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DOI: 10.5281/ZENODO.20044624

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      .     : ,  ,  , ,    .          ,    ,    .    ,       .         ,       3[3 - Kudo T., Richardson J. SentencePiece: A simple and language independent subword tokenizer and detokenizer for Neural Text Processing // Proceedings of the 2018 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing: System Demonstrations. Brussels, Belgium, November 2018. P. 66-71. DOI: 10.18653/v1/D18-2012. [ ]. URL: https://aclanthology.org/D18-2012.pdf].

      - embeddings,  :   ,        .         ;      ,      ,   ,    ,    .        ,     ,     .

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          ,    .       , , ,     ;      , embeddings -  ,  , attention -  ,   .     , , ,  , ,    .       ,     ,  , , preference learning -   , reinforcement learning from human feedback -        ,    .

        , , ,    .      -   ,        ,   ,           .        -        ,         .

     . ,  ,   ,        ,       ;       ,  ,  ,   few-shot  in-context learning    :       ,   ,      .   :        ,         ,             ,         .4[4 - Dai D., Sun Y., Dong L., Hao Y., Ma S., Sui Z., Wei F. Why Can GPT Learn In-Context? Language Models Implicitly Perform Gradient Descent as Meta-Optimizers // Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2023. 2023. P. 4005-4019. URL: https://aclanthology.org/2023.findings-acl.247.pdf]

    -   ,   subliminal learning,    Subliminal Learning: Language Models Transmit Behavioral Traits via Hidden Signals in Data.  ,             ,      .      -        -  ,     ,       .      -         .         ,   ,     ,  -  -      5[5 - Cloud A., Le M., Chua J., Betley J., Sztyber-Betley A., Hilton J., Marks S., Evans O. Subliminal Learning: Language Models Transmit Behavioral Traits via Hidden Signals in Data:  arXiv. 2025. arXiv:2507.14805. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.14805. [ ]. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2507.14805].

       .  ,           ,     ,      ,     -.    ,    ,       .           .      ,   ,      :    ,     ,    ,   ,   ,    ,   ,   .         ,        .        : -    ,    ,    -.

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1.2.    


 ,        .     :    / (, ,  , ),      ,   .      :            ,  ;    6[6 - Robots Should Be Slaves. Joanna J. Bryson. Artifical Models of Natural Intelligence University of Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/?jjb May 21, 2009]       ,           .        ,      .

    .    2017          ,       ,  ,             ,           .      ,       7[7 - European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL))].

    :     , ,          ,           .      :   1992          ,  ,        (  ,  -    )8[8 - Lawrence B. Solum, Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences, 70 N.C. L. Rev. 1231 (1992).].

-         - .              ,         ,     ( -)      /;      AI-          .9[9 -  ;   .  () 2024/2853      23  2024 .          85/374/ // Official Journal of the European Union. 18.11.2024. L.  . URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32024L2853]   :    ,        .

      : , ,    ,     ;         ,        .             ,    .

        :    ( /),   (    )        ,       .       ,           .10[10 - Hallevy G. I, Robot - I, Criminal-When Science Fiction Becomes Reality: Legal Liability of AI Robots committing Criminal Offenses // Syracuse Science & Technology Law Reporter. 2010. Vol. 22 (Spring). P. 1-36. URL: https://jost.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Hallevy-Volume-22.pdf]

   .      :        /            11[11 - Balkin J. M. Information Fiduciaries and the First Amendment // UC Davis Law Review. 2016. Vol. 49. P. 1183-1234.  . URL: https://lawreview.law.ucdavis.edu/archives/49/4/information-fiduciaries-and-first-amendment].      ,       ,      .

,  :                 ,           (, , ),     .    ,        .

                  .     ,            ;         .       ,    ,    .        ,      ,          . ,       ,       .

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-  XX  (, )   : ,   ,   ,      .   ,     ,   :            ,   .

        2025 :        , -        ,   ?

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 2.  :    





2.1.      


   ,      .       .       ,       :

? 

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13[13 - Rudin C. Why Are We Using Black Box Models in AI When We Dont Need To? A Lesson From an Explainable AI Competition // Harvard Data Science Review. 2019. No. 1.2 (Fall).  . URL: https://hdsr.mitpress.mit.edu/pub/f9kuryi8]

     ,    ,     .    :  ,      ,             .     . ,      (2019)  

  

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 (traceability)

      ,       .      :     ,    .  , ,  :        ,           .      .

