15    MBA
 


Ford, General Motors, Bayer, Volkswagen, Toyota, Sony, 7-Eleven, Boeing, McDonalds, Samsung, Huawei             15   MBA:   ,  , -, -,  ,  ,  .             ,       ,   .        ,       ,        .





 

15    MBA





 



15


    MBA



  



Ford, General Motors, Toyota, Boeing, McDonalds, Samsung, Huawei             15   MBA:   ,  , -, -,  ,  ,  .             ,       ,   .        ,       ,        .









1.    

2.   

3. :   

4.  

5.   :   SCM

6.   

7.  

8. 

9. 

10.  

11. -   

12. R&D:   

13.     

14.  

15.  



  













 : -    15,      .               . 15  ,   ,     ,      15        MBA ,           .

  15    n,   ,      15     n-    -,       .



  ?

   -         ,        .     ,   ,  ,    .   case    :         -      ,      ,     ,       .     , -   ,     ,    .    ,      .          ,    ,  ,        ,      ,     ,        .        -    .  ,      ,         ,   ,     ,      .

     .      :     Coca-Cola  Pepsi,  Toyota     ,         ..         :    ,     ;     ,     .          ,      ,         ( ).     MBA-.



  MBA-?

    ,   .

MBA            .     .

MBA     . ,               ,    ,   .       -    ,     .

      ,        .           20 ,    ,  - ,      ,      ,     .     ,       MBA-   -        ,     ,    .   ,           .

     MBA-          -    Michelin.  ,  ,   ,  -,  ,         ,  ,    ,         .         . ,   ,     .

 ,         ,      ,       .  ,    ;  -   , -       , ,    ;       .       ,        ,    .

MBA  ,  ,  ,             ,       .  ,      ,     :            .          ,     ,     .          .



  

15   15   MBA.    ,    ,    :

 15            MBA,         ;

 68   , -         ,    ,    ,     ( );

 911  ,    -        MBA;  

 1215  R&D, ,        ,     ,       .

     :        .           ,         ,         .   :       .     .        ,   ,      .



  

    .     , , ;          .   Toyota,   Ford,   ?              ?        ,  -    ?        -  ,        .

      ,         ,   .       ,      ,        . ,  1970-     ( )   ,   ,    ,  : General Motors, Ford  Boeing   ; Siemens, BASF  Volkswagen  ; Toyota, Sony  Mitsubishi  .   ,        .       ,       (Huawei, BYD, Alibaba, CATL). ,     ,  ,     .       .



      

        .           ,     .     ,             ,   ,            ,     .

       -- (2020)            ,      MBA. ,            .

    .      , ,    .

         - ,         ,                 .  , ,             , ,  ,     .      ,         ,       .

            15-   -  -.          -,     ,            ?    .        .

      ,         .     ,          Standard Oil, Ford, General Motors, Bayer, Toyota, Coca-Cola, McDonalds, Samsung, Huawei  .          XIX   XXI ,        .         ,      ,       .     .

,    ,   .



 ,  2026 .




1.    


1  1851    -      Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations,     .           92   ,        - .    100 .       ,     ,          .








    , 1851 .

    ,         .       :  ,        .    ,             .           (   ),  (   )    (    ),              .

    3040     .   1900-         (  ),       ,    . ,   XIX      BASF, Bayer  Hoechst    90%       ,       1856    .        General Electric   Siemens  AEG;           . ,    ,    ,    .

  ?  ,      ,     ,    ,   -    (   - ),   ?

.   ,     ( )     ,      (         ) ,              .  ,       ,       .

,    ,           XVIII .          ,       .      .          ,        .



  

      1770- ,         :  ,           ,    .     ,         , , ,    .

         (    ),    ,          .  ,       ,                  [1 - Smith, A. An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. 1776.],   ,           .              ,       (economy of scale).

,    ,    XIX     ,  ,  .                  -.        ,      ,     . ,      XIX       ( ),   ,  -       .       ,            ().

      ,     ,   ,          .       ,      ()   , ()     ()      .     XIX         , , , ,  ,       .

                ,     Scale and Scope[2 - Chandler, A. D. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Harvard University Press, 1990.]  ,        (personal capitalism),       XIX       (competitive managerial capitalism),        (cooperative managerial capitalism).   (managerial, )     ,          ,  ,      (),        .           :        ,      .



      

   1870  1914      .      ,       .       -  ,            .

     ?

