    .  
 


          (19402013)   ,      .      ,               ,        , ,          ,      .

,   1982 ,              .    .





 

    

 



Marshall Berman

All That Is Solid Melts Into Air. The Experience Of Modernity


* * *

 Marshall Berman, 1982

  ,  , , 2020


* * *


    (19751980)










      .           ,   -      .    ,            ,   :     ,     ,     ;     ,     .      .  , ,          ,    ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,    ,  ,  ;     ;  ,       Simon & Schuster;  ,     ,        -;           -,     -;                 - ;    ;   Purple Circle;     ,           ,       ;   ,     ,      .




   Penguin:    


                ,       ,         .           ,   ,     .             ;       ,       ,      ,  , , ,    .

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      ,     ,   1987 ,      ,  .       ,  ex nihilo[2 -   (.). . .],        1950-   1960-     .       ,    .        ; ,    ,    ,     (,  ,    )   .   ,  ,     ,       .        ,               :   ,          ,    .        ,              .      ,        plaza mayor[3 -   (.). . .],   .

          ,     ,   .      .         ,         ,      ,         ,             ,      ,       ,    .

   .       ,      :      ,          .     ,            ,        .

   .       .       1950-   1960- ,         ,    .        , ,     :         ,       .

     ,           , ,  ,         .        ,              ,   .         ,       ;     ,       .       ,                  .

 1964 ,      ,     .     (   )      ,     .      1970-   1980-     ,      ,        ,     .    ,   ,        , , ,        .  , -,        ,  ,     ,    .

  ,    ?         ,   ,       ,  ?               ?   19601970- ,  ,   -                  ,  ,      ,   .   ,      ,  (  )    ,      ,        ,    .

          ,  ,     ,       ,         .  ,         ,              ;                .   ,         ,    ,       ,       ,   .              .  ,      ,            ,     .   ,       ,             .        ;    ,        [4 -      ,   ,     . . .].

  ,         , ,   ,        ,    .       ,   ,   , -      The Plastic People?     ,             .         ,     .  ,        .        ,              .    ,    ,        .

-  ,           .         1970-   ,  ,    1968 ,    :  ,  ,  , - ,      .  1980-           [5 -    1980- . . .: Hal Foster, ed., The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture (Bay Press, 1983); New German Critique, #22 (Winter 1981)  #33 (Fall 1984); Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Indiana, 1986); Peter Dews, ed., Autonomy and Solidarity: Interviews with Jurgen Habermas (Verso / New Left, 1986),  .  ;  Jurgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (1985), transl. Frederick G. Lawrence (MIT, 1987).].

 ,       ,     .  ,           .    ,    ,      ,     .            ,      ,      .  ,      :        ,         .  ,       ,     -.    :        [6 - Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979), transl. Geoff Bennington, Brian Massumi, foreword Fredric Jameson (Minnesota, 1984), p. 31, 37, 41.].

   ,    ,       .         . ,     ,       ,     .     ,          , , ,   .      , ,      ,    ,          ?    .   ,      ,     .

    ,        .      ,     ,     ,         (    1941   ).               ( , 1881).   ,  ,  ,            ?     ,    ,     .              XIX :  ,           -,   ,                 .

       XX .              ,        (         ).   19221945              .       ,      ,     .             , , .        .  ,            ,     .

        1981 ,      ,      .     ,    ,              .  (  )      ,       ,      .

 ,   , -     ,    (   [7 -          ,     .        ,           . . .])     .     ,     ,           .          (     ),   (        ),   (     ),            (        ).   ,     ,     ,       .                     .   ,     ,         .

          ,             : ,                     ;      ,       .       ,      ,        .   ,           ,          .    [8 -     ,       1980 .          .         (  ),    1986     ,     1965 . . .]      ,     .       ,     -:        .

 1968         :   .  ,       ,    ,  .      .




 


     ,    ,        ,     (modern)      ,    .       ,   ,      ,      .          :   ,     ,   ,      ;            ,  ,   ,    ,   ,  ,     -; , ,            ,     .   ,    ,       ,    .             ,       ,   .       ,       .

     ,    .       ,   ,      , , ;               ,    ,  ,    .       :        ,    ,       ,  ,    - ,    .   ,        :                        ,       .            ,          .               ;         .            ,           , ,       .     ,    ;       ,        ,    ,   ,      .

             .     . -               : , ,  ,      ,        ;      ,   , , ,            ,      ;                .   ,  -            .     .     ;   .