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,   ,         ,     .   ,  ,            .        . ,           (     ),         .         :   ,        ,      ?

15[15 - OECD. Algorithms and Collusion: Competition Policy in the Digital Age. Paris: OECD, 2017.  . URL: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2017/05/algorithms-and-collusion-competition-policy-in-the-digital-age_02371a73/258dcb14-en.pdf]

   , ,  ?      : ,         .  -         ,   .    ,   ,     .       :     .         ,     ,   .  ,    ,    -   .      :      ,        ,   .  ,    :       (,   ,       ),        ,   . ,           .




2.2.     


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,       -,   :      ,    -,   , , ,  ,   ,      ,   .     :       ,    -   ,        ,     -  16[16 -  . .       :  :  - 2- ., .  . - .: , 2016. - 640 . - ISBN 978-5-8354-1263-1.].     ,  ,           ;       ,       ,         .

     .          ,       :     ,   ,   ,           .       .

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   :       ,     ,     .     :                 A/B-.     ,    ,       17[17 -  .  :        // Forbes.ru. 04.06.2025.  . URL: https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/538692-obuzdannyj-onlajn-kto-i-kak-predlagal-regulirovat-rabotu-marketplejsov].

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2.3.  ,   .


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   .   , ,    .        (,    ),    ,     (,  ),   - (, )   .           .     ,                ,    ,  ,     .       ,     ,     ,        ,    ?      :      ,    .      ,            , ,         ,     .  :      (,      ,    ),              .     ,      .

     . ,      (  DABUS)      :   ,      18[18 -     ().     . Artificial intelligence (AI) and inventorship:  SCP/35/7. , 2023.  . URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/scp/en/scp_35/scp_35_7.pdf].  - :      ,       ,       ,      .     :             (    ),        .     ,      ,       ,         ? ,       ,     .

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 3.       




           ,    ,      .     ,       ,   :     ,   ,   ,  ,    ,      ,    .      ,  - ,  ,   -   .

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3.1.      -  




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-      .       :         (, , , , ,  )    , ,    ,         .      :              ,        .     :   ,    ,      ,       -  ,  ,    ,   ,  ,           .       ,      ,   ,          .

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3.2.       .




    ,   ,                ,        ,     .         ,       ;            .     ,           :  ,    ,       ( ,    ,    ,   ,   ).      :       ,   ,        ,  -    ,       ,   .

  -        ,          : ()   (/ , , ,   )  ()   ( ,   ,  ,   ).        . -,      (text watermarking),          ;    ,     ,             . SynthID Text            ,       AI-   19[19 - Dathathri S., See A., Ghaisas S. et al. Scalable watermarking for identifying large language model outputs // Nature. 2024. Vol. 634. P. 818-823. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08025-4. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08025-4]. -,     ,    ,  ,  ,     ;           ,    (       )   ,     ,     . -,     ,       ,    :    ,     ,     ,    .            AI-   :         ,   - AI-     ,    .

          -  ,   -.   (, SynthID    )  ,        ,       (      SynthID Detector,        ,  ,        ).     :            ,          ,       ,  . -      ,    PRNU/SPN (sensor pattern noise) -  ,     /           ;                 .      ,    ,    ,    -  20[20 - Verdoliva L. Media Forensics and DeepFakes: An Overview // IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. 2020. Vol. 14, No. 5. P. 910-932. DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2020.3002101. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.06564].        ,                    ,    ;        .

  (  )  ,        :     ,    ,   ,    ,  ,  ,  ,    (SynthID          ).      ,       (, ,  )   ,  ,    :   ,  , ,     ,    -    - ,     .

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           .         ,  , , ,       (      ).        :    ,  ,  ,     ,  ,  .     :     ,    ,      .       ,          (  ),   - (      ),      -  ,  , ,  .          ,         : , ,        .

     .            - :     (, , , ),    ,   ,            . SynthID         +  ,          ,       :    ,      ,     .         .      ,   AI-        ,              . ,      ,                 ,  ,    ,      .

