and identifying practical steps. This helps me develop effective solutions.

I consider potential consequences and assess possible outcomes objectively. This allows me to make balanced decisions.

I believe that opportunities often result from consistent effort and preparation, although some elements of chance may also be involved.

Vocabulary Tip

Pay attention to typical verb—noun combinations:

make a decision, find a solution, recognise an opportunity, consider a possibility.

Feelings and Emotions

Vocabulary Focus

1. Sensitive vs Sensible

Эти слова похожи по форме, но имеют разное значение.

Sensitive – чувствительный, эмоционально восприимчивый.

Sensible – разумный, практичный, рациональный.

Examples:

She is sensitive to criticism.

Она чувствительна к критике.

He is very sensitive about his work.

Он очень чувствителен к теме своей работы.

It was a sensible decision.

Это было разумное решение.

She gave me sensible advice.

Она дала разумный совет.

Sensitive связано с эмоциями и реакцией.

Sensible связано с логикой и здравым смыслом.

2. Nervous vs Anxious

Оба слова описывают состояние беспокойства, но используются по-разному.

Nervous – взволнованный, испытывающий лёгкое напряжение перед событием.

Anxious – тревожный, испытывающий более глубокое беспокойство; также может означать «очень желающий».

Examples:

He felt nervous before the presentation.

Он чувствовал волнение перед презентацией.

I always get nervous before important meetings.

Я всегда волнуюсь перед важными встречами.

She felt anxious about the results.

Она испытывала тревогу по поводу результатов.

We are anxious to hear your opinion.

Нам не терпится услышать ваше мнение.

Nervous часто связано с конкретным событием.

Anxious может описывать более сильное или продолжительное беспокойство.

3. Upset vs Offended

Оба слова связаны с негативной эмоциональной реакцией.

Upset – расстроенный, огорчённый.

Offended – оскорблённый, задетый словами или действиями.

Examples:

She was upset about the misunderstanding.

Она расстроилась из-за недоразумения.

He felt upset after receiving critical feedback.

Он расстроился после критического отзыва.

She was offended by his comment.

Она была оскорблена его комментарием.

He did not mean to offend anyone.

Он не хотел никого обидеть.

Upset – общее состояние расстройства.

Offended – реакция на слова или поведение, которые воспринимаются как неуважительные.

Story

Elena works in a professional environment where communication plays a central role. She considers herself a sensitive person, especially when it comes to feedback. In the past, she sometimes felt upset after meetings, even when the comments were constructive.

Over time, she realised that being sensitive is not necessarily a weakness. However, she also understood the importance of being sensible. Instead of reacting emotionally, she learned to analyse the situation calmly and objectively.

Before important presentations, Elena still feels nervous. This reaction is natural and usually disappears once she begins speaking. Occasionally, she feels anxious about long-term projects, particularly when the results are uncertain. In such situations, she focuses on preparation and clear planning.

There was a time when she felt offended by a colleague’s remark. Later, she understood that the comment was not intended to cause harm. Since then, she has tried to clarify misunderstandings before drawing conclusions.

Elena believes that emotional awareness and sensible behaviour are equally important. The ability to manage feelings without ignoring them is a valuable professional skill.

Useful Words and Expressions

sensitive to criticism – чувствительный к критике

sensible decision – разумное решение

sensible advice – разумный совет

to feel nervous – испытывать волнение

to feel anxious about – испытывать тревогу по поводу

to be anxious to do something – стремиться сделать что-либо

to feel upset – чувствовать расстройство

to feel offended – чувствовать себя оскорблённым

constructive feedback – конструктивная обратная связь

professional environment – профессиональная среда

to react emotionally – реагировать эмоционально

to analyse objectively – анализировать объективно

to clarify a misunderstanding – прояснить недоразумение

to draw conclusions – делать выводы

emotional awareness – эмоциональная осознанность

to manage feelings – управлять эмоциями

long-term project – долгосрочный проект

uncertain results – неопределённые результаты

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

She is very ______ (sensitive / sensible) to criticism.