-

 1981




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         ,   ,   ,    ,        .     .       ,    , , , ,     ,        ,   , ,   , ,   .            ,   ,   :  ,     .    ,  :         ,   ,   .       ,  ,   ,     .

,     ,  ,   ,    ,    ;           .                   .    ,  ,         ,             .       ,  ,         ,   ,          ,    .

      :   ,          ;  ,      ,        ,    ,       ;   ,             ,    ;       ;  ,             ;    ,          ;     ,   ,      ,           ; , ,          ,         .  XX   ,          ,   .          ,     ,    ,     ,    ,       .             .       .

     ,   ,    .   ,      XVI   XVIII ,     :   ,  .  ,      ;  ,   ,      ,          .          90-  XVIII .             .        ,       ,    .       XIX   ,  ,      ,   ,    .    ,      ,       .  XX ,      ,   ,  ,  ,            .   ,          ,        ;  ,    ,     ,   ,      ,   .      ,        .

   ,     ,   - .     moderniste ,      XIX  XX ;                    .   ,     .   ,  ,    ,          ,      .    , ,       ,      .           ,  ,  , le tourbillon social[9 - Emile, ou De l'Education, 1762,   Bibliotheque de Ia Pliade Oeuvres Compl?tes  (Paris: Gallimard, 1959 ff.), Volume IV.    le tourbillon social       , .  IV, . 551.         , . Emile, I, 252; Ill, 468; IV, 50708.].         ?

      , -,                   .    , ,   le tourbillon social       . -         ,    ,      [10 -     ,    . .   . . . . .];   ,    ,    .  ,   , , , , ,       .    ,  ,    ,    ,  ,   ,     ,  ,       .      



     - ,   ,        ;      ,        .    ,  ,    ,         ,      ,       .


      ,      :    ,    .     ,  :      ,       ,      [11 - Julie, ou la Nouvelle Hloise, 1761,  II,  14  17.  Oeuvres Compl?tes, Vol. II, 23136, 25556.               The Politics of Authenticity (Atheneum, 1970),  . 11319, 16377.].         ,    ,            ,          .

               XIX ,       ,    ,     .      ,  ,  ,    ; ,      ,   ;  , ,   ,   ,   ;        ;   ,      ;        ,     ,    ,       .    XIX      ,      ;           ,   ,       ,              .

       XIX ,    ,   ,           : ,         ,  ,       -  .

   ,          1856 [12 -    The People's Paper, . Robert C. Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., (Norton, 1978), 57778.         MER.]:    1848     ,  ,         .      .  ,  ,    ,     ,         [13 -     : .   . . , . 2,  12. ., 1958.  . .].    1850-   ,    ;  ,     .   ,   ,  ,    ,          20 000 ,    ?         ,    :              , ,  ,     ,       ,     .  :   ,    XIX , ,       .    ,   ,   ,          :



  ,        ,             .   ,   ,           .         .  ,  ,         ,     . ,        - ,      .        . , ,        ,           .      , -,  ,      .            ,      ,   ,    ,      .


          .      ,       ;              .        : ,   ,       ,       .  ,    ,      ,    :     ,      .      ,    . ,   ,     ,    ,   , ,  ,       ,        .  ,             ,  :   ,     ,     ,     ,  ,  ,       ,     .

    .         ,  ,         ,  ,       . ,      ,   ,    ,        :



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 ,   ,    ,     , ,     ,    .     [14 -   ,    (   )    ,     . . .],   ,   , ,             [15 - MER, 47576.     ,     1888.].


           , .   ,     :   ,   ,       ,     .    ,   ,      :               ?         ,    .        ,         ,           .

      ,    1880- ,     ,   ,         .  ,    ,      :                .    ,        .         ,        . ,          (1882),  ,    , ,         [16 -      262, 223  224.  Marianne Cowan (. 1955; Gateway, 1967), . 21011, 14650.]:



             , , -    , -       ,          ,    ,            ,  ,  ,           ,      ,     ,         , ,         ,       ,   ,         ,  ,  ,        ,    ,  ,   ,   ,         [17 -     . . . .].


      .   ,          ,       , , .     .        ,        .              ,      ,  ,    .     .       ,     ?  ,    ,      ,     :  !      ,   .

       :   ,  ,  . ,    ,         ,  ,  ,  ,  ,        ,  ,      ,               .   ,        : ,  , , ,      ,      .    , .           .   ,  ,                            ,    ,      ,         .

