
 


    ,     :   ,   ,   .     ,        :   ,    ?       ?.

,    .

    ,   :  ,   ,   /   / ,     ( ,   )    .





 







   


,    

       .  ,     ,   :       ,     , ,   .  ,    ,    ,    .

  .           ,  -  .   ,     ,    ,     .

   ?  -   .      ,       . , ,         .  , ,        .       .

      .   ,    .      ,      ,      .     ,    .  ,        ,   ,        ,         .   ,   , ,      ,          .

           .        ,  ,       .

     .      ,      .    .   .      ,    , ,   ,     -,   ,   .      .

  ,   .  ,   ,      ,    ,  .     ,     :    , ,  .    .    .     ,    ,   ,        .

   

  - ,  -.    ,    :

   ,       .     .   ,   ,   .       .  ,   ,       .

 ?   .        ,  ,    ,   : , ,   ,    .

              .    :  ,  ,  ,   .  -        ,    ,     ,     ,  .    :    .           .

  

      ,      .

.     :   ,  ,  .        .     .        -         ,     .

.   ,     : ,     ,   . ,        ,   ,              .       .    ,    .   ,    .

       

    ,     .      ,  ,  .   :       .   ,     ,     ,              .     .

    ,    ,    :        ;       ;      ,  ,  .    ,     ,    ,     .        ,     .    ,      ,    .   ,   .

    ,        .         880           ,         169 ,   .       ,    -   ;            .  , ,        .

          .   ,   :  ,  ,  .  -            .

      

    .

 1.       ,     .   :    ,  ,  ,   ;       .

 2.       : ,    ,  , ,        .

 3.        : , ,   , , , ,  ,   , , .   - ,     .

    .            ,   .   ,   ,      .      ,     .

  .       ,     - .                 ,      .     ,   .      -     .

   

  .  ,   . ,      . ,          ,    ,     . , ,       ,    ,   ,         .

     .        ,     .     :   ,    ,    .      .     ,         .

  .  ,   .




 1.     0  










 1   03: 


 

  .   .        .    ,    ,   ,      .   ,   ,      ,  ,  -  ,      .

      .    .    .    :  ,   , - ,   .   ,    ,     :    .    .       .

   .  , .  .

             .  ,    ,    ,           ,  ,          .          ,     ,  ,  ,    .

      ,   .     :     ,     ,      .        ,    ,   ,      .

    .     ,       ,   ,   .





   

         ,        .      .      80%   .        :    .               .   .  .

 ,   , , , ,   ,     .  ,       . ,   ,      . ,  ,   .

             (HPA-; . hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis).    - ,  ,   ,    .        . Ÿ     ,  .

  -,   :      - ,       .      , ,         .   .  :   , , .

       .   - :        . ,      :      ,      .

    HPA  :   (   ),   (   ).          , ,  .

     .   1417   ,      - .     1114 ,    1013.   ,    .          ,    ,     .

        .    ,                ,   ,     .    ,   .





   

   1950            (trust vs mistrust).        .  ,            :     ?          .   ,       ,       ,   ,  .

 -          (autonomy vs shame and doubt).   ,  ,  ,    - .   :            .      ,     (, ),       ,         .

          :   .

      195060-            ,         .  ,    ,  1978     (. Strange Situation)   ,    1218       ,   .             :

 (secure)   70% .    ,   ,  ,   .

 (avoidant)   15%.     ,    ,   ,     .

/ (anxious/resistant)   15%.    ,      ,    .

       1986       (disorganized): ,  ,         .

    1218       ,         .   .             ,         ,      (  ).

    .          (. good enough mother).   ,  ,        ,     .

 ,           ,  ,  ,         .         :                     .     ,  ,         (      ).   .      ,  .





   

 03   ,      .

 .       

               (. serve and return),   .    , , , ,  .    , , , .       .

   ,   .   ,             ,        .

  , ,  ,   ,    (. still face)  ,   1978 .       - ,    ,          ,   .    .

        .     : , , . ,    ,     ,  ,   .            .

  :        ,   .    .    .            .

 :          ,  ,   .        ,         .       :           , ,    .