     :    .         .  1840        -    ,  1890         .  ,         -,         . ,       ,       .

 (  1870-   )     .     -                  .         ,         XVIII ,        .

         .

     ,  ,            :      .

Standard Oil    .    .       1870 ,    1880  Standard Oil   90%   .       ?    ,    .   ,      ,             .   ,  ,  ,  ,  .      ,           ,         .   ,    ,   1911                ,    34   .      ExxonMobil, Chevron  Amoco  ,        .

Carnegie Steel    .  ,  ,        ,        .          ,          ,   () .      ,  ,      .                   .        .   ,          :     ,   ,   .  1901        ,          U.S. Steel     ,     .   ,     1     5%   ,        20  .   , 1       40   .

American Tobacco     .     1880-         ( )       ,  200      4      .     ,       ,  :       ,        .    :          .       ,             .  1890          American Tobacco. ,  1911  ,   Standard Oil         .

Singer      .    Singer        ,     .   1880-   Singer      , ,   -.        (   -     ,   ),    :   ,     ,    .  ,  Singer                ,      .

Swift & Company     .      1870-   ,   :    (  )     -.        (),     ,        .           -    .                ,          .

      ?

   ,              .         (three-pronged investment). ,      (   ),         ,   ,   .  ,         ,   ,         ,   .             .



:   

       1871 ,        .                      XIX .      , ,          .

  ? ,   ,  ,         .

  ,     ,    .          .

   .    BASF (  1865 ), Bayer (1863)  Hoechst (1863)  1880-       -          -,        .  Bayer     1900    140 -  ,          .    :     XIX      ,    ( Bayer   1897 ), ,   ,      .    Bayer        XX : Bell Labs  , IBM Research,       Toshiba  Hitachi.   ,  ,    R&D-  ,            .

    .     Deutsche Bank (  1870 ), Dresdner Bank (1872)  Commerzbank (1870)         ,      .             ,     ,     ,      .      :                - ,          ,     ,    ,    .

    .    ,   1890      ,    ,            .  ,  ,     (  )       ,     -. , -  ,  ,             ,   ,         ()   ,       ,      .         -  :       ,    ,           ,       .

        :   ,  ,    ,     .     ,                      .               .

         . ,   1890-    Siemens  AEG  ,           , -  .



     

  1903       ,       .     50  ,          .     , ,   .   1903    2 000        500 ,    4     .    ,       .

           .   Model T,    1908 ,      :     ,          .     .

      .  1913      -       ,      .     ,        ,     ,        ,        .          12     ,    8 .          .

     ,   1925  Model T    260 ,      15%    1908 .          .      10 000   1909       1923 .  Ford       19211923   55%,            .

  1914      ,  .          5 ,      .          ,      .       ,         :       , ,    ,    .    -  ,       .     ,          .      ,      ,          .

         -   .








   -, 1924 .

      :             ,     ,    ,    ,     , ,   Model T   .   -  93     400 ,      100 000 .     ,       ,   .

      ,  ,   -    һ      .  1923       ,     .         ,         ,      .  ,       ,   .   :        ,     ,          (   ,     ),         .            .     .

            General Motors.



    

    General Motors  1918 ,   ,            ,     .  1920              (   Du Pont),     General Motors (GM).   1923     GM               .

    ,         ,          .

     ,       .   ,  :      (  )            . Chevrolet      ( ,    Model T); Pontiac   ; Oldsmobile     ; Buick      ;  Cadillac          .      ,   ,   .           ,  ,    ,     .            ,         (economyofscale),      (economyofscope).  , GM                    ,       .           (a car for every purse and purpose).  1927     GM   Ford  ,   1931   GM  .

            .           ,     .          ,   35      .      ,            ,           .

           .    ,   -    ,   M-form.      :      ,                  (ROIC).     Chevrolet, Pontiac, Buick         :      ,  ,   .      ,     .

          Strategy and Structure[3 - Chandler, A. Strategy and Structure. 1962.]    : DuPont, General Motors, Jersey Standard  Sears.              XX .  ,   ,    ,      ,      ,   ,   ,        .

 ,   Ford   - ,  GM          .   Ford   economy of scale (    ),  GM    economy of scale,    economy of scope,    (, ,  ,  ,  )      .          .

 ,   ,                  XX .     ,       ,       ( ,     ),  ,      ,   .



   

   ,  ,   ,                .