 ,       ,          ,  ,  ,         ,     ,       ,         ,     ,     ,     ,           .          ,   .      ,         .         ,           .     ,   ,         ,    ,                ,   .    XIX    ,    ,   , , , , , , ,              .



     XIX    XX?  -      ,     .    ,    ,   ,   ,              ,      ,          . XX         ,       ,        .          ,  , , , ,  ,  , , , ,  ,  ,  ,  ,                 ,        .    ,   ,   ,    ;           .        ,      (, ,  ),           ,          .      ;  , ,    ,     .             ; , ,        .


        XX ,   ,     ,    ,  ,            .   XIX     ,    ,        ;          .    XX          .        ,       ;        ,       .        ,    /       / .

      .   ,         : !   ,        ,            , , ,     [18 - Manifesto of the Futurist Painters, 1910, by Umberto Boccioni et aL Translated by Robert Brain, in Umbro Apollonio, editor, Futurist Manifestos (Viking, 1973), 25.].    :             ,    ;   .  ,     !  !..  !..     !   ,    !.. ,         !  ,   !    ![19 -  . . . .] , ,          ;       , ,       ,     .



     ,  ,   ;     ,      ;              ;   ,    ; ,        ; ,    ,  ,      ;             [ ..  ..][20 - F.T. Marinetti, The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism, 1909, translated by R. W. Flint, in Futurist Manifestos, 22.].


            ,            .        !         ,   .    ,       (, ) . ,   ,      ,    ?      . ,           . , ,      :      ,    ,  ,   ,   ,      ,  [21 - Marinetti, Multiplied Man and the Reign of the Machine, from War, the World's Only Hygiene, 191115, in R. W. Flint, editor and translator, Marinelli: Selected Writings (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972), 9091.  (   )       . Reyner Banham, Theory and Design in the First Machine Age (Praeger, 1967), 99137.].      1914      ,      .           -      -      .  ,                 .

  ,      ,   ,       .     ,     ,           .              ,    ,      ,    , Ballet Mcanique.                   ,      .    ,   1964 :



            ,    .                  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          [22 -  . . . .][23 - Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (McGraw-Hill paperback, 1965), 80.].


        ,  ,       ,         . , ,        :



             ,  ,      ,    ,           [24 - The Modernization of Man, in Myron Weiner, editor, Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth (Basic Books, 1966), 149.              .    : Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (Free Press, 1958)  W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, 1960).      .  Michael Walzer, The Only Revolution: Notes on the Theory of Modernization in Dissent, 11 (1964), 13240.           .      S. N. Eisenstadt, Tradition, Change and Modernity (Wiley, 1973).  , ,        (Alex lnkeles and David Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries (Harvard, 1974)),         .].


       ,  ,  ,         ,      .     ,               .    ,      ,   ,                  ,      -     .

       XX ,       ,       .         ,   1904 ,           [25 -      ,        ,        . . .].   ,               .    , ,   ,      . ,       , , ,       XIX    ,         .     ,     ,   ,      .           .    XX , ,      , ,     .        ,       ,            [26 - *  . . . . .][27 - The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, transl. Talcott Parsons (Scribner, 1930), 18183.    ,       (Peter Gay,   Columbia College, Man in Contemporary Society (Columbia 1953), II, 9697). ,       .].  , ,        ,          ;  ,    ,  ,     [28 - This nullity caught in the delusion that it has achieved.       ,         nullity, ,      it.        ,     .          (dies Nichts  ,   ,     ,       it   ),     (). . .]   ,   . ,      -  ,       ,   ,          . ,       XX      :   ,   ,  -    ,      ;       ,         [29 -            , ,            (Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, editors and translators, From Max Weber, Oxford, 1946).    ,  , ,         XX      . ., .,   ,     ,      (Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, edited by Donald Levine (University of Chicago, 1971)).           , . .           ,    ,    . . .].

    ,        ,     ,   .    ,       ,    .                 ,       ,    .   XX  ,     :  ,         ,    ,   ;   ,     (  )      ,  ,     , ?     , , , . .     ,      ,          XX .

   ,             .   ,   ,  -     1960- ,            .   ,  ,   :          ,      .     ,  ,         :  ,  ,      ;     , ,     ,      ,   .        ,    , ,  ,  [30 -  . . . . .][31 - One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Beacon Press, 1964), 9.].

