   
 


                   .     ( )       (     ),          .         ,        ,    -.                . ,        .             . ,                .





 

   








       ,    :  (  ,  )    ?  ,   :  ,        ,    .

,      ,     .           .     ,  ,      .




 1


         . T,      ,  ,       ,      . ,    NGC 1300, NGC 1512.








. 1.  NGC 1300.   ESA/Hubble (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo0501a.jpg (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo0501a.jpg)).   1     ( 2)     (,  , ),   ,        .  2    ESA/Hubble.  3      ESA/Hubble ( ,  ).








. 2.  NGC 1512.   ESA/Hubble (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic1712a.jpg (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic1712a.jpg)).         NGC 1512.  1    .  2    .  3         .



         ,  ,    Messier 100. ,          ,     ,      .








. 3.  M100.         .  1    ESA/Hubble.   ESA/Hubble (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo9449c.jpg (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo9449c.jpg)).  2       ( ).   ESA/Hubble (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo9402a.jpg (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo9402a.jpg)), .  3       .   ESA/Hubble (https://esahubble.org/images/potw1850a/ (https://esahubble.org/images/potw1850a/)),    .



  ,    .         ,              . (                  ).                 ,                .     ,       (),        .

,   ,   ,     ,       - . ,   ,      .    ,         .             ,        ,      ,      .      ,      ,     .

      ,     , ,      ,     .            .

    ,      ,    ,    1/100  ,          (     ). ,     10 . ,       1  ,    0.01       20%         .   ,     2/100  ,       0.02  0.019      .

 ,  ,     ,    ,   .     ,      ,     .

      ,              .           0.005  ,   .  ,        ,       , ,               ,              .

  ,      .  ,         ,        (  ,  ),      1/10  ,          .

  ,       ,        ,    ,        ,     .           ,   .

 ,    ,   ,    ,         ,     .     ,   ,       .    ,   ,    ,             .

  ,       ,               ,      .     .



   1:         .




 2


    . ,      ,          .   ,  ,  ,       ,     .        :

e    ( 0  1),

T     ( ),

M    (  ).








. 4.    : r  -   (  c)      .

G    ,        :

a    (. ),

q        (. ),

Q        (. ),

R(t)           t,

v(t)          t.

 ,    ,      (v1). ,          .

,  ,   ,             ,    ,        .        ,   ,      .        ,     .

   ,      ,       .    ,      0.5  0.75.








. 5.   ,   ,       .    .



   ,              .       (    )   .      ,        . ,      e=0.5      T=100     .








. 6.            , e=0.5.  (t)    .    .



       ,   (     ).    ,         .       ,  -,   .   (  )     .   ,      ,       ,          .   ,     ,       .



   2:         ,    ,   ,      .




 3


         ,            .              .

           ,  3D-,        ,     (emboss)   .  ,           ,         .          R, G, B    .       /        ,      ,  /  ,        (    ).








. 7.           NGC 1512.   ESA/Hubble (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1712a.jpg (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/screen/heic1712a.jpg)),  (,    ).  1          v=0.735c.  2       3D-,      .  3   3D-.



        ,                NGC 1512.   :  e=0.708,       23.   ,   ,   0.735c.        .   ,    .

  ,   ,      1000  .          ,  ,    .

  ,     ,     (  ,      ,       ).             .      ,     .     3D- ,          ,   3D-     (  )    .

 ,    NGC 1512  ,     , ,   NGC 1300.

   :  e=0.937,    h  2.     0.3c.     17 . ,        21 . .

 ,                   (  )       .          100 . . ,       10 .  .                    ,  .       ,        ,  ,       .










. 8.          NGC 1300.   ESA/Hubble (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo0501a.jpg (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/opo0501a.jpg)).     20      ,   .  1 -         v=0.763c.  2       3D-,      .  3   3D-



     ,               .        , ,               .

 :     (     )   ,   ,    ,    .           ,     ,      ,      .       ,       .



   3:      ,   ,     ,    ,      .   ,             . ,    ,     ,        .




 4


     ,        ,     ,     ,              3D-. ,   NGC 1512     ,     0.6c  0.144c, ,     ,      .     ,     ,       .








. 9.        NGC 1512    HST.   ESA/Hubble (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic1712a.jpg (https://cdn.esahubble.org/archives/images/large/heic1712a.jpg)).    e=0.708,  h=23. : v1=0.144c, v2= 0207c, v3=0.298c, v4=0.356c, v5=0.452c, v6=0.6c.   1       (   ).  2       3D-    (   ).  3   3D-    .



,    ( )       , ,          ,          .

   ,    ,    , ,       3D-,          .

   ,    ,     ,  ,   ,         ,   ,       ,         .

     ,         ,    .

  ,      ,    .    ,    ,              ,    .

,       , ,    ,    .    ,          .    , ,  ,        20  ( 14 . )    , ,           5 .

-            ,              ,      .

     ,    ,       ,          .          ,      .

      ,        ,        ,   ,     ,       .     -        -,     ,      .       (,  ),         (   )     ,        .

    ,    ,     . ,   ,    ,       ,      .    ,           ,    ,               .



   4:    (    )          ,     .




 5


         v=c,  ,           .

  ,            ,    ,      ,   .   ,   ,   ,      ,  .     ,     ,               3D-.           NGC 1512.

   ?   , ,          ,             .           .

    ,    ,     ,    ,        ,   .   ,    ,       (  )     ,   .








. 10.              O    A  B   v=kc,  0 < k ? 1.     ,   .  .



,  ,    J1601+3102,   (https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad9609 (https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.3847/2041-8213/ad9609))     - (   )       .

    ,                      ,        .            ,      10     ,   ,    ,  ,     .








. 11.  J1601+3102.    ( ),  (B)   (A)  -.  B       .



,     ,   ,    ,    .           ,      ,     .           ,           v=0.8c, h=60.










. 12.         0.5      30, 45  60   .  (  )       v=0.8c, h=60 ( t  . ).     .



                ,   ,       ,     .      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/vladimir-kladov/kak-vraschautsya-rukava-galaktik-74033686/)  .

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