         .           ,      ,  ,    .

 .  ,    

            (Bucharest Early Intervention Project).       ,   2000       ,      170 000         .

  ,         :                   ,   ,     .

 . ,       ,       IQ ( ), ,  ,     ,  ,   .  :      ,   .        ,  .

   ,    .   :         ,   .        ,  .

 . ,    ,    ,   

      ,        .  ,      ,           .   1995       :               75% .

 ,           ,   ,    ,   .   ,        .     , ,   ,   .   ,   ,     ,    ,        1992 .

        (2015)  ,            .     ,  ,       .    ,          ,           .

               ,       ,    .

         .   ,    ,    .  ,   ,      .





    

    03  .

   .  ,   ,   1020%      ,     ,   ,  ,   ,    .       ,          .           .

    .           (, ,  )    ,  ,     .    :     (  ),         ,         ,      .

       .   ,      ( ,   )               .   ,         ,      .       ,      ,     ,     ,      .

   .     ,   1824      (    ).  2         ,      .         .       ,     :      ,     .         .

   .     ,       ,    ,      :      ,      .   .     ,   ,   ,   HPA  .       .





  

   .        . ,      ,   ,    ,             .

    .  ,    ,          .            ,         .

  .       ,     .      ,     ,    .

     .    XX     ,       .             ,    .

Cry it out ( )    .       -        .      ,        .

   .   ,    ,    .                ,    .       ,           .

        .       .           ,  ,     .





  ()

           ( ,    ).      .

       ,   ,  ,    ,     .  ,   .

        .    ,   ,   .

   6  ,     -    .           ;     ,   .

   , , .   .    .

    , , ,     .    ,      .

       , ,   ,  .     (. adverse childhood experiences, ACEs),        .

      , ,  .      ,      .





       

       ,  ,  , :

 :  ,  ,          .   ,    .

    3 .

   69 ,     18 .

   (   ,   ,    )  18      .

    ,   .

    ,    (, , ).

  ,     .

 ,  ,        .

          ,  ,  ,  .

      : 8-800-2000-122 (    ).  : findahelpline.com.





 

     ,   :  ,        .         ,     .   ?  ,   ?     ?      ?   - ,    ,     ,          .

     : ,          ,        .   . ,   - .  .   .   ,  . .   .    ,    ,          .







,    ,    .           .

     

      : Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University. Brain Architecture.;  Stiles, J., & Jernigan, T. L. (2010). The Basics of Brain Development. Neuropsychology Review, 20(4), 327348.

HPA axis   : Hostinar, C. E., Sullivan, R. M., & Gunnar, M. R. (2014). Psychobiological mechanisms underlying the social buffering of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis: A review of animal models and human studies across development. Psychological Bulletin, 140(1), 256282; Doom, J. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2013). Stress physiology and developmental psychopathology: Past, present, and future. Development and Psychopathology, 25(4 Pt 2), 13591373.

        3 : Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., DAmbrosio, C., et al. (2016). Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785786.

   : WHO (2020). Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities. World Health Organization;  Moore, E. R., et al. (2016). Early skin-to-skin contact for mothers and their healthy newborn infants. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11, CD003519.

     

    vs ,  vs : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

   : Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books.

Strange Situation    : Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  : Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In T. B. Brazelton & M. W. Yogman (Eds.), Affective development in infancy (pp. 95124). Ablex Publishing.

  : Winnicott, D. W. (1953). Transitional objects and transitional phenomena. International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 34, 8997; Winnicott, D. W. (1971). Playing and Reality. Tavistock Publications.

     

Serve and return   : Center on the Developing Child at Harvard University (2007). The Science of Early Childhood Development.

Still face experiment: Tronick, E., Als, H., Adamson, L., Wise, S., & Brazelton, T. B. (1978). The infants response to entrapment between contradictory messages in face-to-face interaction. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 17(1), 113;  Mesman, J., van IJzendoorn, M. H., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2009). The many faces of the Still-Face Paradigm: A review and meta-analysis. Developmental Review, 29(2), 120162.

    : Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruy?re, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Womens Health, 15, 1745506519844044.

