   
 


                (),     ,     .             .     ?   ,     





    



  



   , 2026



ISBN 978-5-0070-2523-2

     Ridero




      : , ,   











             .               .         ,   ,         .          ,     ,   NASA (SMACs)    .        CO  CO?,   ,      ,             .       :  ,          .        ,  ,   ,       .

 : ,  ,  , ,   , SMAC,  , ,  ,  .



ABSTRACT

This monograph presents the first systematic review in Russian literature of anthropotoxins  human metabolic products accumulating in sealed environments such as space stations, submarines, and Arctic shelters. It traces a century-long evolution of monitoring methods from indicator tubes to AI-driven digital twins. Central to the work is a critical comparison of tentative maximum allowable concentrations derived from ground-based chamber tests with NASAs SMACs and Russian sanitary standards, revealing systematic discrepancies and proposing harmonization pathways. Additional chapters address mathematical modeling of contaminant dynamics, intelligent air revitalization systems, omics biomarkers, and next-generation engineering solutions. Drawing on previously unpublished field data, the book offers an interdisciplinary perspective essential for advancing life support system design in deep-space exploration.







      ,     ,    ,    ,  ,              .    ,    ,     ,           : , ,   .  ,   ,      ,    ,        .

       ,     .              19801990- ,    ,      ,        ,   ,    -   .  ,          ,   ,      :           ;     ,          .          ,       AIRMON-2011      .

     ,    ,      ,          . ,            ,       SMACs,        ,      29  1112.  ,       ,    1920         ,                  . .      -3.

 ,                 .         .  ,   ,     ,    ,          . ,   ,     (   ),         .  , , ,        .

            .      ,      .         ,          .

 ,         ,      ,          .









 

 1.    

1.1.     :  

1.2.     

1.3.  :  , Skylab  

1.4.     

1.5.  :    -500

 2. ,    

2.1.     

2.2.    

2.3.     

2.4.     

2.5.  

 3.  

3.1.   

3.2.     

3.3. :  

3.4.     

 4.   

4.1.     : 

4.2. ,   

4.3.    

4.4.     

 5.  :  

5.1.    

5.2.  NASA (SMACs)

5.3.      [4]

5.4.   

5.5.    

 6.    

6.1.  :  

6.2.     

6.3.   

6.4.  

6.5.     

 7.     

7.1.   

7.2.   

7.3.   

7.4.  

7.5.    

 8.    

8.1.    

8.2.     

8.3.       

8.4.     

8.5.   :   

8.6.     

8.7.       

 9.    :      

9.1.      

9.2.  

9.3. 

9.4. 

9.5. 

9.6.  

9.7.  

9.8.  

9.9. 

9.10. 

9.11.   

9.12.    

9.13.      

 10.       

10.1.       

10.2.     

10.3.     

10.4.    

10.5.     

10.6.    

10.7.    

10.8.    

10.9.       

10.10.    

 11.     

11.1.  

11.2.  

11.3.  

11.4.  

11.5.  

11.6.   

11.7.       

11.8.    

11.9.     

 12.       

12.1.   

12.2.      

12.3.   

12.4.     

12.5. 

 13.       

13.1.   

13.2.   

13.3.      

13.4.  

13.5. 

 14.         

14.1.    

14.2.  

14.3.     

14.4.    

14.5. 

 15. -          

15.1.    

15.2.  NASA  

15.3.  ESA  JAXA

15.4.    

15.5.  

15.6. 

 16.      : , , 

16.1.    

16.2.     

16.3.  

16.4.    

16.5.     -

16.6. 

 17.         

17.1.   

17.2.    

17.3.    

17.4.    

17.5.  

17.6.   

17.7. 

 18.    :  

18.1. - 

18.2.     

18.3.    

18.4.   

18.5. 

 19.      :     ¨ 

19.1.   

19.2.  :   

19.3.  -    

19.4.    

19.5.  :   

19.6.    