      XX    ,    ,  ,   :     ,         .         XIX ,   ,    ,        .    ,         ,  ,           ,  .    1960-    ,        ,   ,          ,  ,     - .    .    ,        :    ,        ,   [32 - Ibid., 25657. .      the Partisan Review, Fall 1964,          , Winter 1965.          1960-  ,    ,   1970- .     : An Essay on Liberation (Beacon, 1969)     The Aesthetic Dimension (Beacon, 1978). ,    ,   , ,           .].                        ,         . , ,          ,      . , ,         ,     .

  1960-          ,      .          .  1960-             : ,   .     ,               ,    ,   .

   , ,      ,        ,       .  ,         ;  ,                :    . , ,          (  ..),    ,           [33 - Modernist Painting, 1961, in Gregory Battcock, editor, The New Art (Dutton, 1966), 10010.].        ,   .   :           .      ,   :        ,   ,        [34 -  . . . .][35 -   , 1953, trans. Annette Lavers, Colin Smith (London: Jonathan Cape, 1967), p. 58.      1960-,         ,   ,      .].               .                        .          :  -    ,           .           .

 ,          :     ( )[36 - The Tradition of the New (Horizon, 1959), 81.]   ( [37 - Beyond Culture,  (Viking, 1965).         Partisan Review 1961 , The Modern Element in Modern Literature,     Beyond Culture (. 330)   On the Teaching of Modern Literature.]   ( )[38 - The Theory of the Avant-Garde, 1962, translated from the Italian by Gerald Fitzgerald (Harvard, 1968), Ill.]         ( )[39 - Contemporary Art and the Plight of Its Public, ,       1962,   Battcock, The New Art, 2747,     Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth Century Art (Oxford, 1972), 15.].             ,     .             1960- :           [40 -     ,  ,            The Culture of Modernism, Commentary, November 1967;    The Idea of the Modern     , Literary Modernism(Fawcett Premier, 1967).        ,       ,    ,       .]. ,    ,      .      ,            ,      ,      .        ,          :  ,     ,           . . ;   ,         ;    A Love Supreme ;  ,        ;  ,     :       .

           ,        ,   .        ,    ,          .   1968    ,          . ,          , !    -       ,     ,     [41 - .    Morris Dickstein, Gates of Eden: American Culture in the Sixties (Basic Books, 1977), 26667.].        ,   ,     , , , ,                    . ,               ,    .   ,       .     ,   ,                  ..,  ..[42 - Bell, Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (Basic Books, 1975), 19; Modernism and Capitalism, Partisan Review, 45 (1978), 214.         Cultural Contradictions     1978.].            ,  ,       . , ,    ,          .

 1960-       ,     ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .       -   1960-.         ,       ,    ()   ,   ()[43 - , Experimental Music ( )(1957)  Silence () (Wesleyan,1961), p. 12. Cross the Border, Close the Gap, 1970,  Collected Essays  (Stein and Day, 24. 25. 1971), vol. 2;     : The Death of Avant-Garde Literature, 1964,  The New Mutants, 1965.  : One Culture and the New Sensibility, 1965, Happenings, 1962,  Notes on 'Camp', 1964,    Against Interpretation (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1966). ,     60-     ,     ;     .             . Richard Poirier, The Performing Self: Compositions and Decompositions in Everyday Life (Oxford, 1971). Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (Museum of Modern Art, 1966); and Venturi, Denise Scott Brown and David lzenour, Learning from Las Vegas (MIT, 1972).  Alloway, Richard Hamilton, John McHale, Reyner Banham      - . John Russell  Suzi Gabhk, Pop Art Redefined (Praeger, 1970),  Charles Jencks, Modem Movements in Architecture (Anchor, 1973), 27098.].                 ,  ,   , .  ,    , , ,                  ,          .

   ,      ,    ,       ,  ,     .     ,        ,   ,      .        ,   1950-    ,   . -    ,        , , , ,   . ,            ,        .                    ,      ,          .   ,  -     ,    ,                ,  -     [44 -  -      ,         ,       1965    BBC: :  ,  -   - ,     ,  - .     ,        ,  [  ],         :  ,       ,        ,    ,        ?        ,       ,   ?. .: ,  ,          .  ,    . .:  ,   ,     ,   ,    ,     [] .. .: ,  ,    ,               . .:       ?. .:   . .:     .  ,         .    , ,      ,      - -  ?     ,    ,     ,          . .  Jencks Ch. Modern Movements in Architecture. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Anchor Press, 1973. P. 208210.). . .].