Bucharest Early Intervention Project    : Nelson, C. A., Zeanah, C. H., Fox, N. A., et al. (2007). Cognitive recovery in socially deprived young children: The Bucharest Early Intervention Project. Science, 318(5858), 19371940;  Humphreys, K. L., et al. (2020). Foster care promotes adaptive functioning in early adolescence among children who experienced severe, early deprivation. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 61(7), 811821.

   (transmission gap): Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387403.

      

 AAP       5 : Council on Communications and Media (2016). Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591.

ACEs  adverse childhood experiences: Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245258.

     : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.





    

A1     :   1417 ,   1013.

A15    :         .

B10   :      .

C26       :  ,       .

E1             .

E3      :      .

B6  :         .

C31    :       03.

C28   :        .

  

. 11     :   ,    .

. 13  -         .

. 15      : ,    ,    ,     .








 2   46:  


 

˸ . , , .             -    ,    , ,    ,   .      ,        -  . ,  , : ˸,  ,  .

˸ .    .     . ,    ,           ,     ,     ,   - ,      .

  ,  -  ˸,      ,        ,     ,  ,  ,      .   .

 46     .     ,    ,    . ,    .           ,          :     , ,  .    ,       ,  ,  ,  .





   

 46         .    ,    ,    .   ,     ,        . ,     ,  ,     ,    .

         (. executive functions).   ,          :   (  ),   (   )    (  ).   36               .

       -    1970-.     :   ,         .  4     .  6    .   ,    .    ,  ,   4   ,           .         .       ,  :     ,   ,   ,    .

     ,  .         35  1013    ,  .       ,     .      , ,  .    4   ,    ,    ,       .

         .  ,    ,   , ,  ,   .    ,                  .  ,   , , ,          ,             .

                   ,  ;        (  ),    .

          ,     .    :        ( ),     ,  / (  /)         .

,           ,         ,  ,   ,   .        C33.





   

   1950           (initiative vs guilt).        ,      -   : , ,  ,  ,  .

          ,       , , .    ,              .      ,    .

    .   ,        ,  :    .        .    (   ,    )  .   ,       .

         ,    .  45      ,         1983      (. theory of mind)   ,        ,     .      ,     -,     .    .

 :  ,       , ,    .    ,  ?   4          ,  .  45           ,    .

       .    , ,  ,   ,   .     46        ,    ,    .

        .   ,  56          ,  ,       , , .        ;    ,          .  78   .  ,    ,    ,        -  ,       .

    .         .   ,       ,          - .           ,   .

  .  46         (. pretend play)     ,   ,       .        .    ,      ,  ,    .                ,       .





   

 46    .

 .   

 46        .  : , , , , .      .   .  .  ,      , ,        .

 ,  , ,    ,          ,   .   ,     , , ,  ,      .    ,         ,  ,  ,   .

  ,        .  .  ,     ,   ,    .   ,   ,    ,     .

 .   

 46           ,           ,   ,    .         ,      (  ,      ),          .

       ,        . ,      ,    ,    . ,    ,   ,     ,     .         ,  ,     ,       .

 .    

 46    ,     .          .   ,  :     ?      ?  ,   ?

  .    46  ,    .    ,  ,        ,            .     ,   ,   .     .

     .         (2015)     ,              :   ,   ,  ,   .    ,         .          ,   ,  .





    

    46  .

   .         .      ,      ,        . ,    , ,    ,        ,     ,   ,    .

    .         . YouTube Kids, ,  .     ,   25              .        .              ,         ,     .     :   ,       ,                .

   ,        (. adverse childhood experiences, ACEs).        1998          .

:  ACEs (   , ,  ,   ,   , ,      . .)      ,  ,       .  :   ACEs  18,   .   46     ,             .

  ,      .  ,         ,       .    ACEs      46.

   .            :  , ,   ,     .    46         .                 ,     .





  

   .  , ,           .   ,   .  ,   ,    .

     . ,  ,  ,          ,          .

     .  46       . ,   Lego-    ,   .

   .    .       ,      -  .

    .       .  ,     .

     , , .  46    ,        ,  , .

