
 


    ,      ,       ,      .  ,              ,     ,     .   , ,   ,     .  ,  .





 







 0. 



    ,    .             .     ,    .  .    .

,     .

      ,     . ,    ,   ,       ,     -.   ,   ,   .  ,       ,      ,   .

           - ,      :   ,     .  ,  .

. 

,       .    .

        ,  . ,        ,  ,    ,  ,       .     ,     .    .

      .    :  ,          ,     ,       ,      .       .   -:   ,         ,           ,    .

   .      ,          .       ,  ,         . -      .

    .       ,  .  !   ,    




 


      .

      .  .

 ,  ,    ,        .  ,  ,      ,          . . .

,     ,    . ,         . ,        ,    . ,     ,   ,  . ,       ,    ,  . ,  , ,  ,          ,   . ,         , , , ,   ,     ,     - . ,     ,      .

    .    ,   ,  ,   .

     .        ,     .    .       ,     ,     ,  ,      .

     ,         , ,  ,   ,       ,       .    :   ,        ,     ,    .  .     . ,   ,     .

         .  .          .

       ,    .

,  2026 ,        .            ,        .    .

,         .       ,  ,  .    .    ,   .

   ,   ,   ,     .     .

 .




 1. -      



,    ,   :

 ,  !

 ,  .

 ,   , !

     .

 ,      ,     !

        . 

  ,       ,  .

    ,       .    .

         :    .   .   ,    .          ,     .    . ,    .

       :   .    .   .    .   .

    ,      ,         :   .   - ,     - .    .      .  .

      -  ,           :  .   .

    :  ,  .

    ,     .   ,          .   ,       ,       .     ,     - .




     


      , ,   :  80-, 90-,  .        ,   .      , .

.  .  .  .

     .    -  .      .     .  .     ,    ,   ,    .

     .   ,      .    .    .

     , , , , , , ,        .      .

    .          -.

-   . , ,          .

-  -   .  ,    ,  ,   .

 -  .  .  .  .       ,    ,  . , , , , , ,         .

      .      .     ,    ,   ,  .

         .        .   ,  ,    . . . . . . .

    ,       .

   -   .




   ?


      ,     ,  ,  ,  .   Pew Research,  2025       35%   64% .        :  2017   49  49.  .

  ,   ?  ,        . ,  .

 : 22%

 : 30%

 : 31%

 : 31%

 : 37%

 : 47%

 : 49%

 : 62%

 : 75%

 *: 73%

 *: 75%

: Pew Research Center,  2025.

*    ,    1959      .     , 1,4  ,      .

 :   ,     , ,   ,     - . , , ,     .      . ,    ,   .

 ?   75%. ,    ?

         -.        ,   .           ,     ,  .                   .      .          .

      .        .  :   ,   .       ,    .    , ,  .       .

  .      ,   ,  , .     .        49%   2017   35%  2025.   ,     .

     .    . . 3     :    ,   ,        .        ,     ,   .

   -,      .      .     ,     .

    1970-    honeymoon-.       .     .      .  .       .    .    .

  .        .  1945    Gallup      .  80       ,    :          .

 .  (19451953):  87%,  22%,  32%

 .  (19631969):  79%,  35%,  49%

 .  (19691974):  65%,  24%,  24%

 .  (19771981):  75%,  28%,  34%

 .  (19811989):  51%,  35%,  63%

 . -. (19891993):  51%,  29%,  56%

 .  (19932001):  58%,  37%,  66%

 . -. (20012009):  57%,  25%,  34%

 .  (20092017):  67%,  38%,  59%

 .  (20172021):  45%,  34%,  34%

 .  (20212025):  57%,  36%,  36%

: Gallup Presidential Job Approval Center, 19452025.

       - .     ,     .    75%     34%. -   90%  11     22%.    24%,     :   .

      .    34%   . -   34%   .    34%   .    36%   .         :     ?  ?   ?     ?  ?  .           .    ,   .           .

              ,      .        . ,    .   ,     ,        .

    .              , , , , ,       .       ,  ,           .

    ,          ,   . 3.  :   .  .

  .      ,       .     ,    .




 


     .        .     .

                   .

 :  78%,  20%

 :  77%,  17%

 :  76%,  21%

 :  75%,  20%

 :  73%,  23%

 :  72%,  23%

 :  61%,  32%

 :  31%,  41%

: Pew Research Center, Global Attitudes Survey,  2025 (   2024).

             :   ,  .