      1960-     .    ,     ,   ,  ,     .           ,         ,          .     ,             . 1970-      ,         .  , , ,       ,   .       ,    ,       .

          , ,  -             .    ,            ,    , , ,                   .   ,    - ,      ,      [45 -           : Fiedler, The Death of Avant-Garde Literature 1964  The New Mutants, 1965,    Collected Essays, vol. II; Hassan, The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature (Oxford, 1971),  POSTmoderniSM: A Practical Bibliography, in Paracriticisms: Seven Speculations of the Times (Illinois, 1973).     - . Charles Jencks, The Language of Post-Modern Architecture (Rizzoli, 1977); Michel Benamou  Charles Calleo, Performance in Post-Modem Culture (Milwaukee: Coda Press, 1977);    Boundary 2: A Journal of Postmodern Literature.    . Robert Alter, The Self-Conscious Moment: Reflections on the Aftermath of Post-Modernism,  Triquarterly #33 (Spring 1975), 20930,  Matei Calinescu, Faces of Modernity (Indiana, 1977), 13244.    Boundary 2 ,         .               , ,  , ,    . ,       ,      ?  ?         Douglas Davis, Post-Post Art I  II,  Symbolism Meets the Faerie Queene  Village Voice, 24 June, 13 August, and 17 December 1979. .     Richard Schechner, The Decline and Fall of the [American] Avant-Garde, in Performing Arts Journal 14 (1981), 4863.].           ,  , ,  ,            .                ,      ,     [46 -           Samuel Huntington, The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and Politics, in Comparative Politics, 3 (197071), 286322. .  S. N. Eisenstadt, The Disintegration of the Initial Paradigm, in Tradition, Change and Modernity (   10), 98115.        70-     . . . Irving Leonard Markowitz, Power and Class in Afnca (Prentice-Hall, 1977).  ,     1980-                   . . Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, 14001800, trans. Miriam Kochan (Harper & Row, 1973),  Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, transl. Patricia Ranum (Johns Hopkins, 1977); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, vol. III (Academic Press, 1974, 1980).].     1970-        .              ,        ,   .

  , ,     ,      - ,  .              ,       .    , , ,  ,      . ,    ,          ,      .       .            ,        ,      ,    .

      ,  ,      .  ,     ?       ,      ,    ,        ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .   ,  ,  ,        ?        ,           ,        [47 - * . . . . .][48 - The History of Sexuality, vol. I: an Introduction, 1976, transl. Michael Hurley (Pantheon, 1978), 144, 155    .].    ,     , ,    ?   ,                ,       .   ,        ,    ,     ,     [49 - . . . . .][50 - Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Pson, 1975, transl. Alan Shendan (Pantheon, 1977), 217, 22628.      (195228)    .            ,      .           , ..  Characteristics of Total Institutions  The Underlife of a Public Institution   Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (An-chor, 1961).].

  ,  ,      ,       ,    ,  ,      ,      .   ,             . ,   ,       1960-     ,     ,        1970-.        ,            ;        , ,   ,  .

           XIX .  ,      , ,             ,     ,     :            [51 - Alternating Current, 1967, transl. Helen Lane (Viking, 1973), 16162.].      , ,   ,         ,       .           ,           ,  ,    ,   ,          .       ,     :                 ,    ,      , , , , ,    ,     ,       ;    , ,    , ,   ,             (   ,   ,   ),      ;                 ,   ;    ,           ,             ,   , ,   ,        .        XIX ; , ,   ,         ; , ,   ,  ,  ,  ,        ,    ,  ,   ,   ,         .        XIX ;   ,     , ,   , ,      .

,          ,  -      .  ,   ,   ,        ,              ,   .      ,          . ,           ,    , ,     .      ,          ,   ,  ,       ,   .       ,      ,    .          ,     : ,       ,      .

         XIX            XXI .          ,     ,     ,   .          ,                .




I. :  


  ,       ,   ,           ,   ,         ,   .

  

  !..    - !

   , -,         1945

             ,          .

 , 1971


          .   ,    Faustbuch    1587          ,    ,    ,            ,          -    ;            .      ,            -,    .      ,      -       ,    .

        -    . ,  The New Yorker         --          :      ,   ,    ,     ,   [52 - The New Yorker, 9 April 1979, Talk of the Town, 2728.].                 !  ,     ,     -   .   ,                   .      []   ,   ,     -      !              ,             ,  .  ,      ?      ,    .     ,      1970-          .     ,        !      ,      [53 - Captain America #236, Marvel Comics, August 1979.      .].