It was a ______ (sensitive / sensible) solution to the problem.

He felt ______ (nervous / anxious) before the interview.

She is ______ (nervous / anxious) about the future of the project.

He was ______ (upset / offended) by the unexpected delay.

She felt ______ (upset / offended) by the inappropriate remark.

Try to remain ______ (sensitive / sensible) in difficult situations.

I am ______ (anxious / nervous) to hear the final decision.

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) sensible reaction

b) sensitive reaction (when meaning «rational»)

a) feel nervous about a presentation

b) feel anxious about a presentation (light temporary stress)

a) be offended by a comment

b) be upset by a comment (when meaning «feel insulted»)

a) sensitive advice

b) sensible advice

a) anxious to improve

b) nervous to improve

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

In what situations do you usually feel nervous?

How do you remain sensible when you receive criticism?

Have you ever felt offended by a misunderstanding?

What helps you manage anxiety about long-term goals?

Do you consider yourself more sensitive or more sensible?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

sensitive

sensible

nervous

anxious

upset

offended

sensible

anxious

Exercise 2

a

a

a

b

a

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

I usually feel nervous before important public events or presentations. This feeling motivates me to prepare more carefully.

I try to analyse feedback objectively and focus on improvement rather than emotion. This approach helps me remain sensible.

Yes, I have experienced misunderstandings that made me feel offended. Later, I clarified the situation and resolved the issue.

Careful planning and realistic goal-setting help me manage anxiety. Clear structure reduces uncertainty.

I believe I am relatively sensitive to feedback, but I try to act sensibly in professional situations.

Vocabulary Tip

Pay attention to false friends and similar-looking words.

Sensitive and sensible look similar but express completely different ideas.

Communication and Misunderstandings

Vocabulary Focus

1. Say vs Tell vs Speak vs Talk

Эти глаголы связаны с процессом общения, но используются по-разному.

Say

Say – сказать что-либо.

Фокус на содержании сообщения.

Обычно не требует указания получателя.

Structure:

say + something

say + that + clause

Examples:

She said that the meeting was postponed.

Она сказала, что встреча перенесена.

He said nothing.

Он ничего не сказал.

Нельзя: say me.

Tell

Tell – сказать кому-то, сообщить.

Требует указания получателя.

Structure:

tell + someone + something

tell + someone + to + verb

Examples:

She told me the details.

Она рассказала мне детали.

He told us to wait.

Он сказал нам подождать.

Нельзя использовать tell без объекта: «He told that…» – ошибка.

Speak

Speak – говорить (формально), владеть языком.

Examples:

She speaks English fluently.

Она свободно говорит по-английски.

May I speak to the manager?

Могу я поговорить с менеджером?

Speak часто используется в официальном контексте.

Talk

Talk – разговаривать, общаться (неформально).

Structure:

talk to someone

talk about something

Examples:

We talked about the project.

Мы поговорили о проекте.

I need to talk to you.

Мне нужно с тобой поговорить.

Talk звучит менее формально, чем speak.

2. Hear vs Listen

Hear – слышать (непроизвольно).

Listen – слушать (с намерением, активно).

Examples:

I heard a noise outside.

Я услышал шум снаружи.

Did you hear the announcement?

Ты слышал объявление?

Please listen carefully.

Пожалуйста, слушайте внимательно.

She listened to his explanation.

Она слушала его объяснение.

Важно:

listen to someone

hear something

Hear – процесс восприятия звука.

Listen – осознанное внимание.

Story

Clear communication is essential in any professional environment. However, misunderstandings often occur not because people lack information, but because they use language inaccurately.

Last month, during a team meeting, a manager said that the deadline might change. Some employees later told their colleagues that the project had already been postponed. As a result, confusion spread throughout the department.

The manager was surprised and explained that he had only said there was a possibility of adjustment. He had not told anyone to stop working. The misunderstanding developed because people did not listen carefully to the exact wording.