    .   ,  ,        ,    ,           .





  ()

       .   :           .

1013    ,  .  ,     .

     .  ,     .

 .   ,     36         ,    .

    ,     .     ,      ,    .

   ACEs.  ,     ,    ,      .

        , ,      (),  .      .

- (   ) .  46                   .





       

        , ,   :

       (,       ,   ),       .

   : ,   , ,     .

  , , ,  .

  ,     ,          .

   , , ,   .

 ,       ,  ,  ,  .  :  46     ,     , ,  .

       , ,  ,   .    ACEs,     .

.    ,    .

     : 8-800-2000-122.       : findahelpline.com.





 

     46,   ,     ,   .        ,   ; ,     ; ,   .     ,  ,         .       .   - ,        ,      .          ,      .







,    ,    .           .

     

     : Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135168.

-   : Mischel, W., Ebbesen, E. B., & Raskoff Zeiss, A. (1972). Cognitive and attentional mechanisms in delay of gratification. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21(2), 204218; Mischel, W. (2014). The Marshmallow Test: Mastering Self-Control. Little, Brown.      : Watts, T. W., Duncan, G. J., & Quan, H. (2018). Revisiting the marshmallow test. Psychological Science, 29(7), 11591177 (         ).

     35  (1013 ): Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., DAmbrosio, C., et al. (2016). Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785786.

     

   vs : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

Theory of mind  false belief task: Wimmer, H., & Perner, J. (1983). Beliefs about beliefs: Representation and constraining function of wrong beliefs in young childrens understanding of deception. Cognition, 13(1), 103128.

     56 : Halim, M. L., & Ruble, D. (2010). Gender identity and stereotyping in early and middle childhood. In Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology. Springer; Halim, M. L., et al. (2014). Pink frilly dresses and the avoidance of all things girly: Childrens appearance rigidity and cognitive theories of gender development. Developmental Psychology, 50(4), 10911101.

    : Lillard, A. S., Lerner, M. D., Hopkins, E. J., et al. (2013). The impact of pretend play on childrens development: A review of the evidence. Psychological Bulletin, 139(1), 134.

     

        : Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum; Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss. Basic Books.

  : Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(1, Pt. 2); Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parentadolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 119.

    : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.

      

ACEs  adverse childhood experiences: Felitti, V. J., Anda, R. F., Nordenberg, D., et al. (1998). Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 14(4), 245258.

 AAP      25 : Council on Communications and Media (2016). Media and Young Minds. Pediatrics, 138(5), e20162591.

      : Odgers, C. L. (2024). The great rewiring: is social media really behind an epidemic of teenage mental illness? Nature, 628, 2930.





    

A1     :   46  1013 ,  .

C33      :       .

A20   : ,     .

B10   :   ,  ACEs  .

C10     :     .

C11     :   .

B24    :        .

C26      :  ,    .

E1             .

E3      .

C31    :   (  )   46.

C9    :   ,       .

B14  :    46  ,      .

  

. 11         46.

. 12      ,   ,    .

. 13  -  :      .

. 14   :      .

. 15   :        ,     .








 3   712:  


 

 .  , ,    .   .      ,          ,   ,   : ,   ,        .              ,      .

  .          , .     ,   .     ,         .     .      .            : ,    ,    .       .

          712  ,  ,      .   ,     .   .    ,   .    .

           , ,  ,  .    .  712    ,         :        ,     ,     .          .





   

 712    ,         ,        .         .

        .         1012    ,  ,       ,      . ,   ,      .  ,  ,        ,  , , ,      ,  ,  ,   ,      .

     .             612  912    .       ,       .       ,  , ,   .         .

-   78         ,          .     :   ,    ,       .   ,    .

      ,          .            810 ,   ,    .     ,    :     ,   ,     (,    ),      .

      ,   .        1011 ,     (  )    ;    ,        ,      .    : ,      ,  ,   .    ,     ,   C33;       A11.

 ,  .                .  ,  613        -  ,    .    .      ,  ,   .       ,   ,            .





   

   1950           (industry vs inferiority).      ,     ,    .    ,    .    ,   .          .         .     ,       ,        ,  .       , ,  .