          ,  ,  ,    .        ,        . -    (   ,      ,    )      [54 -         /Goethe and His Age (Budapest, 1947;  Robert Anchor, Merlin Press, London, 1968, and Grosset & Dunlap. New York, 1969), 157.  ,     ,       . ,       , ,        .].        1770 ,  21- ,            ;       1831 ,          ,         [55 -    ,   1832 ,    XIX.   ,     .         .    Walter Arndt, Cyrus Hamlin (Norton, 1976, pp. 34655).   ,        ,          .]. ,              .          :                ,       ;          .

   ,       ,   XX    ,          ;           .      ,     ;        ,       ,               .                .      ,      XVIII   XIX      .

 ,    ,                ,  ,       .               .               : , ,   ,   .   ,  ,     ,   ,   ,    .

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		         ! [176575][56 -        . . ,    .           .          ,     -      . . .][57 -      ,         (Walter Kaufmann. New York: Anchor Books, 1962).        ,    ,      (Louis MacNeice's (1951: New York, Oxford University Press, 1961).     ,    Faust: Eine Trag?die, ed. Hanns W. Eppelsheimer (M?nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1962).]

      ,         ,   ,         ;       .

                    .  ,        ,               .      ,      ,     ,    ,    .           ,   ,      ,   ,   ,       .       , , , ,  ,    .        :       ,   ,  ,    ,         ,   .           .

      :     ,      ,  ,       ,       [58 -        development ()  The Developer, ,  , .                 ,          ,        .   ,         . . .].




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  [59 -    .  1798  1799       ()       ,     350 . ,     ,     ,   ,           . ,            ,     ;     ,       ,             .]   ;         .      ?   !.. , ! ,   ,  ! (39899, 418).      :         ,         .     , ,         ,      .       (         ; , ,    [60 -         (1851). . .]),            .       , , , , ,    .       , , ,        .         ,     .       ,    .

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     ;     ,           .      ,        ,         .      ,            .      ,         ,          ,     .      ,        ,        .          ,       :     ,      .      ,         .   ,     ,          .          ,         ,   ,          .

,      ,             .        ,    .               ,  ,   .      ,  (    ) ,         .        XIX ,     .  XX     ,      ,     .       ,             .         ,             .

 ,       ,                .     .          ,    .   ,      ,          .  !  .   ,     ,    !   ,          .         ,  deus ex machina;




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notes








1


  (.. , ) ,       (. 23:27).     - , ,    ,       . . .




2


  (.). . .




3


  (.). . .




4


     ,   ,     . . .




5


   1980- . . .: Hal Foster, ed., The Anti-Aesthetic: Essays on Postmodern Culture (Bay Press, 1983); New German Critique, #22 (Winter 1981)  #33 (Fall 1984); Andreas Huyssen, After the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Indiana, 1986); Peter Dews, ed., Autonomy and Solidarity: Interviews with Jurgen Habermas (Verso / New Left, 1986),  .  ;  Jurgen Habermas, The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity (1985), transl. Frederick G. Lawrence (MIT, 1987).




6


Jean-Francois Lyotard, The Post-Modern Condition: A Report on Knowledge (1979), transl. Geoff Bennington, Brian Massumi, foreword Fredric Jameson (Minnesota, 1984), p. 31, 37, 41.




7


         ,     .        ,           . . .




8


    ,       1980 .          .         (  ),    1986     ,     1965 . . .




9


Emile, ou De l'Education, 1762,   Bibliotheque de Ia Pliade Oeuvres Compl?tes  (Paris: Gallimard, 1959 ff.), Volume IV.    le tourbillon social       , .  IV, . 551.         , . Emile, I, 252; Ill, 468; IV, 50708.




10


    ,    . .   . . . . .




11


Julie, ou la Nouvelle Hloise, 1761,  II,  14  17.  Oeuvres Compl?tes, Vol. II, 23136, 25556.               The Politics of Authenticity (Atheneum, 1970),  . 11319, 16377.




12


   The People's Paper, . Robert C. Tucker, The Marx-Engels Reader, 2nd ed., (Norton, 1978), 57778.         MER.




13


    : .   . . , . 2,  12. ., 1958.  . .




14


  ,    (   )    ,     . . .




15


MER, 47576.     ,     1888.




16


     262, 223  224.  Marianne Cowan (. 1955; Gateway, 1967), . 21011, 14650.




17


    . . . .




