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American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787 (https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787)

American Society of Addiction Medicine. (2011). Public policy statement: Definition of addiction.

Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 3351. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33 (https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33)

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Kennett, J., Matthews, S., & Snoek, A. (2013). Pleasure and addiction. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, Article 117. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00117 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00117)

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Koob, G. F., & Volkow, N. D. (2010). Neurocircuitry of addiction. Neuropsychopharmacology, 35, 217238. https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.110 (https://doi.org/10.1038/npp.2009.110)

McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., OBrien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA, 284(13), 16891695. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689 (https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689)

Peele, S., & Brodsky, A. (1975). Love and addiction. Taplinger.

Potenza, M. N. (2006). Should addictive disorders include non-substance-related conditions? Addiction, 101(Suppl. 1), 142151. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x (https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01591.x)

Volkow, N. D., & Li, T.-K. (2005). Drugs and alcohol: Treating and preventing abuse, addiction and their medical consequences. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 108(1), 317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.021 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2005.06.021)

Yau, Y. H. C., & Potenza, M. N. (2015). Gambling disorder and other behavioral addictions: Recognition and treatment. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 23(2), 134146. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000051 (https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000051)




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Benowitz, N. L. (2010). Nicotine addiction. New England Journal of Medicine, 362(24), 22952303. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0809890 (https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra0809890)

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Royal College of Physicians. (2016). Nicotine without smoke: Tobacco harm reduction. London: Royal College of Physicians (Tobacco Advisory Group).

Russell, M. A. H. (1976). Low-tar medium-nicotine cigarettes: A new approach to safer smoking. British Medical Journal, 1(6023), 14301433. [  ]

Shiffman, S. (1989). Tobacco "chippers"  individual differences in tobacco dependence. Psychopharmacology, 97(4), 539547. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00439561 (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00439561)

Shiffman, S., Fischer, L. B., Zettler-Segal, M., & Benowitz, N. L. (1990). Nicotine exposure among nondependent smokers. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 47(6), 727735. [  ]

Shiffman, S., Paty, J. A., Gnys, M., Kassel, J. D., & Elash, C. (1995). Nicotine withdrawal in chippers and regular smokers: Subjective and cognitive effects. Health Psychology, 14(4), 301309. [  ]

Shiffman, S., Gwaltney, C. J., Balabanis, M. H., Liu, K. S., Paty, J. A., Kassel, J. D., Hickcox, M., & Gnys, M. (2006). Smoking patterns and dependence: Contrasting chippers and heavy smokers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(3), 509523. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.509 (https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.509)

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (1994). Preventing tobacco use among young people: A report of the Surgeon General. U.S. Government Printing Office.

World Health Organization. (2022). International Classification of Diseases for Mortality and Morbidity Statistics (11th rev.), 6C4A.2 Nicotine dependence. https://icd.who.int (https://icd.who.int)




 3.  


        ,        ,    .              .

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Dong, G., Wang, L., Du, X., & Potenza, M. N. (2017). Gaming increases craving to gaming-related stimuli in individuals with Internet gaming disorder. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2(5), 404412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.01.002

Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884

Brecher, E. M. (1972). Licit and illicit drugs: The Consumers Union report on narcotics, stimulants, depressants, inhalants, hallucinogens, and marijuana  including caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol. Little, Brown.

Peele, S., & Brodsky, A. (1975). Love and addiction. Taplinger Publishing Company.

Fisher, H. E., Brown, L. L., Aron, A., Strong, G., & Mashek, D. (2010). Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 104(1), 5160. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00784.2009

Koob, G. F. (2013). Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00072

Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., & Smith, G. (2012). Self, self-concept, and identity. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 69104). Guilford Press.

Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. Julian Press.

Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781 (https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781)




  4 .  


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Wertz, J. M., & Sayette, M. A. (2001). A review of the effects of perceived drug use opportunity on self-reported urge. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9(1), 313. https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.9.1.3 (https://doi.org/10.1037/1064-1297.9.1.3)

Marlatt, G. A., & Gordon, J. R. (Eds.). (1985). Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. Guilford Press.

Perls, F. (1969). Gestalt therapy verbatim. Real People Press.

Wiers, R. W., & Stacy, A. W. (Eds.). (2006). Handbook of implicit cognition and addiction. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976237 (https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976237)




 5. 


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       .                  ,      .      ,      ,                   (James, 1890).

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Hilgard, E. R. (1977). Divided consciousness: Multiple controls in human thought and action. John Wiley & Sons.

Woody, E. Z., & Sadler, P. (2008). Dissociation theories of hypnosis. In M. R. Nash & A. J. Barnier (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of hypnosis: Theory, research, and practice (pp. 81110). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198570097.013.0004 (https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198570097.013.0004)

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James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology (Vol. 1). Henry Holt and Company.

Holmes, E. A., Brown, R. J., Mansell, W., Fearon, R. P., Hunter, E. C. M., Frasquilho, F., & Oakley, D. A. (2005). Are there two qualitatively distinct forms of dissociation? A review and some clinical implications. Clinical Psychology Review, 25(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.006 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2004.08.006)

Wegner, D. M. (1994). Ironic processes of mental control. Psychological Review, 101(1), 3452. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34 (https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.101.1.34)

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Van der Hart, O., Nijenhuis, E. R. S., & Steele, K. (2006). The haunted self: Structural dissociation and the treatment of chronic traumatization. W. W. Norton.

Kalutskiy, S. (2026). Hypnosis as installed contradiction: Dissociation depth, the autobiographically unindexed self, and the resolution of the HilgardSpanos debate. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Frankl, V. E. (1946). ...trotzdem Ja zum Leben sagen: Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager. Verlag f?r Jugend und Volk.




 6. 


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