19.7. 

 20.       :     

20.1.      

20.2.      

20.3.  :      

20.4.    

20.5.    

20.6.   XXI 

20.7. 

 .             



 

.    

  (SUMMARY)








          ,  ,           .       400    ,   ,        ,   ,     ,            ,         .

     ,        .       (   anthropos    toxin  ).     ,         ,  ,   ,      .            .         ,     ,     .

               ,   ,     .     ,      ,    ,   ,      .      .         ,      ,    .

           200  ,     :   (CO, CO?, NH?, H?S),  (, ),  (, ),  (, , ),   (, ),   (, , ),   (, ),  (, ),    .   ,          ,      :       ,   ,        CO?,  .

 ,            ,            . -,          2030  (  )    . -,           . -,       ,   ,        ,           , ,  ,  .      ,    .

        .         ,    2000-  2010-            Ȼ. ,   7-   AIRMON-2011 [4],           ,                   .      ,     .

   .       .  ,  ,          . .   ,        . -,             ,   ,     . -,               . -,      ,     ,   [4],   Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs),    NASA,     - ,        . , -,             ,     -     , -      .

    .     ,    ,   ,     SMACs            .      . Ÿ     ,                5080495,        ,                   .

 .    ,  ,    .     ,      ,    ,         .        .        .         .         , SMAC   .

 ,       ,        ,     ,     ,     .




 1.    


                     .         ,        ,           .

1.1.     :  

   ,    ,      ,  ,      ,    .        ,         .          XIX   XX ,              .

            (18701939),  . . .      ,       ,             .       ,     ,       ,     .

 ,     19001910- ,       ,      .          ,       ,            ,         ,  .           -    ,           .

    ,            .                     LMLSTP.

1.2.     

 19201940-        ,     ,          .     ,     ,            .

        XX .      ,         . ,      anthropotoxins   ;      human metabolic products, human-generated contaminants  bioeffluents.   ,          .

  1960-       ,    . Ÿ   . .   . .     -  ()   .  1969                  [1],         ( 9).

         .     :

   ;

        ;

  ,       , , ,     ;

         ;

        .

   ,          ,     ,      .

1.3.  :  , Skylab  

     (1961    . . ,  108 )     :            .        .         ( 5 )     ,      O?, CO? , , CO.

       .    (19711986)          23  237 .  -4 (1975)     ,    CO, CO?, NH?   .  -7 (1984)                    . ,                  ,       .

     Skylab (19731974),      ,      28, 59  84 .  Skylab         .      -       ,  , , , .     Biomedical Results of Skylab (NASA SP-377, 1977) [5],    .

  (19862001)          15     .     ,             ,   ,  ,   .        ,    40 .

1.4.     

       ,           .

        .     1960-            .        -500 (20072011),      ,      520  [18].          ,   .

        Lunar-Mars Life Support Test Project (LMLSTP),     .   1990- .             ,        .  LMLSTP      SMAC.

   (ESA),   ,   EXEMSI (1992)  ,      Concordia          .   Concordia       ,      .

1.5.  :    -500

 2000        ()       . Ÿ       :   ( O?  ),  OGA (Oxygen Generation Assembly),   CO? ( ,  CDRA),        .

             .      O?, CO?, H?O,         .    2015    AQM (Air Quality Monitor)      - ,       40      1050 ppb [13].

           ,       (     [14]),      .   ,    ,         ,       .




 2. ,    


      ,     :   ,            ?         ,          .

2.1.     

         .       ,        ,    ,    ,        .

     :

   (CO). ,  CO       ,    ,     (    ).    CO      0,52 ppm,      ,     [8].

   ,     .         0,3  1,5 ppm,   ,          35 .    ,       ,    ,      .

  ,     .         ( ).

     ,    .

 (, )   ,         .

 (, )        .

       ,         . ,           (),   /    .         ,       6.

2.2.    

     ,    .           ,     ,    ,   ,   .