 ,           ,       .        ,   .       :    Ford  General Motors,   Microsoft, Google, Amazon, Tesla, Boeing  .      Huawei, Alibaba, BYD, CATL  ..      Volkswagen, BMW, Mercedes-Benz.        ,   ,  .        ,       ,    ,         .

    . ,   Apple  2023    383     ,    ,  ,   . Walmart    611       . Saudi Aramco, Amazon, Exxon, Toyota              .         .             ,      .

        ?

1.           .    ,        .       ,      ,             (learning curve).     , , ,         (minimum efficient scale, MES),     .  1920- , ,       ,   U.S. Steel,  1     ;       2030% . ,           .            .  ,     ,     .

2.      .    ,     GM.         ,           .  ,   , ,     (, )  -,      ,  ,            .   BASF,    ,       ,   ,      ,   ,  ,  .          .

3.     .        ,     .        ,   .  ,     ,        ,         ,     .    Apple  Microsoft  2020-    23% ,               810%.           -      ,      .     ,         .

4.  .          .            ,       ,     . Coca-Cola      -      ,   Coca-Cola,    . Apple         ,      (      Samsung    ),  ,   Apple. Toyota, Mercedes-Benz, Samsung, Nike, McDonald's, Rolex         ,     ,  ,   .      ,              .  ,   ,    ,      .

5.  .         ,  ,   . ?      ( ),     ,     ,   .            ,       .   :      ,        .              ,   ,  ,        .        ,       :           ,    ,         .

6. -   ResearchandDevelopment (R&D)    .  -    ,     .         XX .  , ,              .    ,  :   XX             ,     .     R&D   ,          .   ,      .       .

          .    ,     .          .     R&D. R&D   ,           .     .      R&D  .       ,        ,        .

         .        ,   .   ,     ;   ,     ;   ,     .            .



  

      ,  ,   ,         .         ,          .

 24     (Supply Chain Management, SCM)  ,        ,   .  -,  ,      ,      ,   SCM   .

 5             .       ,     ,    ,    :     ,        .         ,      ,  .

 6       ,     ,    .

 8             ,      .  McDonald's          ,    McDonald's          .                  .

   ,  ,  , R&D, ,  ,         ,      .           :       ,      R&D-,      .       ,      .

  MBA  ,  ,     ( ).      ,     :      ,      .    ,  ,      XIX  XX .     ,           XIX         XX .     ,   ,              ()   1970- .      ,         ,   .

,  :       - .     SCM    ,      .




2.   


 -   

-     :        ,    ,  ,     ,        .               ,       .

         .     1920-   :  -   . -        Model T,     Model A.      ,  ,      . ,   ,  ,    .                 ,      , ,   .          .

   XX    ,   .              ,   ,   .         ,      ,  : , ,   .            Michelin  Bridgestone;         ArcelorMittal  POSCO;        Lear Corporation, Adient     .

  ?        .

   ,      ,    , ,           ,      .  Michelin        -      ,           ,        . ,      ,          ( ),     ( )[4 - Williamson, O. E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, Relational Contracting. The Free Press, 1985.].

       .            ,    - ,                     .         .           (  ),    :     ,      .

        1980- ,      ,    Booz Allen Hamilton,      supply chain management[5 - Oliver, R. K., Webber, M. D. Supply-Chain Management: Logistics Catches Up with Strategy. Outlook, Booz Allen Hamilton, 1982.].          : ,         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,      ,   ,     .             ,        ,     .

   .       :  (logistics),    (materials management), .    1980-   1990-   ,      ,     .       ,      ;    ;      .            :     ,                   ,      .



   

     ,             ,           .      Toyota (Toyota Production System, TPS).

, -      (push),     ,  ,       .     ,       .     ,        ;   ,    .           ,     .   ,    ,     .

 , -  Toyota     (pull).              :        ;          ;          .      ,         .     ,      .

       ,  Toyota.  1964     ,   1975   - .   Toyota Production System    1978    ,   1988                [6 - Ohno, T. Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. 1988.].

      : ,     ,     (muda  - ).      ,      ,   ,     .   ,       .     ,    ,  , ,     .          ,        ,       .

      Toyota     (-   ).          ,            :   - - .              -,          .       ,  , ,  ,     ,     .       ,        .                  ,     .

         (just-in-time, JIT),          ,  ,    ,   ,     ,     ,  ,  ,  .   ,        ,         .

        .              .   1973   ,       Toyota      .   OPEC                    ,          .   ,   ,       ,        .