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        - .          AI-  , , ,   ,   ;          ;     (, , , ,     ).          :     (, ,  ),     ,         .  -         ,   ,       ,     ,      .                ,        ,     .

   ,      - ,     ,  ,  ,   .




3.3.  UX       


  UX     ,   ,              (,  , -,  ),             ,       .

    ,       ,             ,       .        ,        ;           ,     .       ,    ,      ,     .

       .       Ȕ  ,            .         ,  , ,        :  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,   ,  ,  .     ,   , ,       ,       ,           .         :               ;  ,         ,    ,                  .

-       ,        .         ,     .          ,     ,   ,  ,   ,   ,  ,  .      ,          :  ,  , , ,  .  ,   :         ,   ;      ,    ;          21[21 - Madkour N., Newman J., Raman D., Jackson K., Murphy E. R., Yuan C. Agentic AI Risk-Management Standards Profile. Version 1.0 (February 2026). Berkeley: Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity (CLTC), UC Berkeley, 2026.  . URL: https://cltc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Agentic-AI-Risk-Management-Standards-Profile.pdf].        :   ,   ,    ,   .            ,       .

           .        ,    ,    ,   ,   ,   ,     ,       .      ( ,  ,   , ,  ,  , ),    ( ,  ,  ,    ),    ,   ( ,       ,      ).           :  , -,   ,  ,        .           ,             .

        :     ,      ,      ,     ,      .       :    ,      ;    ,   ;   ,      ;         ;      .      :            ,    ;            ,    .        :   ,   ,     ,        .




3.4.         




  -     ,     .          ,      :  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,  ,   .       -      :        ,      22[22 - MacNeill K. The Rise of RentAHuman, the Marketplace Where Bots Put People to Work // WIRED. 18 Feb. 2026.  . URL: https://www.wired.com/story/ai-agent-rentahuman-bots-hire-humans/].     ,        ,        ,           .

     ,       . -,     :       ,  ,        . -,    :      (    )   (     ),         . -,   :     ,       ,        . -,   :   ,        ,        .

         , ,     .        .       ,     ,                   .              ,   :    ,   ,    .       ,       ,   ,      ,    ,   ,        .             :   ,     ,     .

      .         :     ,    ,    ,   ,     .               ,       ,     ,     ,     ,      .         ,        ,    ,       .          :      ,  ,    ,  ,     .

    ,   ,           .       , ,  , ,       .        ,  ,  ,  ,      ,   .          .          ,         .  ,        ( , ,  ),   -  ( ,  ,  ),    -     .

           .   :   ,      ;  ,    ;    ;       ;     ;    ;   ,      ;    ;      .            ;         ,             .




3.5.    : , , 




        ,    ,   : ,          .       ,    ,  ,  ,    .       :           ,     ,     .

     .   -       , ,  ,      .         ,       , ,   ,       .          , , -  ,         .        ,  , ,  ,       .       , ,   ,             23[23 -  (Europol). Facing Reality? Law Enforcement and the Challenge of Deepfakes: report. The Hague: Europol Innovation Lab, 2022. 23 p.  . URL: https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Europol_Innovation_Lab_Facing_Reality_Law_Enforcement_And_The_Challenge_Of_Deepfakes.pdf].

            .    ,       :      ,    ,     ,       ,      ,   .    :      ,              .              .     :          ,   ,             .

          .      : ,  ,  ,  ,       ,     .         :    ,       ,      .    ( ,   )    ,  ,     ,     ,   ,  ,   ,  ,      .         :      ,          .      ,           ,    ;       ,     .

   ,  ,       .        ,   ,   ,   ,     ,       .        ,         ,   ,  ,         .           (,  ,  ),   ,     ,         .       ,         :    ,    ,          .




3.6.         




                 ,       -  , ,  ,    ,  ,    .       ,        ,   :       ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,        .          ,            ,              .

         .   -          ,        ,   ,    , , ,  ,      ,     .   -   ,         :   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,   ,       ,  , ,  .   -      :          ,    ,      ,      ,       ,        .   -   ,           :       ,     ,               ,    ,      ,    ,     ,    .

                ,    - .      ,    ,   ,  ,    ;           ,   -        .    ,      ,   ,    ,    ,          .         ,    ,    ,    ,   ,    ,    . ,   -  -      :        ,  ,   ,  ;       ,       .   ,             ,       ,       ,     ,   ,           .