       ,       1980-    .  7          -     .  78         ,    .     : , ,  , ,  .      ,          ,      .

   .    ,         ,    .         ,     ,  . ,         .    ,     .

        ,      .    ,    -     :   , , ,         .

    () ,                     , , .         ( ,   ,  ).   ,   :    ,     ,  .

 .              ,   :     ,  ,    (       16).             ()    .  : ,    ,      .

          . ,     ,        ,  ,  .        :   ,    , ,  .          ,            .

           (; . attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, ADHD)  ,      .    ,       12    - .       1112    611 .  ,           -             . ,   ,    ,       ,  ,   .

            ,         .        ,    ,       ,   ,   .             .





   

 712    ,      .

 .   

   ,         .   36     ,     .  59  ,    .   ,   810 ,   :   .      ,  ,     ,      .

         .      . ,     10,   ,        .  ,           .        : ,    ,      .

 .      ,   

     1970-    .  :  ()  ,     .         .    .

  ,      1035    -        , ,  .         ,     - .      :           , ,        .   .   ,   .

   ,      ,    .     :        .    :   -   .        ,  ,   .

       :  .        : ,       ,   .  :  ,  ,      ,      .   ,    ,   .

 .   ,     

 712       .             ,        .   .   .

            . ,         ,     .      ,     .    .  ,           .

        ,        1970-,       19902000-,     (. authoritative parenting)     .       :   ,        .    :            .

 -- (          ).  - (      ).   :    ,      .

     .         (2015)  ,          ,    .    :  ,     ,     .    ,   ,    , ,     .





    

    712  .

  .   712    ,         ,     . ,  ,      ,    .    ,   9 ,        .    ,        .    .    .

      .   , ,  ,     ,                 .   ,    .  ,        ,  ,     .

    .  -   ,        . YouTube, TikTok, .        .        . ,      ,    .      2024  The Anxious Generation ,               .       Nature       Nature Human Behaviour :  ,   ,  .   .          ,    .           .

   .  712       ,           .         : , , ,  ,    .        -    :    ,      ,    ,  .





  

      .        ,   .   ;   ,   .

   .    ,    .          ,       .

       .      -   ;             ,        .

       .        .      ;   .

    .             .          .

  ,   .               .  30     .

      , ,  .               .





  ()

       .    ,         .

912    .  ,  ,   .

   ,     .    ,      .       ,    .

       ,        .

       , , ,   .      .

 ,  .          .

    ,   .        ,     ,  ,     .





       

        , ,    :

 , ,    ,    .

      ,       ,    .

         ,  , .

     .

 :     ,    .

   ,  ,     .

.     ,        .

 ,       ,  ,  .

    :   ,  , .

         : 8-800-2000-122.       : findahelpline.com.





 

     712   , ,   ,       .  ,  ,   .  .       .     .  .  ,  ,           .      ,             ,    ,       .







,    ,    .           .

     

     : Giedd, J. N., et al. (1999). Brain development during childhood and adolescence: a longitudinal MRI study. Nature Neuroscience, 2(10), 861863;      .

     612 : Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., DAmbrosio, C., et al. (2016). Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations: A Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785786.

    : Biro, F. M., et al. (2010). Pubertal assessment method and baseline characteristics in a mixed longitudinal study of girls. Pediatrics, 126(3), e583e590;  Auchus, R. J. (2011). The classic and the backdoor pathways of androgen biosynthesis. Hormone Research in Paediatrics, 75(2), 7077.

      : Puhl, R. M., & King, K. M. (2013). Weight discrimination and bullying. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 27(2), 117127.

     

   vs : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

   : Harter, S. (1999). The Construction of the Self: A Developmental Perspective. Guilford Press; Harter, S. (2012). The Construction of the Self: Developmental and Sociocultural Foundations (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

     : Salari, N., Ghasemi, H., Abdoli, N., et al. (2023). The global prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Italian Journal of Pediatrics, 49, 48.

      2022: Danielson, M. L., et al. (2024). ADHD Prevalence Among U.S. Children and Adolescents in 2022. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology.