          : ,    ,     .   ,   .           .       .       ,       [7 - Keller, M. Collision: GM, Toyota, Volkswagen and the Race to Own the 21st Century. 1993.].       .    ,  Toyota     ,      ,   ,          ,        .

 1980-    Toyota       [8 - Marsh, P. The New Industrial Revolution: Consumers, Globalization and the End of Mass Production. Yale University Press, 2012.].      Toyota  .   MIT    International Motor Vehicle Program             1990    The Machine That Changed the World,           (lean production),     ,   Toyota[9 - Womack, J. P., Jones, D. T., Roos, D. The Machine That Changed the World. Rawson Associates, 1990.].

    Toyota   , ,     .      Buick City  General Motors. ,  -    ,         ,    GM       ,          .   ,         General Motors   350  .    1985  -    ,     .        ,       just-in-time.       [10 - Keller, 1993.]. ,    Toyota      ,      .     :  , , ,       ,  ,    ()  .

 , ,  Toyota          ,    ,         Supply Chain Management (SCM).     :        ,    50   ,   SCM   ,      ,    .     :      ,       .



 ,   

        ,     SCM  ,          .       .       20  40 ,       .  ,         ,     Toyota (    SCM)     .

         ,          ,       ,           .   1950-    : ,     ,          ?        ,       ,    .    ,  .








 TEU-

 1956              58     [11 - Levinson, M. The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger. Princeton University Press, 2006.].          6   ,         15       40  .          .

          ,             .       ,          ,      ,      .  1968      (ISO)   :   20-  (TEU  twenty-foot equivalent unit)  40-  (FEU),        .         ,   .

      .    1960                 ,   2000-       [12 - Levinson, 2006; Hummels, D. Transportation Costs and International Trade in the Second Era of Globalization. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 2007.].      : ,   iPhone  ,    -   ,     iPhone -  .   ,                 1776 , ,              .

   ,              (      ),     (     ). Walmart, Apple, Samsung, IKEA     ,  ,           ,     ,      ISO,   1960-      .    :       ,    ,     .



 :   

      ,     ,      .     -    Supply Chain Management,        -. ,            [13 - Chopra, S., Meindl, P. Supply Chain Management: Strategy, Planning, and Operation. 7th edition, Pearson, 2019.]    (drivers)  ,        :

  (facilities);

 (inventory);

 (transportation);

 (information);

 (sourcing); 

 (pricing).

          (  ,    Efficiency)      (    ,    Effectiveness).          SCM.








  SCM

      3  4 .      .

 .      SCM      ,    ,       .     .     ,      ( ),                 .             ,   .  Toyota        -  ,            Just-in-Time ( ).    Toyota       (, , ,    ),         .              ,     .

     .    ,     ,   ,    ,         ,     .    Toyota           (SMED, single-minute exchange of die):             ,       ,    ,      .

.       ,   ,      .  :    ,   ,     ,    . ,     .         1  ,           ,    R&D,    . ,   , , , ,  -     .        ().

  ,      .        ,   ,     .    SCM    (inventory turnover):       .    ( )     2030   ,     1015,        46. Toyota          ;  Walmart  1990-      ,    ,    ,       ,      [14 - Fishman, C. The Wal-Mart Effect: How the World's Most Powerful Company Really Works  and How It's Transforming the American Economy. Penguin, 2006.].

.           .       :   ,    ;    ,    ;      .        ,       . ,      ,     ,   ,     -  ,          ,       () .     ,         .

    ,   . , Amazon          (Amazon Prime two-day shipping),        :      (fulfillment centers),   ,   (Amazon Air),      .       ,             .

.   ,       SCM,      .   ,          ,        .      (bullwhip effect),      -  1997 [15 - Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S. The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. Sloan Management Review, Spring 1997.].     ,               .   ,         ,            ; ,    ,       ;         .                   .  Procter & Gamble   1990-      every day low price   ,      .

 ,     .        ,  ,     .         .            .      , ,     .    just-in-time      ,     (sourcing).  SCM     ,    . ,      ,        , , ,   .          .



SCM    

      SCM     , , .     SCM    XX         .    .  ()      ,    ;    , ,       .                 ,    ,    .

    ,     Walmart.           1962 ,    -  :    ,      ,       1015% .      .    ,                ,       .      ,  ,    ,    ,        .