18


Manifesto of the Futurist Painters, 1910, by Umberto Boccioni et aL Translated by Robert Brain, in Umbro Apollonio, editor, Futurist Manifestos (Viking, 1973), 25.




19


 . . . .




20


F.T. Marinetti, The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism, 1909, translated by R. W. Flint, in Futurist Manifestos, 22.




21


Marinetti, Multiplied Man and the Reign of the Machine, from War, the World's Only Hygiene, 191115, in R. W. Flint, editor and translator, Marinelli: Selected Writings (Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1972), 9091.  (   )       . Reyner Banham, Theory and Design in the First Machine Age (Praeger, 1967), 99137.




22


 . . . .




23


Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man (McGraw-Hill paperback, 1965), 80.




24


The Modernization of Man, in Myron Weiner, editor, Modernization: The Dynamics of Growth (Basic Books, 1966), 149.              .    : Daniel Lerner, The Passing of Traditional Society (Free Press, 1958)  W. W. Rostow, The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge, 1960).      .  Michael Walzer, The Only Revolution: Notes on the Theory of Modernization in Dissent, 11 (1964), 13240.           .      S. N. Eisenstadt, Tradition, Change and Modernity (Wiley, 1973).  , ,        (Alex lnkeles and David Smith, Becoming Modern: Individual Change in Six Developing Countries (Harvard, 1974)),         .




25


     ,        ,        . . .




26


*  . . . . .




27


The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, transl. Talcott Parsons (Scribner, 1930), 18183.    ,       (Peter Gay,   Columbia College, Man in Contemporary Society (Columbia 1953), II, 9697). ,       .




28


This nullity caught in the delusion that it has achieved.       ,         nullity, ,      it.        ,     .          (dies Nichts  ,   ,     ,       it   ),     (). . .




29


           , ,            (Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills, editors and translators, From Max Weber, Oxford, 1946).    ,  , ,         XX      . ., .,   ,     ,      (Georg Simmel on Individuality and Social Forms, edited by Donald Levine (University of Chicago, 1971)).           , . .           ,    ,    . . .




30


 . . . . .




31


One-Dimensional Man: Studies in the Ideology of Advanced Industrial Society (Beacon Press, 1964), 9.




32


Ibid., 25657. .      the Partisan Review, Fall 1964,          , Winter 1965.          1960-  ,    ,   1970- .     : An Essay on Liberation (Beacon, 1969)     The Aesthetic Dimension (Beacon, 1978). ,    ,   , ,           .




33


Modernist Painting, 1961, in Gregory Battcock, editor, The New Art (Dutton, 1966), 10010.




34


 . . . .




35


  , 1953, trans. Annette Lavers, Colin Smith (London: Jonathan Cape, 1967), p. 58.      1960-,         ,   ,      .




36


The Tradition of the New (Horizon, 1959), 81.




37


Beyond Culture,  (Viking, 1965).         Partisan Review 1961 , The Modern Element in Modern Literature,     Beyond Culture (. 330)   On the Teaching of Modern Literature.




38


The Theory of the Avant-Garde, 1962, translated from the Italian by Gerald Fitzgerald (Harvard, 1968), Ill.




39


Contemporary Art and the Plight of Its Public, ,       1962,   Battcock, The New Art, 2747,     Other Criteria: Confrontations with Twentieth Century Art (Oxford, 1972), 15.




40


    ,  ,            The Culture of Modernism, Commentary, November 1967;    The Idea of the Modern     , Literary Modernism(Fawcett Premier, 1967).        ,       ,    ,       .




41


.    Morris Dickstein, Gates of Eden: American Culture in the Sixties (Basic Books, 1977), 26667.




42


Bell, Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism (Basic Books, 1975), 19; Modernism and Capitalism, Partisan Review, 45 (1978), 214.         Cultural Contradictions     1978.




43


, Experimental Music ( )(1957)  Silence () (Wesleyan,1961), p. 12. Cross the Border, Close the Gap, 1970,  Collected Essays  (Stein and Day, 24. 25. 1971), vol. 2;     : The Death of Avant-Garde Literature, 1964,  The New Mutants, 1965.  : One Culture and the New Sensibility, 1965, Happenings, 1962,  Notes on 'Camp', 1964,    Against Interpretation (Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1966). ,     60-     ,     ;     .             . Richard Poirier, The Performing Self: Compositions and Decompositions in Everyday Life (Oxford, 1971). Robert Venturi, Complexity and Contradiction in Architecture (Museum of Modern Art, 1966); and Venturi, Denise Scott Brown and David lzenour, Learning from Las Vegas (MIT, 1972).  Alloway, Richard Hamilton, John McHale, Reyner Banham      - . John Russell  Suzi Gabhk, Pop Art Redefined (Praeger, 1970),  Charles Jencks, Modem Movements in Architecture (Anchor, 1973), 27098.