        .      ( ,      ),  (    ),  (    ),  (   ,     ),  (,  ,  -,   ),      (,     ).      :  ,    ,   ,    ,     ,    ,     ,    .        ,         : ,       ,       ; ,        ,         ; ,     ,     ,       ,         ,            .

        -    ,              .     -    ,     ,     ,  ,      ,         .                ,          .    -   :  ,        ,       ;              .         :                  ,       .             :    ,   ,     ,      .  ,         :    ,          .




3.7.      - 




       ,    - , UX,  ,   - ,        :    ,     ,     ,     .         ,          ,     .

        ,     ,   .        (,   ,  , ,  ,   ),   ( , ,  ,      ,  ,    ,   ),    (, , , ),      .        -;       ,  ,    ,  ,    ,     .          ,      (,        ,     ,         ),         (, , , ).

    ,         ,        .        : ()   , ()    , ()    , ()     , ()     .         :  , , ,  ,  ,  ,   ,    ,     ,   ,    .         :  ,   ,  ,  ,     -     .       :            ,   - ,        ,     .

               .     ,  ,   ,    ,           .    ,      ,    ,   ,        ,       .          : ,    ,  ,   .        ,    ,        ,          .




3.8.       


          .               .  UX     :             ,    ,      .           -     -,        ,        .          ,   ,       .    ,   ,    :   ,       ,      .

      :  -     -        .        , ,        .     :         ,   ,      ,                .

                .            :   ,     ,   , , ,      .            :         .     ,       ,    ,              .     ,       , , , , ,      .

              .             ,  , ,  ,  ,    .             ,   -         .  ,   ,   ,   ,  , , ,  ,  ,       .

      .  -    , ,    ,        .       ,     ,      ,      , , , ,  ,    .          :  , , , , ,      .          ,  ,              , ,      .

     .       ,  ,  ,     ,     ,    .          ,      ,          ,     ,      .

               .          ;         .   ,  ,  ,  ,       ,    ,  , ,       .        : ,  ,  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,      .

         :   ,    ,   ,    ,   ,  ,         .       ,       ,   ,       ,      .




 4.      





4.1.   .


        ,            .      -   (),     .   ,        ,      .   -,    ,    .      ,            ,     (:     ).        :       ,      ,      .  ,       ,           ,   ,  .

       , ..   ,    (, SaaS- ). ,     -  ,        .          ,  ,    .                ,  ,   . ,   (   )      ,   .    ,    ,     ,   ,   ,     -      . -   ,     ,   .     ,   ,   .    ,  :     ,          (       ),    .   .     ,      ,     ,    ,       .   ,                  .




4.2.  : ,  ,    .


     /,      .          , ..       (    ).    ,  2017 .             ,    .           .   ,         (   ),     .       ,      ,      .   ,           .            ,    .  ,         ,   ,  ex lege,        ,    24[24 - Singapore. Electronic Transactions Act 2010 (No. 16 of 2010) - Part II Electronic records, signatures and contracts, s. 15 Use of automated message systems for contract formation (  ,    ,    ,   ) // Singapore Statutes Online: . - .  . URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ETA2010?ProvIds=P12-].       :         .

     ,        ,  ,   :        .       ,      ,        , ,   ,   .      :                  .  ,        Ȕ      ,   .      :  ,    ,         .           ,   .      . ,        ,         (trustee).      ,  ,    ,    . ,  -,   ,         (, ).    /   ,       .       (      ),  ,  -.   ,    :      -.  ,   ,       ,        ,          .          ,     .

   .         ,    .    :

? 

  .

      ,          ,        .



 ,     ,        .

 

  :    ,   ,         . ,          ,  ,    .

? 

      ,    .

 , 

  

,          .  ,    

      Ȕ

,     ( ,    ..).        (, , ),             

,    

. ,   :            ,   .             -:           .

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 .

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:    ,    ,   .           ;       ,         .




4.3.  :     .


  ,  .            (),     ,   ,   .  ( )     ,         .     ,          ,      .   :       ,                ( ).        ,       ,           ,       .       ,    ,         .