 ,   .       :     .       , , , ,     .    .          ,     -  .

            : 41%   31% . ,  ,    .  ,    25   ,  :              .         ,   .    .

        .           ,     .          1960-  2,2  2024        .  ,   71%  ,     .            .

  : 0,75   

 : 1,02

 : 1,10

 : 1,14

 : 1,15

 : 1,18

 : 1,38

 : 1,62

 : 1,94

 : 2,20

  : 2,10

: UN World Population Prospects 2024 Revision.

 2019  2024     185    .    .       .       .

,    .    2024    700          ,    .     2018        .  2024-  0,75   .         .        .

   .  .        ,     ,     ,  -  .     , , .      ,    .




   


    : ,   ,   ,  ,   ,      . ,  .

   .  :   .

      .      .      ,    .          ,     .       . ,       .    (   )   ,     .

       ,   ,   ,      .  . . . .       , -     .         .   .  .

,  -,    .        .  -       ,   ,   .         .

         ,  .   :      .  .  .   .

     ,       ,     .   , ,  ,   ,  ,  ,  , ,  ,  , ,  .       ,        .  ,  , .

     ,    ,              ,       ,  .    .   .

       .

  , ,        ,   ,   : ,   .  .

  .   .   ,   .           ,   .      .




  ?


,  . ,          ,     .     .   ,  .   .   ,      .     .   ?

  ,  ,   ,   .

,  ,     ,   .

     ,        .

   .  ,  ,      ,   .    ,   .        .       .

   .  ,   ,      ,  ,  ,    ,   .                     .

   .     ,     ,      ,     .    ,     .  ,    ,   ,     ,    , , ,   .               .    ,        .   ,   ,      .

     ,         .   .  .

    ,    .  2013         ,             2002 .        ,    .       300   .        .

   ,   ?    ,       .   .   . ,   ,   .

      ,  ,       .          ?     ?   ,        ,       ?

 : .




  ,  


          ,     . ,  ,           ,    ,      .   --  .

  .  1995 .         FDA   ʸ        OxyContin.       :   ,      ,   .                   1980 ,      .

 13     FDA.      ,    ,  Purdue Pharma      .    400    ,     ,   FDA.       2006 ,              - FDA,     Purdue.

    .      Purdue Pharma   ,  ,  OxyContin   .  1996  2019           250  .        (  )   800  .    ,          .        .

 .  .    ,   .        .

   .  .  1970-  10%       .  2019   59%.    50 .    174    ,   2009.           357     part-time .          15      .

       .    .         .       ,   -        ,   ,       .




  


 ,    .  ,     .        ,       ,    .      ,           ,    .

          :    . ,   . ,   .    .  .

      .     Who Is America?               .              ,    ,      !    .       .       ,   ,      .

            ,     .     ,       .                ,     .

    :   ,  ,  .      .      ,  ,     ,          .      ,  .

      ,    .    .    ,  .   ,      ,   .       .     .             ,      . 3.

       ,      .   .    .    .               ,     .         ,    : .

     ,    .

          ,     ,   .     ,   ,   ,   .        ,     .

,     , , ,     .  .       .       ,        ,                .

    .   .      ,     ,         :    ,   ,   .

   .      ,     :     ,    .




   ?


:   ,    .

        ,     .   :    ,    ,  ,           .   ,     :       .

   .  2020:             .  2024:          ,           .  2017:                       .

   .       ,    ,     .    .   2010-  2020- .

  2013          ,     ,   .     Yonhap   Reuters      ,       .      .

  2017    -    ,     .            -  VX,     .    ,     .

  2021     ,     II,      .        ;    .  2022       .

   ,   .  20152016               .   BBC,  ,        ;      ,   -   .

       . 4.    .

. 4   ,       , ,       ,  ,       ,      .  :     ,      .      ,  .

  ,    .    .    .             ,     .     .     .     .  ,   .

,        .    ,       ,  ,     .          .




 -


     ,       .

  .    ,          .     ,  .

           .         .

      :     ?   ,     .     ?   ,      .    ?        ,       .

     .

 ,    -      ?.       .  .    ,       .

         .         ,    ,        .     ,   : , , .  ,   .  ,  .

 .    , ,       .     ,       ,     ,     ,   .

   .    ,     -   .  : ,   ,  . ,    ,  . ,    ,   .  ,     ,   .

    ,     ,      ,    .  ,    .

     ,         .               .




