     .  2
 


     (  ),                .  ,           : "     "  "     . ".            1  .





  

     .  2










              ,    ,       .

                       .           .






1.     




1.1. .   



             . 

  ,             ,   -  .

  ,       :

     ;

     ;

   ;

    .

    ,      ,     .            .

      :

          :         .      ,     (  1  4);

        ,       ,       ,      ,                ( 2  3).

             ,,,    .,           , , ,  . .

    ,            ,   :  = {x}.

   =  {x:  P}        ,    .

 1. 

  = {1,2,5,7} ,        1,2,5,7.

 2. 

  =  {:      ,       170 }.

    .

 3. 

=  {:  >  3}        ,    .

  .

 4. 






  =  {,,,,,,}  ,            ,,,,,,,     .

  ,      .                 ,               .          .              , .    ,          ,       .

                     (*)   1  6.

          ,    ,           :  *  (xA);         ,    **A (x  ).

  ,        ,          ,   :  **** .   :     ».

     *****.

, ,      ,  2*A (2  ),   5 ()  ( ), 5**A.

,                 .

,,    354577312     3,5,4,7,1,2.

1.2.    



    ,           (  1  4),       ( 3).

   ,  ,  ,          .       {}:

     , {}   .

    ,        ,    ,   ***.

 5. 

*** = {:    ,    -1}.

 6. 

*** = {:   ,   }.

      :  ***  {***},  {0}.

          , ..          .    ,  ,   ,   .

             .    :     .

 1. 

          ,         .

  ,        ,           ,        (****):    ****  .    :     ».

    (      )    *****.

,    ***         , .. (***) ****   ****.

 7. 

  =  {,,,,,,}             = {,,,}.

 8. 

  =  {{2,3},  {4,5,6}}      ,       .

 = {{2,3}, {4,5,6},9,10,11}   ,    *** .

 9. 

L  =  {3,4,  {3,4}}     ,  ,  3*L    4*L,   {3,4} * L.



 2. 

      ,  *    *.

        :    =  .

  ,          ,         .

 10. 

{3,4,5,6} = {6,5,4,3}.

 11. 

{,,,.,} = {: -    }.

  (   )  :

1) :       = .

2) :    ,,,   =    = ,    = .

3) :       ,   = ,   = .






2.  .  




            (,  , ,      ..)       ,             (      ),               ******.

  ,                          .

, ,                   ,      .

          . .

,      ,         ,      .

            ,         ,        .

 1. 






.1.1.

  ,      ******,     ,    .

    ( ).   ,  A  =  {:  *  (******),   ** }.

      -             ,         ,    .

, ,       (. .1.1).




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74166242)  .

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