 ,  :   ,    ,     .   ,           ,           . ,       2023 .  :           ,      25[25 - opyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, (Register of Copyrights, Shira?Perlmutter, 10.03.2023].           ,  .     :       ;   .  , ,    ,    :        ,        , ,       .     :           .          : ,        ,     .

  ,         .

 :     ,     -. ,       ,         .     :        ,      ,     .         :             ,       .

 :    ,  .                (, )   ,        . ,       ,             :   ,    ,   ,     ..      .




4.4.      .


     ,        .         ,     .    -  ,   .     :    ,     .        .  ,       :       .     :   ( )  ,    ,  -     -    . ,         ,      ,        .        ,    ,  -    ,     26[26 - Ada Lovelace Institute. Risky business: assessing AI liability in the UK. London: Ada Lovelace Institute, 08.12.2025. [ ]. URL: https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/risky-business/].       :        ,  ,             27[27 -      (). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449):     22  2019 . ( . 8  2023 .  3  2024 .;  Accountability -            ) [ ]. URL: https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/api/print?ids=648?=en].      ,       ,   ,  .         ,     ,      .    (   )        .

,             .       .   :  ,         ;           ;   ,       .     ,                   .        ,    ,             .




 5.     :   





5.1.      .


   -    .      :   - (  )  - (  ),    (, ,   .).      ,  soft law    ,      (,   ).    :

? 

  (). 

     .  2024 ,   ,       (AI Act)   ,  -         .  , Act  :        ,      . ,   (, , ),     ,    ,    28[28 -  ;   .  () 2024/1689      13  2024 .        (Artificial Intelligence Act) ( ..     ,    ,    / AI-     - . 50) // Official Journal of the European Union. 12.07.2024. L 2024/1689. [ ]. URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ%3AL_202401689].          :        .  Act ,    ,    ,    ,   .   ,           .          (ERA Forum, 2024),           (peer-review)        29[29 -  . Living guidelines on the responsible use of generative AI in research (   European Research Area Forum - ERA Forum). 2024. 20 p. [ ]. URL: https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/document/download/2b6cf7e5-36ac-41cb-aab5-0d32050143dc_en?filename=ec_rtd_ai-guidelines.pdf].  :        ,    .     :     ,   .       ,   :       ,  -   .     :   ,  , .      (,  ),        .

? 



     .      ,       .       (  ,  )   ,         ,     . ,      -,           : FTC (  )  ,             30[30 - Atleson M. Keep your AI claims in check // Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Business Blog. 27.02.2023. [ ]. URL: https://www.ftc.gov/business-guidance/blog/2023/02/keep-your-ai-claims-check].   : ,  2023 .     ,  ,            FTC     .         :     (SB 942,     2026 .),    ,      ,      31[31 -  (). Business and Professions Code. Division 8, Chapter 25 California AI Transparency Act (Stats. 2024, Ch. 291 (SB 942);  . Stats. 2025, Ch. 674 (AB 853):  operative on August 2, 2026 -  22757.6) // California Legislative Information: .  .  . URL: https://www.leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/codes_displayText.xhtml?lawCode=BPC&division=8.&chapter=25].      .    -                   .  ,   .          Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights (2022)   ,      ,               .            ;     duty of care   . , SEC (   )   2017 .    - (  ),        ,   ,      32[32 - U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Division of Investment Management. IM Guidance Update. February 2017. No. 2017-02: Robo-Advisers (    ,     ,     ) [ ]. URL: https://www.sec.gov/investment/im-guidance-2017-02.pdf].  , ,     -:    ,     ,   ,      .        soft-law first     .     ,     ,    ,           (,   ,    .)    .  ,         .   ,          .

? 



   , ,        .   :        .    2020-     :   2023      ,   -             .   2023        :    ()    ,    33[33 - Latham & Watkins LLP. Chinas New AI Regulations ( Algorithm Recommendation Regulation -         /,   Deep Synthesis Regulation -   / ,    10.01.2023). 16.08.2023. 25 p. [ ]. URL: https://www.lw.com/admin/upload/SiteAttachments/Chinas-New-AI-Regulations.pdf]. ,   2023          ,  ,      :  ,   ,     ,     . .   :   2024       AI-,        2025 .      :   , , ,       ,        .    ,             .  ,        -,    ,   :   ,     - ,    .     ,    :    ,          . : ,  ,     .      :   ,           , ,   ,  .       .    :  , ,      .      ,        ,    :          ,         .  ,   :          . , ,          ,       2 (   ,   ).