In addition, some team members preferred to talk informally rather than speak directly to the manager for clarification. Instead of asking precise questions, they relied on assumptions.

Later, the team analysed the situation. They realised that effective communication requires both accuracy and attention. It is important not only to speak clearly, but also to listen actively. Hearing information is not the same as understanding it.

Since then, the team has made an effort to confirm details in writing and avoid unnecessary confusion.

Useful Words and Expressions

to say something clearly – ясно сказать что-либо

to tell someone the truth – сказать кому-то правду

to speak fluently – говорить свободно

to talk about a problem – обсуждать проблему

to listen carefully – внимательно слушать

to hear a noise – услышать шум

misunderstanding – недоразумение

to clarify details – уточнить детали

accurate information – точная информация

to confirm in writing – подтвердить письменно

to rely on assumptions – полагаться на предположения

professional environment – профессиональная среда

team meeting – командная встреча

to explain a situation – объяснить ситуацию

to avoid confusion – избегать путаницы

exact wording – точная формулировка

to spread information – распространять информацию

active listening – активное слушание

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

She ______ (said / told) that the meeting was cancelled.

He ______ (said / told) me the results.

May I ______ (speak / talk) to you for a moment?

We ______ (spoke / talked) about the new strategy.

Did you ______ (hear / listen) the announcement?

Please ______ (hear / listen) carefully to the instructions.

She ______ (speaks / talks) three languages.

He ______ (told / said) us to wait outside.

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) say me the answer

b) tell me the answer

a) listen the manager

b) listen to the manager

a) speak about the issue (informal discussion)

b) talk about the issue

a) hear carefully

b) listen carefully

a) tell that the report is ready

b) say that the report is ready

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

How do you make sure that people understand what you say?

Do you prefer to talk informally or speak formally in professional situations?

How do you react when someone does not listen carefully?

Have you ever experienced a misunderstanding at work or in study?

What is the difference between hearing information and listening actively?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

said

told

speak

talked

hear

listen

speaks

told

Exercise 2

b

b

b

b

b

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

I try to express my ideas clearly and provide specific examples. I also confirm that the listener has understood the main points.

In professional situations, I usually prefer to speak more formally. However, informal conversation is appropriate in certain contexts.

If someone does not listen carefully, I repeat the information and clarify the key details. Clear communication prevents further misunderstandings.

Yes, I have experienced misunderstandings caused by unclear wording. After clarification, the situation was resolved.

Hearing is a passive process of perceiving sound, while listening involves active attention and interpretation. Active listening improves understanding.

Vocabulary Tip

Pay attention to sentence structure:

say something

tell someone something

listen to someone

speak to someone

talk about something

Memorising structures, not just individual words, improves accuracy and fluency.

Friends and Social Circles

Vocabulary Focus

1. Friend vs Acquaintance

Friend – друг, человек, с которым у вас близкие и доверительные отношения.

Acquaintance – знакомый, человек, которого вы знаете, но не близко.

Friend implies emotional connection and regular communication.

Acquaintance refers to someone you know, but not well.

Examples:

She is a close friend of mine.

Она моя близкая подруга.

We have been friends for many years.

Мы дружим много лет.

He is an acquaintance from work.

Он мой знакомый с работы.

I met her through a mutual acquaintance.

Я познакомился с ней через общего знакомого.

Важно не использовать friend, если речь идёт просто о знакомом человеке.

2. Close vs Near

Оба слова переводятся как «близкий», но используются в разных контекстах.

Close – близкий эмоционально или по расстоянию (чаще о людях и отношениях).

Near – рядом, недалеко (о физическом расстоянии).

Examples:

We are very close friends.

Мы очень близкие друзья.

She feels close to her family.

Она чувствует близость к своей семье.

I live near the city centre.

Я живу рядом с центром города.

The office is near the station.

Офис находится рядом со станцией.

Close часто описывает отношения.

Near описывает физическое расположение.

3. Support vs Help

Help – помогать в конкретной ситуации или задаче.