   Walmart  - (cross-docking)  ,   ,      ,  ,          .           ,            .      ,   ,    .    .   1990-   -   85%   Walmart    50%      [16 - Stalk, G., Evans, P. & Shulman, L. E. Competing on Capabilities: The New Rules of Corporate Strategy. Harvard Business Review, 1992.].

 -         . Walmart         - (  1983 ),           EDI (electronic data interchange),      1987        -  .   1990-    Procter & Gamble, Colgate-Palmolive, Kraft            Walmart  ,    .   vendor-managed inventory (VMI)          Walmart,       ,    Walmart.       ,  Walmart     .   , ,  ,    ,     .      4 ,   .

 ,  2024    Walmart   648  ,    ,     ,  ,   .   2,1    ,      .           ,      ,   .

            SCM  7-Eleven Japan.              [17 - , 2023.  2.3.2.],      SCM- .

7-Eleven Japan       Southland Corporation,       1973   Ito-Yokado.          ,         7-Eleven.               ,    .

              ,  7-Eleven Japan   .         3 000 ,          .            6:00,  11:00   16:00;      ;           .      item-by-item management,      :    (-)         ,     ,      ,  ,      [18 - Ishikawa, A., Nejo, T. The Success of 7-Eleven Japan: Discovering the Secrets of the World's Best-Run Convenience Chain Stores. World Scientific, 1998.].

     POS- (point of sale   ),  7-Eleven Japan  1982 .             ,     .     -   ,          .  1998    60             ,      25  .

    7-Eleven Japan    .    ,     ,      .       1970-  ,              :    ,    .  7-Eleven Japan        ,  .                     :   POS-,    ,   Walmart  .    ,        ,    ,   ,   .          ,   7-Eleven Japan       .                   .

    .  Walmart,  7-Eleven Japan      ,      .  Walmart             ,    ,    .  7-Eleven Japan     :  ,    ,    ,      .   ,       .          ,         .



 :  

      . SCM      ,    ,      .       ,  XXI         .

   11  2011 ,        9.0,   ,   ,    -1.     ,  ,    ,      ,        .              Merck,    Xirallic,       . ,      Ford, Chrysler, BMW, Toyota, Volkswagen     .  ,                   [19 - Canis, B. The Motor Vehicle Supply Chain: Effects of the Japanese Earthquake and Tsunami. Congressional Research Service Report, May 2011.].       ,        ,        Merck  ,        .

 ,      .     -      ,   (  )          .             .        ,     ,       .

 -  -     2020 ,    COVID-19.      (       -),    (             ,       ),    ( ,  -,           ).        ,         .

            23  29  2021 .  Ever Given  ultralarge (20 124  TEU  )            .         ,   Ever Given          ,     .  , , ,         .       :      ,       193    12%          [20 - Suez Canal Authority, Annual Report 2021; Lloyd's List. Ever Given Blocks Suez Canal. March 2021.].

,             20202023 .    . -,          ,   ,  ,    TSMC,           (      ).    2020     ,         . -, ,        ,    (,   )       ,     .              [21 - Congressional Research Service. Semiconductors and the Semiconductor Industry. April 2023.].

        (efficiency)   (resilience)   .  just-in-time         :  ,   ,   .       ,       .  , ,   (   ),    (    ),     ,   ,          .      .   ,        .     friendshoring  nearshoring,       ,        Apple,        ,   ,        .

    SCM     -  1920- .    .    SCM   ,        ,     7 .



  

        ,           ,     1.          .

  3     (sourcing)   ,     ,   ,    ,     .       ,         .

  4     .       ,      .

    5           .          ,  :        ,      ,       .   -   ,  ,  ,               .         , ,           ,       .




3. :   


,            :  , ,   .     (sourcing, )     ,        .     .

     ?        ,         .       facilities.       inventory.     transportation.      pricing.         information.                .    ,         ,    .

      .     .  Ford  XX ,     -,   Apple  XXI ,      ,      .      ,         ,        .        ,        .      , , ,          .

      .



 make-or-buy

  :      (make-or-buy).         1937           [22 - Coase, R. The Nature of the Firm. Economica 4(16), 1937.],     197080-        (transaction costs)[23 - Williamson, O. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. 1985.].            ,  ,  :         ,       ?         6 .

    :    ,      ,    ,     .        ,          , ,  ,      ..

          ,         .



 -   

     ,         :     8           ,          .    :       ,    ,      .  ,        ,      .