? 

    - 

  ,      AI-      .   ,   Model AI Governance Framework (2019,   2020)     ,      .    ,   : , ,  .     .      (,  AI Verify      )    .      soft law   :   ,          .    :   ,                (  ).    ( , )          . ,     Ȕ   ,  ,        .         :             -,     .           :      /.




5.2.    


        ,      ,   .    ,        ,       ,  , ,  ,     .     :    ,      ,          ,      ,    .       :         ,       , ,       ,   ,          .

                   2024 ,      19  2020   2129-.     ,     :     ,    ,   ,       ,   ,            .        :      ,        ,    ,    .

               2030 ,           2025 .

      :    ,     ,       ,    .       :   ,    ,     ,    ,  ,  ,  ,         .

               .

 -   ,     31  2020   258-           ,          .

 -    ,    ,     ,   .     ,        :      ,   ,        ,          .

  2025       . -         ,           ,         .  2026        ,     ,   ,    ,   .       :      ,      ,             , , ,    34[34 -  ..     :       - Zakon.ru. 05.05.2026. [ ]. URL: https://zakon.ru/blog/2026/5/5/rossijskaya_model_regulirovaniya_iskusstvennogo_intellekta_ot_ramochnyh_koncepcij_k_proektu_suverenn].

                              .        ,   ,   ,     .           ,  ,  ,      ,      .       :        , ,  ,     ,      .

     :    , -,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .  ,      :      ,  ,    ,         .        . ,         ()      ;     , ,         ,     ,        .

 4   :  ,       ,      , - ,     ,  ,      - .   ,      :         , , , ,     ,               .

 5     - .      ,    ,   ,         .        :   ,  ,        ,       , , , ,  , ,     .  ,  ,  ,              .

 7     ,      ,     .            ,       .      :          ,    , , , ,  , ,  ,          .            ,      , ,     .

 8                        .          .     ,       :   , ,  , -,  ,  ,  ,       .

 9            .      ,    ,  , ,     ,         ,          ,    .      :   ,      ,   ,    ,    ,   ,         .      ,       .



 10     ,  ,    .   :     , ,    ;  -  , ,     ;   -  , , ,    ;  -        .                   ,            .    -        10.1    ,         :        -   .

 11         ,   ,    .              ,       .       ,  ,  ,   ,  ,      .      :    , ,       ,      .

 12            , , ,   .     ,    ,     .      ,   ,    ,    .       ,     , , ,    ;          .

 13      .   ,       ,           ,   ,  ,     .                               ,   ,       .             23  2026      .



 ,        .   ,      ,    ,   ,          .             ,  ,       .      :       , ,   , , , ,    .

       .     ,       :   , - ,  , ,  ,    .   -   ,  ,  ,  ,  ,         .    -  5    ;  ,      ;     9   ;    11 -      ;     13 -    ;    12 -    .             : , , , ,        .




5.3.      .


    (, WIPO)  2019 .           .      ,      ,  -,    .     ,      : ,      ,    35[35 -     (). WIPO Conversation on Intellectual Property (IP) and Artificial Intelligence (AI): Summary of Second and Third Sessions:  WIPO/IP/AI/3/GE/20/INF/5 (     2019 .;  ,  human authorship -          AI-generated works  public domain). , 08.01.2021. [ ]. URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/mdocs/en/wipo_ip_ai_3_ge_20/wipo_ip_ai_3_ge_20_inf_5.pdf].  , ,       ,    ( Thaler v. Perlmutter, 2023)36[36 - Thaler S. v. Perlmutter S. (Register of Copyrights), United States District Court for the District of Columbia. Civil Action No. 22-1564 (BAH). Memorandum Opinion and Order, 18.08.2023. [ ]. URL: https://www.copyright.gov/ai/docs/district-court-decision-affirming-refusal-of-registration.pdf].               ,      .

         AI-:    ,     .         . OECD (    )  2019 .           ,    G2037[37 -      (). Recommendation of the Council on Artificial Intelligence (OECD/LEGAL/0449):     22  2019 . [ ]. URL: https://legalinstruments.oecd.org/api/print?ids=648?=en].