/     : Rossmann, M. M. (2002). Involving Children in Household Tasks: Is It Worth the Effort? University of Minnesota ( ;  ); Vaillant, G. E. (Harvard Grant Study)        .

     

   : Selman, R. L. (1980). The Growth of Interpersonal Understanding: Developmental and Clinical Analyses. Academic Press.

      : Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We Can Do. Blackwell; Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2010). The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program: Implementation and evaluation over two decades. In Handbook of Bullying in Schools.

  : Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental Psychology Monographs, 4(1, Pt. 2); Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parentadolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 119.

       /: Mattanah, J. F., Lopez, F. G., & Govern, J. M. (2011). The contributions of parental attachment bonds to college student development and adjustment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 565596.

      

      : Odgers, C. L. (2024). The great rewiring: is social media really behind an epidemic of teenage mental illness? Nature, 628, 2930.

  : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.





    

A1     :   912   .

A11   :     (, ).

C33     :  ,    .

B4  :      ,    .

B13    :          ,   .

B24    :   ,   .

C26      :  ,    .

C18     :    712.

D14   :    .

E1  ,    ,     .

E3      .

A34    :    712      .

C44  :         .

B28   :            .

  

. 11         .

. 12   ,    :   ,    ,     .

. 16          .

. 13        .

. 14   :      .

. 15   :     ,     .








 4   1318: 


 

 . ,   ,      ,     .     ,     .    , ,    ,          .      .     .     ,   ,           , ,   .

      -    .  ,  ,      -,    .   ,         ,  ,       .          .           ,    ,    ,       .

     30, ,  ,   .      .    ,   ,   ,       .

       ,  .    . ,    1318,     .              .    ,      30,   .





   

     , ,       .        .         1990-   2000-:      .     ,   , ,  ,  .      ,           .

       .     (  ):      ,    .      ,     1970-,    ,            .   .  .   ,  ,   ,   .           .

     :    ,         .      ,       25,      30.

      ,      2010    .     ,       .  ,    ,  .       .        ,  ,       .        .       .

   .       1990- :       .   ,  ,     ,     .            .     .      ,       (. delayed sleep phase).     ;     .

 -,     2014    :            .    ,   ,   ,    -    .

  .      ( )        .       1217 .   ,      12 ,       .

        ,       ,   ( ,    1213 )   (   ,    13,  ,    ).   ,      .   ,      :        ,   ,    -  .   ;       .     ,     :             , ,      ,   .     ,       (    A11, A21, A22;         B28).





   

   1950          .       ,     ,     .          ,     : ,      ,     .

     1966          ,   (. foreclosure    ,   ),    .      -     .    ,  1925,     30.       :  ,  ,     .  18    .  28      .

   .      ,        .         .

       .         .          ,   .      . ,            .

   :      ,      ,      ,   24 .       .    25       ,    .   14   .

  (NSSI, . non-suicidal self-injury)    ,     .   2022 ,   260 000    ,              .     -  ,   .        .         ,     ,   .    ,     .

     ,    .       ,    ,           .          ,        ,     ,   .

              2011 .               .       ,   ,      .       .     ,     ( ,  ),   .              .    .    .   ,          .





   

 1318    ,    ,         .

 .        

-  14  18      ,       .   ,     ,  ,     ,        .

            ,              . , , ,    ,     .           ,       , , .   ,      .

     .     ,  ,  ,    ,    (   ).     ,       .  16      ,     .       ,         ,    .

 .    

    1415    :       .       .             .          ,    ,     ,     .

       :         .  ,       .    ,  .     ,    .

     .           .                    .     ,       ,      .  .

 .    

-   1315  ,      .   ,     ,      .      ,  :     ,  ,   .

         .     12     .      .         (2015)     ,                 .           .

          ,   .  ,     ,   :  -          .    .    .





    

     2020-  .

  .  1418          .            .   , ,  ,   ,                .   ,    17      35    .    ,      .

    .     ,       .      ,   .      2024  The Anxious Generation ,               .       Nature       Nature Human Behaviour :  ,   ,  .       ,      ,  ,  , , .    :        ,   -.        .