Support – поддерживать (эмоционально или систематически).

Help is often practical and short-term.

Support can be emotional, financial, or long-term.

Examples:

She helped me prepare for the interview.

Она помогла мне подготовиться к собеседованию.

Can you help me with this task?

Ты можешь помочь мне с этой задачей?

My family supports my decisions.

Моя семья поддерживает мои решения.

He received strong support from his colleagues.

Он получил серьёзную поддержку от коллег.

Help – конкретное действие.

Support – более широкая и длительная поддержка.

Story

Social connections play an important role in personal and professional life. However, not every person we know can be described as a friend. Some people remain acquaintances, while others become close friends over time.

Irina values quality over quantity in her social circle. She has a few close friends whom she trusts completely. They support her decisions and provide honest feedback. At the same time, she maintains positive relationships with many acquaintances from work and university.

Irina understands the difference between help and support. When she moved to a new apartment, her friends helped her organise the process. However, during more challenging periods, they offered emotional support and regular communication.

She also believes that physical distance does not always affect emotional closeness. Although one of her closest friends lives in another city, they remain close and speak regularly. Meanwhile, some acquaintances live near her office, but their relationship remains professional.

Irina considers strong social connections an essential part of a balanced life. True friendship is based not only on proximity, but also on trust, consistency, and mutual support.

Useful Words and Expressions

close friend – близкий друг

mutual acquaintance – общий знакомый

social circle – круг общения

to maintain a relationship – поддерживать отношения

to trust someone – доверять кому-либо

emotional support – эмоциональная поддержка

to offer help – предлагать помощь

to provide support – оказывать поддержку

to stay in touch – поддерживать связь

physical distance – физическое расстояние

professional relationship – профессиональные отношения

to value quality over quantity – ценить качество больше количества

to organise a process – организовать процесс

balanced life – сбалансированная жизнь

regular communication – регулярное общение

to rely on someone – полагаться на кого-либо

mutual trust – взаимное доверие

long-term friendship – долгосрочная дружба

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

He is not a close friend, just an ______ (friend / acquaintance).

We have been ______ (close / near) friends for many years.

The office is ______ (close / near) the main square.

She ______ (helped / supported) me with the report.

My colleagues ______ (help / support) my professional development.

We met through a mutual ______ (friend / acquaintance).

She lives ______ (close / near) the university.

He offered emotional ______ (help / support).

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) near friend

b) close friend

a) help someone emotionally (long-term encouragement)

b) support someone emotionally

a) acquaintance from work

b) friend from work (when not close)

a) live close the station

b) live near the station

a) provide support

b) make support

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

How do you define a close friend?

What is the difference between help and support in your experience?

Do you prefer a large social circle or a small group of close friends?

How do you stay in touch with friends who live far away?

How important is mutual support in long-term relationships?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

acquaintance

close

near

helped

support

acquaintance

near

support

Exercise 2

b

b

a

b

a

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

A close friend is someone I trust and communicate with regularly. Such a person understands my values and provides honest feedback.

Help is usually connected with a specific task, while support is more emotional and long-term. Both are important in strong relationships.

I prefer a small group of close friends. This allows for deeper and more meaningful connections.

I stay in touch through regular communication and scheduled conversations. Consistency helps maintain closeness despite physical distance.

Mutual support is essential in long-term relationships. It creates stability, trust, and emotional security.

Vocabulary Tip

Distinguish between emotional and physical meaning.

Close friend refers to emotional closeness, while near describes physical distance.

Problems and Challenges

Vocabulary Focus

1. Problem vs Issue

Problem – ситуация, требующая решения; обычно более серьёзная.

Issue – вопрос, тема для обсуждения или незначительная трудность; может быть менее критичной.

Examples:

The company faced a serious problem with its software.

Компания столкнулась с серьёзной проблемой в программном обеспечении.

We need to discuss some issues related to the project.

Нам нужно обсудить несколько вопросов, связанных с проектом.

Solving this problem will take time.