   , , , .  1.3  :        ,  ,   -;    ,     ,   ;      ,  Ȼ .

         .    ,  ,   ISO   ,      .     :     ,       .      .






5.4.      


  ,         100%.  ,   ,       ,       . ,   ,     ,      (      ,     , ,   ). ,      ,       ,       .         ,     .       ?

-,   :               ,     .   -         (    ,   ).

-,     -    ,     :  ,   ,    .       .

-,  ,   :     -      ,        -       .       .

  ,        ?              .      , ,     ,    -,    . ,    :   ,        ?       .    ,     ?  ,      .          .     ,   :   ,    ,        .     .    :       ,            .    ,        .          : , ,        ,    .    :   ,        ,      ,       .




5.5.   :     .


       ,        .     (), , ,    .      : -      ,     . ,  ,      .

? 

 (  ).

  2010-    

-

 ,       .    -,      .  

 

:          .  ( , )  

      

.   SEC  :  -   ,    ,     , ,        .  ,    ,     ,  ,         .    -  .     :    ,  ,  / 



:    ,  ,   

  

 .       .  ,    :

    

.  - ,      ,      .   :  ,         .

? 

  .

  ,      .    

 

:            .  

   -

     ,      :    , Big Data ,  .   ,   :

     

.    (ISA)     ,           .  2025 .        . (FRC)     .  :

    ,          

38[38 - Financial Reporting Council (FRC). AI in audit: Illustrative example and documentation guidance. London: FRC, 26 June 2025. 17 p. [ ]. URL: https://www.frc.org.uk/documents/8384/AI_in_Audit.pdf]

.   :

  ,  ,     ,      

.      

 

,     .              . FRC     

  -  

 ..      ,   .  Big4  

Technology Approval Process

 ,    .           ,    ,      .   :

      

.    -    ,   ,    .          :    -,

    

.     

 Ȕ

.    :     

   

  

39[39 - Wyden R., Booker C., Heinrich M. et al. Algorithmic Accountability Act of 2023: Bill (To direct the Federal Trade Commission to require impact assessments of automated decision systems and augmented critical decision processes, and for other purposes). U.S. Senate, 118th Congress, 1st Session. 2023. [ ]. URL: https://www.wyden.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/algorithmic_accountability_act_text.pdf]

.

? 

  .

      

- 

:               (FDA, EMA  ..).      (  )    (      ).  ,  :

  

,    , ,   ,   .   ,   (, , ), 

  

.   

FDA  

:   , ,       ,   ,       

40[40 - Tutt A. An FDA for Algorithms // Administrative Law Review. 2017. Vol. 69, No. 1. P. 83-123 (        FDA - ,         ). [ ]. URL: https://www.administrativelawreview.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/69-1-Andrew-Tutt.pdf]

.      :   AI Act      (,        ).  ,   ,   :

    ,    

.     



      .    



:           ,    .    AI Act   :              .        -.

? 

    .

   ()         -, ,  .. ,   ,  , 

     

.  ,    ,   ,           .   :  ,   ,       .    

Daubert/Frye

:   ,      

41[41 - National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Federal Judicial Center. Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence: Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 2025. ( The Admissibility of Expert Testimony). DOI: 10.17226/26919. [ ]. URL: https://www.nationalacademies.org/read/26919/chapter/2]

.        ,    ,  ,              

42[42 - Washington v. Puloka, No. 21-1-04851-2 (Kings County Super. Ct., Wash., 2024)]

.     :

     

. ,   ,  ,    ,

     

      -.   

 

.    ,            .  ,    , ,   

 AI-

,     .      

AI Ethics Officer, AI Risk Manager

 ,       ,     

43[43 - Palo Alto Networks. What Is AI Governance? ( Building a Compliance Team:) [ ]. URL: https://www.paloaltonetworks.com/cyberpedia/ai-governance]

.    ,      .

  ,  :       .      (  )   ( AI Act),   : , ,  .        ,    (, , ).       :      ,     ,   ,  -   .     ,          .

   vs  ,       ,         . ,   :    -   .       ,          .      ,        ,     ,     ,      .




 2.        





 6.    





6.1.   


        ,         :   ,     ,   -,          .         :      .

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          : ,   ,  ,         ,     .

