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  ,       ,         (, ,      )   ,      .  ,   -     XIX      ( )    (, ,   ),      ;               .  -          ,      -.               - ,      .

      ,               .              .    XIX   XX            ,  ,        ,           [18 -     . 16891881. (.: .   , 1889);             .    . 1914.  IV (, 1914);  .     , 18721885 (.: .   , 1886).].

        -    1689  1916.[19 - - . 16891916.  . (.: -  , 1958).],               [20 -     .   .  1. (.: , 1989).].    ..     ,                [21 -  .. (. .)    (). . . (.: , 1977);  .. (. .)         (.: , 1982).].

    -  ,       XVII   XX ,     ,       ,       B.C. ,       ,       :   -  VII .[22 -  B.C.  :    .   . . 1 (., 1977): 1274;  B.C.       XVII. (.: , 1980);  B.C.,  ..      XVII   XX.        . (.: , 1982): 3489;  B.C.       XVII. . 2-, . . (:   , 1987);  B.C.      ,    . 5. (1992): 322;  B.C.         .     . . 2    :   (., 1995): 215233;  B.C.   :   -  XVIIXIX. (., 1996).]  ..          ,            .                     ,    (   )      . B.C.             -, ,           ,      , ..  .  B.C.      -        .

,        ,  .. [23 -  ..         (8090-  XX.) (.:    , 1994).].       ,               .. ,  , ,  ,     [24 -  ..      .         1917. . 12, . 3 (., 1955);  .. . ,     (.: , 1972).].               VIII   XIX.   ..   ..    ..  ()               , ,  ,      ()     ( )[25 -  .. ().          / . .. , ..  (:  . -, 1960): 578; 541567.].    -         .. [26 -  ..          VIII.  .  . 2. (1973);  ..       XVII    XIX. (.: , 1979);  ..      .  .    - . (.: , 1982): 423459;  ..       XVII    XIX. 2-,  . (.: , 1983).].

            ,      -    ,   ..    - -  1881 [27 -  ..   - -  1881  (.:   , 1995).].               ,       ,   ,     , , ,   .     ,            XIX .

  ,   ,    ..         .             , ,  ,           XIX    ,    1850- .            .             [28 -  ..       (70- . XIX.) (, 1957);  ..      (XIX.  XX.) (., 1959);  ..     . (18571868) (.: -  , 1960);  ..      (6090- . XIX.) (.: , 1965).].

       ..     [29 -  ..     (.: , 1972).],                 .. [30 -  ..     (., 1958);  ..        XIX.  1 (, 1962);  ..            XIX.   . ,   , 4 (46), (1966): 2839;  .. -       (: , 1983).].         ,             ,    ,          ,              ,   ,              XIX .              XIX. ..                        ,  , ,        .

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.       :  ,      ,      -       -  .               ,            XIX     , ,           18691873.        (,  ,  )      [37 - Clubb Oliver Edmund. China and Russia: The Great Game (New York, London; 1971): 100.].

 ,                  [38 - Morgan Gerald. Anglo-Russian Rivalry in Central Asia: 18101895 (London, 1981); Morgan Gerald. Ney Elias. Explorer and Envoy Extraordinary (London, 1971); Clubb Oliver Edmund. China and Russia: The Great Game (New York, London; 1971); Hopkirk Peter. The Great Game: On the Secret Service in high Asia (London, 1990).].

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      .  ,     XIX       ,       .   ,  ,      ,   ,   . ,        .

              [41 - Morgan Gerald. Ney Elias: Explorer and Envoy Extraordinary in High Asia (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1971).].          -             .           ,   ,  ,    . .  ,     ,       ,             -    ,     ,    .  ,     . ,       ,    ,     ,        , ,        ,  .

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1


 .   . .:  , 1998. . 149180.




2


 .       . -             ( . 2001. 1. C. 3746).




3


 B.C.   :  .   . - . ., 2002. . 3546.




4


 B.C.   ( ). ., 1979. . 167168.




5


Garnett Sh. Influencing transition States: Russia, China and India. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Project on Foreign and Security Policy Problems. Program on Asian Security. Washington DC, July 1998. P. 3.




6


  .:   . 2002. 4.




7


 , 19  2003. . 5.




8


 .   . , 1999. . 13.




9


 ..     XXI .  .  . 1997. 3. . 9.




10


 ..       . ., 1961. . 9395.




11


 ..       . ., 1961. . 292.




12


 [..]   .       18731874. ., 1877. . 305.




13


 ..,  .. .      . ., 1969. . 88, 91, 106107, 136137, 149, 151159, 169171, 176177, 180195.




14


 .    .  . . . . . ., 1960. . 162.      .   X. ,         ,                 . ,       .      . .:  ..   - -  1881 . ., 1995. .156157.




15


. . 409. . 1. . 178522. . 10.




16


Brookings Northeast Asia Survey 20012002. Washington DC, 2002. P. 4.




17


       . . .




18


    . 16891881. (.: .   , 1889);             .    . 1914.  IV (, 1914);  .     , 18721885 (.: .   , 1886).




19


- . 16891916.  . (.: -  , 1958).




20


    .   .  1. (.: , 1989).




21


 .. (. .)    (). . . (.: , 1977);  .. (. .)         (.: , 1982).




22


 B.C.  :    .   . . 1 (., 1977): 1274;  B.C.       XVII. (.: , 1980);  B.C.,  ..      XVII   XX.        . (.: , 1982): 3489;  B.C.       XVII. . 2-, . . (:   , 1987);  B.C.      ,    . 5. (1992): 322;  B.C.         .     . . 2    :   (., 1995): 215233;  B.C.   :   -  XVIIXIX. (., 1996).




23


 ..         (8090-  XX.) (.:    , 1994).




24


 ..      .         1917. . 12, . 3 (., 1955);  .. . ,     (.: , 1972).




25


 .. ().          / . .. , ..  (:  . -, 1960): 578; 541567.




26


 ..          VIII.  .  . 2. (1973);  ..       XVII    XIX. (.: , 1979);  ..      .  .    - . (.: , 1982): 423459;  ..       XVII    XIX. 2-,  . (.: , 1983).




27


 ..   - -  1881  (.:   , 1995).




28


 ..       (70- . XIX.) (, 1957);  ..      (XIX.  XX.) (., 1959);  ..     . (18571868) (.: -  , 1960);  ..      (6090- . XIX.) (.: , 1965).




29


 ..     (.: , 1972).




30


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31


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