Решение этой проблемы займёт время.

There are several issues to address before the meeting.

Есть несколько вопросов, которые нужно обсудить перед встречей.

Problem – чаще о конкретной трудности.

Issue – может быть вопросом для обсуждения или менее критичной ситуацией.

2. Difficult vs Complicated

Difficult – трудный для выполнения или понимания.

Complicated – сложный, многоэтапный или запутанный.

Examples:

Learning a new language is difficult.

Учить новый язык трудно.

The instructions were complicated and hard to follow.

Инструкции были сложными и трудными для понимания.

He solved a difficult task quickly.

Он быстро решил трудное задание.

The process of applying for a visa is complicated.

Процесс получения визы сложен.

Difficult – про уровень сложности или усилий.

Complicated – про количество шагов, деталей и запутанность.

3. Avoid vs Prevent

Avoid – избегать чего-либо; действовать заранее, чтобы не столкнуться с проблемой.

Prevent – предотвращать; предпринимать меры, чтобы что-то не произошло.

Examples:

She avoided mistakes by double-checking her work.

Она избегала ошибок, проверяя работу дважды.

You should avoid conflicts at work.

Тебе следует избегать конфликтов на работе.

Vaccinations prevent serious diseases.

Вакцинация предотвращает серьёзные болезни.

Good planning can prevent misunderstandings.

Хорошее планирование может предотвратить недоразумения.

Avoid – личное действие или выбор.

Prevent – мера или система, снижающая вероятность проблемы.

Story

Alex is a project manager who often faces problems and challenges at work. One day, he encountered a serious problem: the software update caused unexpected errors. It was a difficult situation because the deadline was approaching, and the client was expecting results.

He first analysed the issue carefully. Although some aspects were complicated, he identified the main problem and prioritised tasks. By doing this, he avoided unnecessary stress for the team and prevented further delays.

Alex understands that not every difficulty is a real problem. Some issues, such as minor inconsistencies in reports, can be addressed later without affecting the overall project. However, complicated technical issues require structured planning and careful execution.

He also believes in proactive measures. Regular checks, clear communication, and risk analysis prevent problems from escalating. While challenges are inevitable, proper preparation allows him and his team to handle them effectively and calmly.

Reflecting on the experience, Alex concludes that differentiating between a problem and an issue, understanding the difference between difficult and complicated tasks, and taking steps to avoid or prevent errors are essential skills in professional life.

Useful Words and Expressions

problem-solving – решение проблем

technical issue – технический вопрос

difficult task – трудное задание

complicated process – сложный процесс

to prioritise tasks – расставлять приоритеты задач

to avoid stress – избегать стресса

to prevent delays – предотвращать задержки

unexpected error – неожиданная ошибка

risk analysis – анализ рисков

proactive measures – профилактические меры

structured planning – структурированное планирование

minor inconsistency – небольшое несоответствие

overall project – общий проект

to escalate a problem – усугубить проблему

regular checks – регулярные проверки

clear communication – ясное общение

professional life – профессиональная жизнь

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

The team faced a serious ______ (problem / issue) with the new software.

Some minor ______ (problems / issues) can be discussed later.

This task is very ______ (difficult / complicated).

The instructions are ______ (difficult / complicated) to understand.

She avoided mistakes by double-checking her report.

Vaccinations ______ (avoid / prevent) serious illnesses.

Good planning can help ______ (avoid / prevent) misunderstandings.

Some ______ (problems / issues) are not urgent but need attention.

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) a complicated decision

b) a difficult decision (when about effort)

a) avoid the consequences (personal choice)

b) prevent the consequences (through measures)

a) a difficult route (hard to walk)

b) a complicated route (many turns and intersections)

a) prevent conflicts by planning

b) avoid conflicts by planning

a) minor problem

b) minor issue (not urgent)

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

How do you differentiate between a problem and an issue?

Describe a difficult or complicated task you have completed recently.

What steps do you take to avoid mistakes at work or in study?