   1


   . Pew Research Center, Dissatisfaction with democracy remains widespread in many nations,  2025. https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/06/30 (https://www.pewresearch.org/short-reads/2025/06/30)

   ( ?  ? ). Gallup Presidential Job Approval Center, 19452025. https://news.gallup.com/poll/124922/presidential-approval-center.aspx (https://news.gallup.com/poll/124922/presidential-approval-center.aspx)

    /  . Pew Research Center, Global Attitudes Survey,  2025 (  2024), 36 , 41 503 . https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/01/09 (https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2025/01/09)

    . UN World Population Prospects 2024 Revision. https://population.un.org/wpp (https://population.un.org/wpp)

:   2024.  ,    , 2025.

ʸ    OxyContin. CBS News 60 Minutes: Did the FDA ignite the opioid epidemic?, 2019.    2006 ,    The Inquirer  Marketplace.org.

 :  .      (CDC),     , 19992019  .

   ,   .   1970-  2019  GoodParty.org,     Sunlight Foundation  LegiStorm.

     . Bloomberg, Capitol Gains / Russell 3000 board pay analysis, 2016. The Journal of Politics, vol. 78 (1), 2016.

     (?15). Republic Report, When a Congressman Becomes a Lobbyist, He Gets a 1,452% Raise (on Average), 2012.

   .   2013;  Der Spiegel, The Guardian.

  / Who Is America?.     , Showtime,  1,  2 (22  2018).      (  )    31  2018   . https://www.npr.org/2018/07/25/632191533/ga-lawmaker-resigns-after-dropping-pants-shouting-slurs-on-sacha-baron-cohen-sho (https://www.npr.org/2018/07/25/632191533/ga-lawmaker-resigns-after-dropping-pants-shouting-slurs-on-sacha-baron-cohen-sho)

       ( ).      .

  ():   5,5%  ~13%    ~18,5%  . https://multinationales.org/en/news/vive-la-francafrique-who-benefits-from-niger-s-uranium (https://multinationales.org/en/news/vive-la-francafrique-who-benefits-from-niger-s-uranium)

  ():    2% ,  98%    (  Chevron  ExxonMobil);     6%  2024    5055%. ICIJ: https://www.icij.org/investigations/caspian-cabals/behind-closed-doors-kazakhstan-challenges-decades-old-deal-with-160-billion-claim-against-big-oil/ (https://www.icij.org/investigations/caspian-cabals/behind-closed-doors-kazakhstan-challenges-decades-old-deal-with-160-billion-claim-against-big-oil/) ; Times of Central Asia: https://timesca.com/kazakhstan-presses-oil-giants-as-kashagan-revenues-face-scrutiny/ (https://timesca.com/kazakhstan-presses-oil-giants-as-kashagan-revenues-face-scrutiny/)

   :  $50      ,  65%      ( ,    ).  /   . , 2015. https://www.uneca.org/institutional-architecture-address-illicit-financial-flows-africa (https://www.uneca.org/institutional-architecture-address-illicit-financial-flows-africa) ; https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/africa-loses-50-billion-every-year (https://africarenewal.un.org/en/magazine/africa-loses-50-billion-every-year)

 2020 ( , );  2024 ( ,  );  2017 ( ).  ,      .     . 4.

   (2013),    (2017),   (2021). Reuters, BBC, Yonhap, AP     .     . 4.

   (20152016).  - (  ,   ,    -)   ;   BBC        ,   . BBC News,   Kidnapped! Saudi Arabia's Missing Princes (2017).




 2.      



      ,  ,     ,   ,        ,     , , .       .

       .     .

  ,      .    ,   ,  ,   .                   .       .    ,         .

 ,     , -    .   ,   .                      .    ,         .

 :   .  .       ,         .




     


  ,      .

,    ,   .       ,     .  ,      , ,  , , ,    .    ,    . -    .

,         ,    ,         .     ,   ,  - .        .         - .   :        ,     ,  .

    . -,      - , .    ,   ,    ,      . -,  ,     .      , , .     .       ,    .

    .   .     .




   


              .   .  ,  .        -    -   .        :       ,    ,     ,       .   ,     ,       .  ,        ,   .

    .       ,   ,   ,       . ,    , . ,   , .   ,   ,    ,  ,     .        .          .     ,   ,     , ,  .   .     ,    .

    .           ,     :     ,  ,    ,    .   ,    , , .             ,    .

   -.  ,       .     ,  ,    .         ,     : , , , .   .   .

         .                  .       ,    .