  XX      .   . -,            (World Trade Organization, ). -,        ISO-    .   -,          ,           ,     : ,     ,   ,   .

    19801990-     :    (core competencies) .   . [24 - Prahalad, C., Hamel, G. The Core Competence of the Corporation. Harvard Business Review 68(3), 1990.].    :     ,    - ,      .   1990-         .  outsource everything that is not your core     -  .



Boeing 787:  

         Boeing 787 Dreamliner.   2000-   Boeing,    Airbus,     .     :         20%  .        :  70%           [25 - Tang, C.S., Zimmerman, J.D. Managing New Product Development and Supply Chain Risks: The Boeing 787 Case. Supply Chain Forum 10(2), 2009.].  ,     737  747      3550%.

   ,   Boeing    .         (tier-1)        ,  , , ,   Boeing         . ,    Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,     Alenia   Vought,    Spirit AeroSystems,    Messier-Dowty.   Boeing  :         10      ,        Dreamliner     .

 -   .

             ,  Boeing      . Tier-1   ,       ,    tier-2  tier-3 ,    .      Boeing ,       ,       ,     -     .  ,    2007 ,     2009-,       ANA    .        ,   ,      .

 ,   2009  Boeing    Vought    580  [26 - - Boeing  7  2009      Vought Aircraft Industries  .],       .



  

 Boeing 787     .  2009             Restoring American Competitiveness[27 - Pisano, G.P., Shih, W.C. Restoring American Competitiveness. Harvard Business Review 87(78), 2009.],       (industrial commons).    :     ,         .      ,   ,          .        .

  1990-        ,    ,      ,      ,   .     ,       , -        ,   , ,   .  ,  ,  ,         .

    .             .          ,         .           (total cost of ownership, TCO)     ,     ,       : , ,  ,  ,      .



 2020-

  2020-     .     :  COVID-19  20202021 ,   20202023       ,       2018      .       :        ,     .

       .    2022       Chips and Science Act    52        Inflation Reduction Act,     370            .     European Chips Act  2023     43  .    2      ,        TSMC   .

 :       ,               : ,  , ,     .       .     :           ,    .       1983     .



 :   

 1983   Harvard Business Review     Purchasing must become supply management[28 - Kraljic, P. Purchasing Must Become Supply Management. Harvard Business Review 61(5), 1983.],     ,  McKinsey       .      -.            ,       .   ,        ,      .

 ,      (Kraljic matrix),  .         :

      (profit impact):                   ;

     (supply risk):   ,    ,     ,   .










    ,       .

   (non-critical items)     ,   .  ,  ,  .   :       ,   ,  .     ,        ,  .       B2B-  Amazon Business.

  (leverage items)     ,   .      : , , ,  .          .       ,  ,    .     Walmart,    2 :        .

  (bottleneck items)     ,   .  ,     ,      :  ,    ,  .      :   ,  ,    ,        .

  (strategic items)     ,   .      .    ,     ,         . :    ,    ,     .     .   :  ,  R&D,        -.

      ,    -   . Ÿ   ,            .  1983           (Chief Procurement Officer, CPO),    ,             .

  1990-      .    ,       .     ,      .            .              .



  

          .        :        ,         ?     ?     R&D?  ?  -    ?

       ,        2005  The governance of global value chains[29 - Gereffi, G., Humphrey, J., Sturgeon, T. The Governance of Global Value Chains. Review of International Political Economy 12(1), 2005.].      (governance)          :

  (market)     ,   ,     ,      -.

 (modular)      ,       ,       , :    .

 (relational)       ,   ,  .        ,     .     .

 (captive)         ,       ,     IKEA.

 (hierarchy)         ,   ,   . -     .

         ().   Boeing     787       , ,  ,    ,       .    Apple   Foxconn   ,   Foxconn     Apple,  Apple   Foxconn ,  Foxconn  Apple.

          ,      .

   .   (single sourcing)      ,      .    (multiple sourcing)        .        ,      .           .      (dual sourcing)       ,       70%  30%  60%  40%,     .  2020        . Apple, ,    A-   TSMC,   2021     Samsung Foundry;  Intel     AMD     .

   .     (   )   (     )       .        .     ,           .   2020-     : nearshoring         ,       ;  friendshoring       ,   .

   .         :             ?      (    )   .    ,     .         :  ,  ,  (, ),     .

    ,                     .