Can you give an example of how planning prevents problems?

How do you stay calm when facing unexpected challenges?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

problem

issues

difficult

complicated

avoided

prevent

prevent

issues

Exercise 2

a

a

a / b (depending on context; difficult = effort, complicated = structure)

b

b

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

A problem is usually serious and needs immediate resolution, while an issue may be minor or less urgent.

I completed a complicated project report that required collecting data from multiple sources and analysing them. It was difficult because of time constraints.

I double-check my work, follow instructions carefully, and ask for clarification when needed.

Planning a presentation in advance prevents last-minute errors and ensures smooth delivery.

I stay calm by breaking tasks into smaller steps and focusing on solutions rather than stress.

Vocabulary Tip

Pay attention to nuance:

Problem = serious difficulty

Issue = minor or discussable point

Difficult = effort required

Complicated = complex structure

Avoid = personal action

Prevent = preventive measure

Understanding these subtle differences improves precision in professional and everyday communication.

Success and Failure

Vocabulary Focus

1. Fail vs Lose

Fail – не справиться с задачей, потерпеть неудачу.

Lose – потерять что-либо (материальное, статус, соревнование) или проиграть.

Examples:

She failed the exam because she did not study enough.

Она провалила экзамен, потому что недостаточно учила.

He fears failing in his new role.

Он боится потерпеть неудачу на новой должности.

Our team lost the match yesterday.

Наша команда проиграла матч вчера.

I lost my wallet on the train.

Я потерял кошелёк в поезде.

Fail = неспособность достичь цели.

Lose = утрата чего-либо или проигрыш.

2. Mistake vs Fault

Mistake – ошибка, неправильное действие или решение.

Fault – вина, ответственность за ошибку.

Examples:

I made a mistake in the report.

Я сделал ошибку в отчёте.

Everyone makes mistakes from time to time.

Каждый время от времени делает ошибки.

It was not my fault that the meeting was delayed.

Это не была моя вина, что встреча задержалась.

She admitted her fault and apologised.

Она признала свою вину и извинилась.

Mistake = действие, которое неверно.

Fault = ответственность за неправильное действие.

3. Experience vs Experiment

Experience – опыт, знания или навыки, полученные через практику.

Experiment – эксперимент, проба или исследование, часто научное.

Examples:

I gained valuable experience during my internship.

Я получил ценный опыт во время стажировки.

Traveling abroad is a good way to gain experience.

Путешествия за границей – хороший способ получить опыт.

The scientists conducted an experiment in the lab.

Учёные провели эксперимент в лаборатории.

We tried a new approach as an experiment.

Мы попробовали новый подход в качестве эксперимента.

Experience = результат практики.

Experiment = проверка идеи или гипотезы.

Story

Daniel is an entrepreneur who understands that success and failure are part of professional growth. Early in his career, he failed to secure a major client. Although he felt disappointed, he realised that failure is not the same as losing everything. Failure is a step in learning, while losing something is often temporary.

One of his mistakes was underestimating the project timeline. He took responsibility for his fault and analysed what went wrong. By doing so, he avoided repeating the same errors in future projects.

Over time, Daniel gained experience in managing teams, budgets, and client expectations. He also experimented with new marketing strategies. Some experiments were successful, while others failed, but each provided valuable lessons.

He learned that mistakes are inevitable, but acknowledging faults, gaining experience, and experimenting wisely lead to long-term success. Failure is not the opposite of success; it is part of the process. By viewing challenges as opportunities to learn, Daniel developed resilience and confidence.

Useful Words and Expressions

to fail a task – провалить задание

to lose a game – проиграть игру

to make a mistake – совершить ошибку

to admit a fault – признать вину

to gain experience – получать опыт

to conduct an experiment – проводить эксперимент

professional growth – профессиональный рост

project timeline – сроки проекта

to analyse what went wrong – анализировать ошибки

to repeat mistakes – повторять ошибки

to take responsibility – брать на себя ответственность

valuable lessons – ценные уроки

to develop resilience – развивать устойчивость

client expectations – ожидания клиента

to experiment with ideas – пробовать идеи

long-term success – долгосрочный успех

opportunities to learn – возможности для обучения

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

She ______ (failed / lost) the exam because she did not prepare.