   :

           .

  (, )     ;         ( , , ) [9].

    , ,         .

        .

       (      )      ,       .

2.3.     

              .       : , , CO?, , , ,    .            (  ),     ,        .

    100  ,       ,  ,     [10, 11].   :    ,    .         .

2.4.     

,     [4]     -500 [18], ,       .        4       0,1 /?   0,4 /?.     1,4    12  17 /?.    23 /?, -,    ,    .

 -500 520-   :      ,   ,        .      ,     ,      .       -500   :    100150      .

2.5.  

    ,     ,   [1, 3, 12]    : CO, CO?, , , ,  , , .  ,   [4], : CO, , , ,    .  ,    ,     [4]  ,      ,        5.




 3.  


            .       ,        ,     .

3.1.   

        ,  ,      .                .  :   ,  ,    .

 1970-        ,     O?, CO?, CO, .    12%   ,     .          .

     ()    - (-).             .             ,      .

      ,    ( ) .       23         (ppm  )   ,     [14].     :      .

3.2.     

         .   -     (CO?, CO, NH?, H?S),      -.    2015   AQM (Air Quality Monitor),           -. AQM   40 ,  , , , , ,   ,     1050 ppb (  ) [13, 19].  AQM      .

    AQM    .  ,     ,        .

3.3. :  

 ,    ,      .       :    ,  ,   .             .

   [4]         .  :   ( ),    , ,          .          ,      ,     [15, 16].

 [4]           ,       ,   -    .             .

3.4.     

  ,  ,    ,   . :

    .       ( ,  ,  ),              .

   .   ,  [4],       ,  ,  .     .

 .       ,        (68 ,  ).     .

 .         ,   ,  ,   [17],    .

     [4]  ,            ,     ,         .           .




 4.   


     . -,     , ,    (    ). -,    ,        .            .

4.1.     : 

 CO/CO?     . CO?       ;   400500 ppm (0,040,05%)     .    CO?   0,52% (500020 000 ppm),     .

      200250   ,   (COHb).       CO 15 /?  COHb   23%,     .     CO?    . -,  ( CO?  )      . -, CO?    ( ),          O?,    . -,    CO?     ,       .

  ,  7-  CO   15 /?   CO? 1,52,0% (   )        ,      [3, 12].    NASA-STD-3001 [19]  7- SMAC  CO      CO?    1%.  [4]    , ,  ,       .

4.2. ,   

    (IV  )   .   SMAC NASA  7     240 /?,  . .   200 /?.  ,          .          .            . , ,       [4],  50 /?.

   ,  ,    .  in vitro       .            ,    ,       .   0,3 /?  [4]  0,6 /? SMAC.

         .   2030 /?   , ,  .     (510 /?)           .   ,       ,    .

4.3.    

    .    (, )      ( /?)   ,      (  ).   (, )  :     1   ,       .      ,   NASA   . .,  ,   (  [4]).

4.4.     

       .          ,      .       :  (),  (),   .        ,             ,   ,  .

    (,         Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships  QSAR)     [27].       ,     Ci/i        ,   .




 5.  :  


     .            ,  SMACs     [4].

5.1.    

    ,         ,    5080495       .  -  [2].            ( 1 ) .      2030 ,       ,        ( 2.1.6.198305   2.1.6.133803) [20].

  .           ,        .     .

5.2.  NASA (SMACs)

       .          Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentrations (SMACs),    B  NASA-STD-3001, Volume 2 [19].

SMAC    : 1 , 24 , 7 , 30 , 180   (  ) 1000 .   SMAC     :    ,    ,   ( , ,  ).     ,       (  3  10     ).

  SMAC  ,        ,        ,       ,     .

5.3.      [4]

 [4]              .         2:

CO: 15 /?

: 50 /?

: 5 /?

: 0,3 /?

: 1 /?

 : 300 /?

5.4.   

      SMAC (7-)   . . ( ).