 :   

               XX     .         ,     [30 - Womack, J., Jones, D., Roos, D. The Machine That Changed the World. 1990.],    5-    ,   MIT     International Motor Vehicle Program.

,   19601970-    ,    . General Motors, Ford  Chrysler          .     ,       . ,   ,     .    :       ,       .         1970- . ,         ,        R&D   .      ,    ,       . , ,    .

   . ,    Toyota       (tier structure)[31 - Liker, J. The Toyota Way. McGraw-Hill. 2004.].      Toyota,          (tier-1),          ,   ..        (tier-2),     .       (tier-3). Toyota      ; tier-1     tier-2,   .  tier-1  Toyota  1980-    ,     General Motors         .

  tier-1     ,    . -,   :     Toyota ,   ,      . -,      :        Toyota    ,       . -,     (target costing): Toyota ,        ,     , ,    ,   . ,      ,       .   ,     ,       ,  Toyota   ,          ,   .

-,    ,          (kyoryokukai),   ,  ,        .       ,    Toyota,       .    tier-1  Toyota  Denso, Aisin, Toyota Industries        Toyota,      Toyota,        -   .      5 .

     19701980- . -, - .            ;               . -,    .    1980-       46   60   ,        .   -,  :    ,        just-in-time.

 1990-       . Chrysler   1990-   SCORE (Supplier Cost Reduction Effort),         . Ford  GM     ,  .        ,        ,    ,        .



 : Apple, IKEA, Zara

               .  ,      :         .



Apple         .     (iPhone, iPad, MacBook),     A  M (   TSMC  ),   ,     ,       .    iPhone    (contract manufacturer)   Hon Hai Precision Industry,     Foxconn.    iPhone       Foxconn  ,    ,    iPhone City.

 Apple         . Apple  Foxconn    ,  Foxconn      . Apple    Foxconn ,     Foxconn   .

   . Apple   Supplier Responsibility Progress Report,   2012       ,     98% .      ,   Boeing   787  .

  .       Foxconn   Apple    ,     iPhone    .

  .      Foxconn    2010        (   New York Times 2012 [32 - Duhigg, C., Barboza, D. In China, Human Costs Are Built Into an iPad. The New York Times, January 25, 2012.]) Apple         .        ,        .

 2020  Apple    :   iPhone    (Foxconn  Tata Electronics),    .               .     : Apple     ,  Foxconn    (Pegatron  Wistron)   .



 IKEA   .      1600      50 ,         .       ,       , , , ,      IKEA.

 IKEA      .    ,         IKEA.   IKEA   ,      :       ,  ,      .  IKEA        .

  IKEA   IWAY (IKEA Way on Purchasing Products, Materials and Services)[33 - IKEA Supplier Code of Conduct (IWAY).],   2000 .     :  ,  ,    ,  . IWAY    ,   : ,   ,  .       IKEA,    .

     (supplier development). IKEA        ,        ,         ,     .          Toyota,       .

    democratic design,     ,         ,   ,   .         .



    Inditex     Zara.  Apple  IKEA     ,  Zara         .     .

- Zara   fast fashion   .          ,      ,     ,      .           23   69   .      ,        .

 Inditex  ,   55%  (         )   , ,   ,              , .      Inditex,      ,      .  45%      ,        .

    . ,          ,       ,      .    ,        ,   ,   :   ,       ;    ,       .    .

 Zara ,           ,     ,    .               .



     

 ,  ,      .     . Apple      COVID  2020       Foxconn    2022-,    iPhone 14 Pro      . IKEA            2022 : ,               . Zara      ,     .

   XXI      ,      .



:   2010 

                   2010 .         (, ,   ),         ,  , ,       .     97%   [34 - Hilpert, H.G. et al. Rare Earth Elements: A New Approach to the Nexus of Supply, Demand and Use. 2014.],   ,        (     ),  ,           1990- ,          ,   .

  2010     (- )     -    :         .    ,     ,            .      ;          .     :   ,     ,              .

     .     JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation)     :   Lynas Rare Earths,     (),    ,   .    Toyota, Hitachi, Panasonic    R&D          .  ,   2020            90  60%.    ,         .

   :   ,   .            .



    

       (visibility)     .      tier-1      .           .

  20202023  ,    .   GM, Ford, Volkswagen, Toyota    ,      (TSMC  Samsung)     .    .   ,   legacy nodes,   28, 40, 90 ,    ,         ASML.            Carl Zeiss   Tokyo Electron (TEL).   - ,     .