I ______ (failed / lost) my keys yesterday.

He made a ______ (mistake / fault) in the report.

It was not my ______ (mistake / fault) that the computer crashed.

I gained valuable ______ (experience / experiment) during my internship.

The scientists conducted an ______ (experience / experiment) in the lab.

Our team ______ (lost / failed) the match last week.

Taking responsibility for your ______ (mistakes / faults) is important.

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) failed the opportunity

b) lost the opportunity

a) made a fault

b) made a mistake

a) gain an experience

b) gain experience

a) experiment in the project

b) conduct an experiment

a) losing confidence

b) failing confidence (when meaning «losing belief in yourself»)

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

Can you describe a situation where you failed at something and what you learned?

How do you differentiate between a mistake and a fault?

Have you ever conducted an experiment in study or work? What was the outcome?

How does experience help you avoid repeating mistakes?

Do you believe failure is necessary for success? Why or why not?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

failed

lost

mistake

fault

experience

experiment

lost

mistakes

Exercise 2

b

b

b

b

a

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

I failed to meet a deadline at work once, but I learned to prioritise tasks and plan better.

A mistake is an action that is incorrect, while a fault is taking responsibility for a wrong action.

Yes, I conducted a small experiment to test a new study method. It helped me find a more effective approach.

Experience helps me recognise patterns, anticipate problems, and act wisely to prevent errors.

Yes, failure teaches lessons that success cannot. It builds resilience and provides opportunities to improve.

Vocabulary Tip

Remember subtle distinctions:

Fail = not succeed

Lose = misplace or be defeated

Mistake = error made

Fault = responsibility for error

Experience = gained knowledge

Experiment = trial or test

Jobs and Careers

Vocabulary Focus

1. Job vs Work vs Career

Job – конкретная работа или должность, которую человек выполняет.

Work – деятельность или процесс выполнения задач, может быть любым видом работы.

Career – профессиональная деятельность в течение жизни; путь развития и опыта.

Examples:

She has a part-time job at a bookstore.

У неё есть подработка в книжном магазине.

I have a lot of work to finish today.

У меня сегодня много работы.

He is building a career in medicine.

Он строит карьеру в медицине.

Job = конкретная позиция.

Work = процесс выполнения задач.

Career = долгосрочное развитие в профессии.

2. Earn vs Gain

Earn – получать вознаграждение, деньги, чаще за труд или работу.

Gain – приобретать опыт, навыки или достижения, не обязательно деньги.

Examples:

She earns a good salary at her job.

Она хорошо зарабатывает на своей работе.

I earned respect from my colleagues.

Я заслужил уважение коллег.

He gained valuable experience during the internship.

Он получил ценный опыт во время стажировки.

You can gain knowledge by reading regularly.

Можно получить знания, читая регулярно.

Earn = материальная или социальная награда.

Gain = приобретение навыков, опыта или ценностей.

3. Employer vs Employee

Employer – работодатель, компания или человек, нанимающий сотрудников.

Employee – работник, человек, который выполняет работу и получает за это оплату.

Examples:

The employer offered additional training to all employees.

Работодатель предложил дополнительное обучение всем сотрудникам.

Employees are expected to follow company rules.

От сотрудников ожидается соблюдение правил компании.

The employer is responsible for providing a safe working environment.

Работодатель отвечает за безопасные условия труда.

Employees should communicate any issues to their employer.

Сотрудники должны сообщать о проблемах работодателю.

Employer = сторона, дающая работу.

Employee = сторона, выполняющая работу.

Story

Maria recently graduated and started her career in marketing. She found a part-time job to gain practical experience while continuing her studies. The job allowed her to earn money and develop professional skills simultaneously.