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6.2.         


                     :         ,               ,     :

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      ,     -,        .       ,   ,           .

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6.3.   


        ,  ,     ,         ,      ,      ,        .     :       (      ),  kill-switch        ,     ,        ,    ,      .  ,   ,      ,      -,     .

         .  ()      ;       ,     ;      ,    ;    ,          .      ,      :     , -  ,     ,     .       ,   :     .




6.4.   -    


    .       ,      :       /.

          :        ,             ,      ,    .        :  ,  ,     ,   .     ,   :        .




6.5.   


      .   :       ,      ,               .  ,    ,   ,     ,         ,     ,       ,    ;       ,   . ,    ,  ,           ,          ,   .




6.6.    


? 

   

  ,       ,      :        / Ȼ,       ,        ,          ,      ,     ,         (       ),   (  ),   ( / )    (    );              (provenance-clause  audit-API),           .         ,   ,    (   ,         ),               .    safe-harbor      :              ,          . ,        : ,    ,      ,    ,          .             :   ,   ,   ,         .

? 

   

     ,     ,         (    ),              :      ,   ,      ,   , -    .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74028718)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


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2


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4


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5


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6


Robots Should Be Slaves. Joanna J. Bryson. Artifical Models of Natural Intelligence University of Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom; http://www.cs.bath.ac.uk/?jjb May 21, 2009




7


European Parliament resolution of 16 February 2017 with recommendations to the Commission on Civil Law Rules on Robotics (2015/2103(INL))




8


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9


 ;   .  () 2024/2853      23  2024 .          85/374/ // Official Journal of the European Union. 18.11.2024. L.  . URL: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32024L2853




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13


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OECD. Algorithms and Collusion: Competition Policy in the Digital Age. Paris: OECD, 2017.  . URL: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/reports/2017/05/algorithms-and-collusion-competition-policy-in-the-digital-age_02371a73/258dcb14-en.pdf




16


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17


 .  :        // Forbes.ru. 04.06.2025.  . URL: https://www.forbes.ru/biznes/538692-obuzdannyj-onlajn-kto-i-kak-predlagal-regulirovat-rabotu-marketplejsov




18


    ().     . Artificial intelligence (AI) and inventorship:  SCP/35/7. , 2023.  . URL: https://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/scp/en/scp_35/scp_35_7.pdf




19


Dathathri S., See A., Ghaisas S. et al. Scalable watermarking for identifying large language model outputs // Nature. 2024. Vol. 634. P. 818-823. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08025-4. URL: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-08025-4




20


Verdoliva L. Media Forensics and DeepFakes: An Overview // IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Signal Processing. 2020. Vol. 14, No. 5. P. 910-932. DOI: 10.1109/JSTSP.2020.3002101. URL: https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.06564




21


Madkour N., Newman J., Raman D., Jackson K., Murphy E. R., Yuan C. Agentic AI Risk-Management Standards Profile. Version 1.0 (February 2026). Berkeley: Center for Long-Term Cybersecurity (CLTC), UC Berkeley, 2026.  . URL: https://cltc.berkeley.edu/wp-content/uploads/2026/02/Agentic-AI-Risk-Management-Standards-Profile.pdf




22


MacNeill K. The Rise of RentAHuman, the Marketplace Where Bots Put People to Work // WIRED. 18 Feb. 2026.  . URL: https://www.wired.com/story/ai-agent-rentahuman-bots-hire-humans/




23


 (Europol). Facing Reality? Law Enforcement and the Challenge of Deepfakes: report. The Hague: Europol Innovation Lab, 2022. 23 p.  . URL: https://www.europol.europa.eu/cms/sites/default/files/documents/Europol_Innovation_Lab_Facing_Reality_Law_Enforcement_And_The_Challenge_Of_Deepfakes.pdf




24


Singapore. Electronic Transactions Act 2010 (No. 16 of 2010) - Part II Electronic records, signatures and contracts, s. 15 Use of automated message systems for contract formation (  ,    ,    ,   ) // Singapore Statutes Online: . - .  . URL: https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/ETA2010?ProvIds=P12-




25


opyright Registration Guidance: Works Containing Material Generated by Artificial Intelligence, (Register of Copyrights, Shira?Perlmutter, 10.03.2023




26


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