   2020         (multi-tier visibility)  .    (,  ,    Resilinc  Interos)    :     ,      .   ,    ,       ,   .



   

      .   2       .   JIT (  )   .   2020         . Toyota       2011 ,      ,   :          26 ,    ,      Toyota.     ,    lean manufacturing, ,   ,   ,     ,  ,      .



Friendshoring, nearshoring, reshoring

      :

Reshoring ()     , ,      CHIPS Act 2022 .

Nearshoring ()       .    ,      . ,   2023             .

Friendshoring ()       .

 :   ,   19902000-        ,                 .   ,     .        ,            12%       .



     

        SCM,      .         ,     .

    .    ,         .      Toyota        .          ,   .                .

      ,     .   Toyota    ,      Toyota   tier-1.   ,            .      ,  ,  ,    .    .      ,        ,   ,        5 .

 , ,            :        ,     , ,   .




4.  


   

,     3 ,         ,   ,    ,       .    ,      ,         .         .    Toyota,     IKEA,       Apple       ,          .

       ,      .     ,      SCM.      ,   (   ),   (     ),    ,      .

  2        : Walmart (EDI,  , VMI, -)  7-Eleven Japan (POS-, item-by-item-).          :       ,   ;     ,   ,   ;   ,    ,   ,     .

     XX               .  XXI         ,     . Amazon, Google, Alibaba,       ,     ,    :   .     : ,              ,   ,   .



 :   BeerGame

        ?   ,       1960- ,    .

 ,    MIT Sloan,  1961    Industrial Dynamics[35 - Forrester, J.W. Industrial Dynamics. MIT Press, 1961.],       ,      :      , ,  510%   ,       ,     ,  ,      ,     .     ,    .     ,        .

   :           :      ,      ,      ,      .         ,   ,      ,       ,   .

 1960-       MIT Sloan    ,       -     Beer Distribution Game, (  Beer Game).   :    , ,    .        ,  ,     .         .      ,  -  ,    :   ,   ,  ,     ,       ,     . Beer Game       ,        .

     1997 ,        , .        The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains  MIT Sloan Management Review[36 - Lee, H.L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S. The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 38, No. 3, Spring 1997.].     bullwhip effect   ,      ,         .

      Procter & Gamble    Pampers.  P&G     :       ,       ,  ,  P&G     ,   .    ,    ?

     :

  .  ,    ,     , ,       .    .

 .       ,      ,     .    ,    .

 .       ,   ,     .

 .   ,      ,   ,  ,       .    - 20202023 .

      .        ,    ,               .      ,    ,     ,        ,     ,    .



CPFR:    

   ,  .       ,   Walmart   Warner-Lambert (  Listerine)      .       :    Walmart  Warner-Lambert ,        ,         Listerine,      Walmart,      .          ,    .

    .  1998   VICS (Voluntary Interindustry Commerce Standards)   CPFR   ,     (Collaborative Planning, Forecasting and Replenishment). CPFR    ,  -.  ,              ,   ,              .

  2000-  CPFR           : Sears  Michelin, Sara Lee  Procter & Gamble   .   :       ,       .            ,           .

    . EDI   ,       .  CPFR   ,     ,     :    ,    ,    .   EDI  CPFR (  ),    CPFR  EDI    .    ,  ,     .   ,    ,   ERP,     .



  

            .      ,          .

 .   XX  ,           , ,  .   , ,       .       -      .  1970-  Walmart            .

Electronic Data Interchange,  EDI.  196070-         :  ,         .  1975       TDCC (Transportation Data Coordinating Committee),    ANSI X12     EDIFACT   . EDI            ,      .          . Walmart,      2,      EDI    1980-          .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/ulukman-mamytov/15-keysov-kak-baza-mba-73935469/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


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2


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3


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4


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5


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6


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7


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9


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10


Keller, 1993.




11


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12


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13


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14


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15


Lee, H. L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S. The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. Sloan Management Review, Spring 1997.




16


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17


, 2023.  2.3.2.




18


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19


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20


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21


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22


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23


Williamson, O. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. 1985.




24


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26


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30


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31


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32


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33


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34


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35


Forrester, J.W. Industrial Dynamics. MIT Press, 1961.




36


Lee, H.L., Padmanabhan, V., Whang, S. The Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains. MIT Sloan Management Review, Vol. 38, No. 3, Spring 1997.