44


 -      ,         ,       1965    BBC:

 :  ,  -   - ,     ,  - .     ,        ,  [  ],        

 :  ,       ,        ,    ,        ?        ,       ,   ?

. .: ,  ,          .  ,    

. .:  ,   ,     ,   ,    ,     [] .

. .: ,  ,    ,               

. .:       ?

. .:   

. .:     .  ,         .    , ,      ,      - -  ?

     ,    ,     ,          . .  Jencks Ch. Modern Movements in Architecture. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Anchor Press, 1973. P. 208210.). . .




45


          : Fiedler, The Death of Avant-Garde Literature 1964  The New Mutants, 1965,    Collected Essays, vol. II; Hassan, The Dismemberment of Orpheus: Toward a Postmodern Literature (Oxford, 1971),  POSTmoderniSM: A Practical Bibliography, in Paracriticisms: Seven Speculations of the Times (Illinois, 1973).     - . Charles Jencks, The Language of Post-Modern Architecture (Rizzoli, 1977); Michel Benamou  Charles Calleo, Performance in Post-Modem Culture (Milwaukee: Coda Press, 1977);    Boundary 2: A Journal of Postmodern Literature.    . Robert Alter, The Self-Conscious Moment: Reflections on the Aftermath of Post-Modernism,  Triquarterly #33 (Spring 1975), 20930,  Matei Calinescu, Faces of Modernity (Indiana, 1977), 13244.    Boundary 2 ,         .               , ,  , ,    . ,       ,      ?  ?         Douglas Davis, Post-Post Art I  II,  Symbolism Meets the Faerie Queene  Village Voice, 24 June, 13 August, and 17 December 1979. .     Richard Schechner, The Decline and Fall of the [American] Avant-Garde, in Performing Arts Journal 14 (1981), 4863.




46


          Samuel Huntington, The Change to Change: Modernization, Development and Politics, in Comparative Politics, 3 (197071), 286322. .  S. N. Eisenstadt, The Disintegration of the Initial Paradigm, in Tradition, Change and Modernity (   10), 98115.        70-     . . . Irving Leonard Markowitz, Power and Class in Afnca (Prentice-Hall, 1977).  ,     1980-                   . . Braudel, Capitalism and Material Life, 14001800, trans. Miriam Kochan (Harper & Row, 1973),  Afterthoughts on Material Civilization and Capitalism, transl. Patricia Ranum (Johns Hopkins, 1977); Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System, vol. III (Academic Press, 1974, 1980).




47


* . . . . .




48


The History of Sexuality, vol. I: an Introduction, 1976, transl. Michael Hurley (Pantheon, 1978), 144, 155    .




49


. . . . .




50


Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Pson, 1975, transl. Alan Shendan (Pantheon, 1977), 217, 22628.      (195228)    .            ,      .           , ..  Characteristics of Total Institutions  The Underlife of a Public Institution   Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates (An-chor, 1961).




51


Alternating Current, 1967, transl. Helen Lane (Viking, 1973), 16162.




52


The New Yorker, 9 April 1979, Talk of the Town, 2728.




53


Captain America #236, Marvel Comics, August 1979.      .




54


        /Goethe and His Age (Budapest, 1947;  Robert Anchor, Merlin Press, London, 1968, and Grosset & Dunlap. New York, 1969), 157.  ,     ,       . ,       , ,        .




55


   ,   1832 ,    XIX.   ,     .         .    Walter Arndt, Cyrus Hamlin (Norton, 1976, pp. 34655).   ,        ,          .




56


       . . ,    .           .          ,     -      . . .




57


     ,         (Walter Kaufmann. New York: Anchor Books, 1962).        ,    ,      (Louis MacNeice's (1951: New York, Oxford University Press, 1961).     ,    Faust: Eine Trag?die, ed. Hanns W. Eppelsheimer (M?nchen: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1962).




58


       development ()  The Developer, ,  , .                 ,          ,        .   ,         . . .




59


   .  1798  1799       ()       ,     350 . ,     ,     ,   ,           . ,            ,     ;     ,       ,             .




60


        (1851). . .