Her employer emphasised the importance of teamwork and communication. Maria, as an employee, made every effort to meet deadlines and contribute to the projects. She gained confidence and knowledge, which became the foundation of her career.

Over time, she realised that a job is only one aspect of professional life. True career development requires learning, networking, and taking on challenging tasks. By observing her employer and experienced colleagues, Maria learned to approach tasks systematically and gain practical insights.

She also noticed the difference between earning money and gaining experience. While her salary was important, the professional knowledge and skills she acquired were invaluable. Maria understood that career growth is a long-term process that requires patience, dedication, and continuous learning.

Useful Words and Expressions

part-time job – работа неполный день

full-time job – работа полный день

career development – развитие карьеры

professional skills – профессиональные навыки

to earn a salary – получать зарплату

to gain experience – получать опыт

employee benefits – льготы для сотрудников

teamwork – командная работа

to meet deadlines – выполнять задачи в срок

to contribute to a project – вносить вклад в проект

employer responsibilities – обязанности работодателя

safe working environment – безопасные условия труда

career path – карьерный путь

to acquire knowledge – приобретать знания

job satisfaction – удовлетворение работой

long-term process – долгосрочный процесс

continuous learning – непрерывное обучение

Exercises

Exercise 1. Choose the correct word.

She has a part-time ______ (job / career / work) at the library.

I have a lot of ______ (job / work / career) to do today.

He is building a ______ (job / work / career) in finance.

She ______ (earned / gained) a promotion after months of effort.

During the internship, I ______ (earned / gained) valuable skills.

The ______ (employer / employee) provides training for new staff.

Each ______ (employer / employee) must follow the company rules.

Maria’s job allowed her to ______ (earn / gain) money and experience.

Exercise 2. Choose the more natural option.

a) earn experience

b) gain experience

a) job in medicine (position)

b) career in medicine (long-term development)

a) employees should report to the employer

b) employers should report to the employee

a) earn a salary

b) gain a salary

a) full-time career

b) full-time job

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

What is the difference between a job and a career?

How do you earn money and gain experience at the same time?

What qualities are important for employees in any workplace?

How can an employer support employees’ career development?

Have you ever gained important skills through a job or internship?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

job

work

career

earned

gained

employer

employee

earn / gain

Exercise 2

b

b

a

a

b

Exercise 3 – Sample Answers

A job is a specific position or role, while a career is long-term professional development.

By working part-time while studying or volunteering, I can earn money and gain practical experience.

Important qualities include responsibility, communication skills, teamwork, and the ability to meet deadlines.

An employer can offer training, mentoring, clear guidance, and opportunities for challenging projects.

Yes, during my internship I gained skills in project management and professional communication that will help in my career.

Vocabulary Tip

Distinguish between tangible and intangible outcomes:

Earn = receive money or reward

Gain = acquire skills, knowledge, or experience

Remember: a job is short-term, career is long-term, work is the process. Writing short sentences using these words helps reinforce their correct usage.

Responsibilities and Duties

Vocabulary Focus

1. Responsible for vs In charge of

Responsible for – отвечать за выполнение задачи, обязанность, за которую человек несёт ответственность.

In charge of – быть главным, руководить чем-либо; управлять процессом или людьми.

Examples:

She is responsible for preparing the monthly reports.

Она отвечает за подготовку ежемесячных отчётов.

I am in charge of the marketing department.

Я руковожу отделом маркетинга.

He is responsible for submitting the project on time.

Он отвечает за своевременную сдачу проекта.

Who is in charge of the new project?

Кто отвечает за новый проект?

Responsible for = личная обязанность.

In charge of = формальная роль руководства или управления.

2. Duty vs Responsibility

Duty – обязанность, формальная или моральная, то, что человек должен делать.

Responsibility – ответственность за выполнение задачи и её последствия; более широкий термин.

Examples:

It is my duty to inform the team about changes.

Мой долг – информировать команду об изменениях.

Teachers have a duty to protect their students.

У учителей есть обязанность защищать своих учеников.

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