   .   .       .  -     .        .         ,     ,    .    .  .   .

        :    .

   ,     ,              .      ,   .        .     .     .       :  . ,     ,     ,    ,      .       .

    :   ,  .

         .      ,    :        ,     .  ,     ,             .          ,   .     .  ,      .

,    ,  ,     .  ,  .      -               .      .   ,          .        ,    , ,   .




  


       ,           ,      ,   .   : ,      .

  .       ,    ,     ,   .

    1990   6,4  100 000 .  2023  5,2.        .           46%  1990  2015 .       70-150  100 000       ,   (    , ).     1990-    40%.     :    ,            15% (        60%).      13%  .      :   .

         .           .          .  ,    ,    40%  1990    10% .

         ,       30, 50, 100      .   ,  :  .    ,  ,  .   ,      .

 .      .  .

  :        ,    .           probability neglect  ,          (,  ,  )        (, , ).  :      ,       .

   .

,    ,      .      .      ,  ,  ,    .   ?

 . ? ,  . . ,    .  ,   .

    .             .  , ,   ,    .    .    ,  .

 ,        ,     .    ,    .   ,      .         ,     , ,       ,   .  .

     ,        .




  


        ,         .

  ,    ,   .     ,     .           .

 .     .  ,      .      ,   ,          .               N .             .

 .   .   ,   ,   .     ,   .    .

  .  -.     , .         ,      -   .               ,        .    .        ,  .       ,   .

 .  .     .   ,  .

-  .           .

    ,  , .           N .          M .             ,       .

       .        .      .

  /      ,     .       .     : ,   ,      ?    ,                 ,     .      ,    .




    ,  


           ,    .

    .

,  .

    16  .                , ,  , ,  .    .       .

   ,       .

 1.       ,   .       ;       0,3%  .    .     ,   .

 2.  ,    ,    .  ,  .                   ,     ,  :    .     ,  .   ,      ,    .

 3.  -            ,   ,   .      (),   (,    ),   (,   ).   :  .                .     ,     .

 4.      ,   ,    .   ,     .  ,     ,          .   .     ,    .

 5.   :              .                .  ,        ,            .              .

 6. Confirmation bias   .      ,    ,   .        .       .      .       ,    ,       .

 -          .             .

   .     .     ,       .    .    .                  .

    .          .  :                ,     ,     .  .    ,    .

            .




   


                       .       .

      .   Bureau of Labor Statistics   2024 ,      60    .    -,     ,       42  ,            60+  .         ,       .

,    ,     .  2000       .       33%.  ,  ,       : ,    ,   ; ,  ,  .       :    ,    ,      ,    .

,   .  ,    .

      ,   .  ,  .          .   .   .    ,   ,       - ,  - ,  -    .  .  . . .   : ,  .

   ?  : ,  . ,    . ,    .   : ,     -.   : ,   .   ,    .

      .    .    .

        .          ,     .    ,   ,    .       ,   .

     .    ,   ,    .    ,              .     .

, ,  ,     . Press junket    ,  , ,        , ,    .  .     .    -.    .  -              .     .       ,      .          .   ,       ,   ,  ,         .           ,    .      ,    .

 New York Times press junket     .        .

    .    ,   ,   .        .         :   ,  ,  .       ,  ,    .

                 , -.         .    ,    .     ,   .       ,   .   ,    ( )         .

   .     ,     .   ,      , .   ,   -, .        ,    .

      , ,        .   ,      .




 


          ,     ,  .   .

     ,       .    ,  ,  .  :  ,  ,          ,   .

,   .

  .                 ,    .   ,   .          ,     ,  ,  .   ,   .  .  ,   .       .        ,     .

  .              ,    .               ,    .  .   - :       .      ,      .

  .    ,   , , .   ,   , , .                    ,       ,    .

   ,    .          ,   .    ,        .        ,      ,   -    .     :         ,      . ,   ,        .

      .         , ,  ,      :    .         .     . . . . . .  ,  .       ,  :  ,    ,       ,  .   ,        ,                ,     .       .

      .   . ,  ,       ,       .

    .   .   .   .   .   .   .   .            ,  .         .         -      ,          .   .

          .     .         .    , .      ,   ,  - .

    ,     .     .       .         ,   .




      


.

        ,   -         .

     .   .  .     .  .   .  .   .   .   ,    .

     .

   ,         .

                .     .      .            .     ,               ,           .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/stanislav-teo/futurokratiya-74159703/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