  (CO):  [4]  15 /?. SMAC (7-)  15 /? (  CO?  1%). . .  20 /?.     .   [4]  ,     CO?   .

:  [4]  50 /?. SMAC (7-)  240 /?. . .  200 /?.   45 .   :  [4]       ,   SMAC   7    .    [4]    .

:  [4]  5 /?. SMAC (7-)   10 /?. . .  20 /?.  ,      (  vs  ).

:  [4]  0,3 /?. SMAC  0,6 /?. . .  1 /?.      ,     .

 ():  [4]  1 /? ( ). SMAC    0,5 /? (24 ).    1 /?.   ,         .

 :  [4]  300 /? (  ). SMAC NASA    ;    201 /? (7-). . .    300/60 /?.    TVOC      1025 /? [21].    TVOC ,   TVOC     ,       300

/?       .

5.5.    

,       [4] :

    ;

    CO?;

        ;

         .

  ,       ,         .       ,    .




 6.    


6.1.  :  

  ,  ,    [4],         .    ,   (  ),  (    ).          .     [16],      .  ,         (  ),   (  ),   (     ) [17].

6.2.     

                 [22, 23].  -  -     5001000 .        ,   ,              .

,   /        :           ,         .  ,               .

6.3.   

            .    (HSP70)       ,   .    (IL-6, IL-1?, TNF-?)          ,        [24].   (RNA-seq)      ,    ,      .

6.4.  

  (single cell gel electrophoresis)         .    ,             [25].            ,   , ,  .

6.5.     

          . ,          1015    (, HSP,    ,  )        .            ,        .

                   ,        .




 7.     


7.1.   

       .      :

    (    , , ?).

   (      95%, 99%?).

    (24 , 7 , 30 , 180 ).

  CO?   CO.

            ,       [26].

7.2.   

     ,         .          ,    ,     ,    [27].         in vitro    .

7.3.   

           ,   ,   ,  .     pre-registration       ,       .

7.4.  

   ,             .      : > 80%, > 80%       .

7.5.    

       :           , ,   ,                 [28].        :   AQM      ,       (,  )   .



                       .   ,     :                 ppm.   ,     ,     .

 ,      [4],      .      SMAC NASA     ,     (CO, )  ,   (, )   ,    ,  ,  .      :             versus         SMAC.   ,       :   ,    CO?,       .

     :  ,    .           .     ,            ,    .            .   1015                .

 ,                ,    ,          .

 

[1]  . .,  . .            .   . . 9.  .: , 1969.  183 . [2]  . .,  . .,  . . -     .  .: , 2008.  256 .

[3] James J.T. Spacecraft Airborne Toxicity // Encyclopedia of Toxicology. 3rd ed.  Academic Press, 2014.  P. 289292. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.000555

[4]  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . .,  . . Monitoring of Anthropotoxins in Atmosphere of Artificial Objects // Abstracts of AIRMON 2011: 7th International Symposium on Modern Principles of Air Monitoring and Biomonitoring.  Loen, Norway, 2011.  P. 102.

[5] Johnston R.S., Dietlein L.F. (eds.) Biomedical Results of Skylab. NASA SP-377.  Washington, DC: NASA, 1977.  P. 157165.

[6] Perry J.L., Peterson B.V. Cabin Air Quality Dynamics on Board the International Space Station // SAE Technical Paper 2003-01-2650.  2003. DOI: 10.4271/2003-01-2650

[7] Grigoriev A.I., Svetaylo E.N., Egorov A.D. Medical support of the European Antarctic station Concordia during the wintering over // J. Gravit. Physiol.  2004.  Vol. 11, 2.  P. 223224.

[8] Fenske J.D., Paulson S.E. Human breath emissions of VOCs // J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc.  1999.  Vol. 49, 5.  P. 594598.

[9] Wisthaler A., Weschler C.J. Reactions of ozone with human skin: new insights from in vivo measurements // Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA.  2010.  Vol. 107, 15.  P. 65686573.

[10] Novikova N., De Boever P., Poddubko S. et al. Survey of environmental biocontamination on board the International Space Station // Res. Microbiol.  2006.  Vol. 157, 1.  P. 512.

[11] Venkateswaran K., Vaishampayan P., Cisneros J. et al. International Space Station environmental microbiome  microbial inventories of ISS filter debris // Microbiome.  2014.  Vol. 2, Art. 50. DOI: 10.1186/s40168-014-0050-1

[12]  . .,  . .,  . .  .          //   .  2016.  . 95, 9.  . 897902.

[13] Wallace M.A., Gazda D.B., Limero T.F. et al. Operational monitoring of the ISS atmosphere by the Air Quality Monitor // 45th Int. Conf. on Environmental Systems. ICES-2015-156.  2015.

[14]  . .,  . .,  . .  .            //    .  2019.  . 53, 1.  . 6470.

[15]  . .,  . .           //    .  2001.  . 35, 4.  . 2832.

[16]  . .,  . .,  . .  .           105-  //    .  2011.  . 45, 5.  . 1825. [17] Pedersen B.K., Hoffman-Goetz L. Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation // Physiol. Rev.  2000.  Vol. 80, 3.  P. 10551081.

[18] Basner M., Dinges D.F., Mollicone D.J. et al. Psychological and behavioral changes during confinement in a 520-day simulated interplanetary mission to Mars // PLoS ONE.  2014.  Vol. 9, 3, e93298.

[19] NASA. Spaceflight Human-System Standard. Volume 2: Human Factors, Habitability, and Environmental Health. NASA-STD-3001, Vol. 2, Rev. B.  Washington, DC: NASA, 2019. Appendix B.

[20]  2.1.6.198305.    ()       .  ., 2005 ( ).

[21] Indoor air quality: organic pollutants. Report on a WHO meeting. EURO Reports and Studies 111.  Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe, 1989.

[22] Filipiak W., Sponring A., Filipiak A. et al. TD-GC-MS analysis of volatile metabolites of human lung cancer cell lines and their enzyme inhibition // Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev.  2010.  Vol. 19, 1.  P. 182195.

[23] Tzoulaki I., Ebbels T.M.D., Valdes A. et al. Design and analysis of metabolomics studies in epidemiologic research: a primer on -omic technologies // Am. J. Epidemiol.  2014.  Vol. 180, 2.  P. 129139. [24] Crucian B.E., Cubbage M.L., Sams C.F. Altered cytokine production by specific leukocytes during spaceflight // J. Interferon Cytokine Res.  2000.  Vol. 20, 10.  P. 4753.

[25] Ohnishi T., Takahashi A., Nagamatsu A. et al. Detection of space radiation-induced DNA damage in the cultured human cells and mice // Biol. Sci. Space.  2009.  Vol. 23, 3.  P. 143151.

[26] James J.T., Limero T.F., Beck S.W. et al. Spacecraft maximum allowable concentrations for airborne contaminants // Toxicology Letters.  2004.  Vol. 149, 13.  P. 389394.

[27] Mumtaz M.M., Durkin P.R., Hertzberg R.C. A weight-of-evidence approach for the assessment of chemical mixtures // Toxicology and Industrial Health.  1999.  Vol. 15, 34.  P. 361374.

[28] Pamies D., Hartung T. 21st century cell-based toxicology for the 21st century // ALTEX.  2017.  Vol. 34, 2.  P. 183200.







  [4], /? SMAC NASA, 7 , /? [19] . . , . ., /? [20]

  (CO) 15 15 20

 50 240 200

 5 7 20

 0,3 0,6 1

 1  1 ()

  300 201 () 300/60 ()



 8.    

        .           ,      ,         ,   ,              .           ,        ,                .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/gercog-fon-babenberg-3/monitoring-antropotoksinov-v-obitaemyh-germoobektah-74155472/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