       2026.  -  -         .    ,       ,      .                 ,    .    , , .           .

    .       :      ,  ,   ,  .       ,       .         ,      .    ,          (. authoritative parenting)   :      (  ).    ,               .





  

      .            .             ,    .

 ,     .  ,          .         ,    .

      .                 ,      .

  17-     .    ,   . ,   ,      35.

      ,       .   .   ,         ,   .

      ,    .              . Ҹ   15  .

     , ,     .     1217 ,      .





  ()

             ,   ,       -.

810    . ,  ,      ,   .

-  ()             .

       .    ,      .

     .      15-      ,    ,   .

          .           .

         ,     .      .





       

        ,  ,   , :

 ,  (  )  ,       , , .

  ,   ,  ,        .

   ,  .

    ,    ,   ,      .

           .

     ,       .

  , ,     ,      .

 ,       ,  ,  .

       : 8-800-2000-122.       : findahelpline.com.





 

             1318,       . , , ,      .      ?  ,   ,     ?     ,     ?      ,           ,  ,  ,   .

           ,     .   .    ,  .  ,    .







,    ,    .           .

     

    : Spear, L. P. (2000). The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 24(4), 417463; Sisk, C. L., & Foster, D. L. (2004). The neural basis of puberty and adolescence. Nature Neuroscience, 7(10), 10401047.

    : Huttenlocher, P. R. (1979). Synaptic density in human frontal cortex  developmental changes and effects of aging. Brain Research, 163(2), 195205;    Petanjek, Z., et al. (2011). Extraordinary neoteny of synaptic spines in the human prefrontal cortex. PNAS, 108(32), 1328113286.

 : Miller, D. J., Duka, T., Stimpson, C. D., et al. (2012). Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution. PNAS, 109(41), 1648016485.

  : Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216224.

     (delayed sleep phase)    : Carskadon, M. A. (2011). Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(3), 637647;  AAP Adolescent Sleep Working Group (2014). School Start Times for Adolescents. Pediatrics, 134(3), 642649.

      1217: Volpe, U., et al. (2016). Eating disorders: What age at onset? Psychiatry Research, 238, 225227;    NIMH.

     

   vs  : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

  : Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551558.

      1%  8%    2:1: Hankin, B. L., Abramson, L. Y., Moffitt, T. E., Silva, P. A., McGee, R., & Angell, K. E. (1998). Development of depression from preadolescence to young adulthood: Emerging gender differences in a 10-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 107(1), 128140; Angold, A., & Costello, E. J. (2006). Puberty and depression. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 15(4), 919937.

75%     24: Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., et al. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593602.

NSSI      (22%): Xiao, Q., et al. (2022). Global prevalence and characteristics of non-suicidal self-injury between 2010 and 2021 among a non-clinical sample of adolescents: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 13, 912441.

    : Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., et al. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480488.

   -  -: Chein, J., Albert, D., OBrien, L., Uckert, K., & Steinberg, L. (2011). Peers increase adolescent risk taking by enhancing activity in the brains reward circuitry. Developmental Science, 14(2), F1F10.

     

       (   ): Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511524.

       : Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parentadolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 119.

      / : Mattanah, J. F., Lopez, F. G., & Govern, J. M. (2011). The contributions of parental attachment bonds to college student development and adjustment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 565596.

      

      (  ): Odgers, C. L. (2024). The great rewiring: is social media really behind an epidemic of teenage mental illness? Nature, 628, 2930.

   : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.





    

A1     :     .

A34    :   1217.

A11   :     .

A20   : ,   , .

A21    : , , .

B28   :     .

B29  , FOMO  :   .

A9   :     .

B4     .

B6  :      .

B23  : 1318    .

C37         ( ,   ).

C26      :  ,    .

D14   : , , .

E3      .

B2  :  22%    ,     .

B1   :      .

A22  :  ,        .

  

. 11          .

. 12   ,   : - , ,  .

. 13       ,   .

. 14        .

. 15    :    ,     ,     .








 5   1925:  


 

  .           ,         .    .      .     ,  ,      . ,   ,    . -  ,  ,      .       :     ,    .   .      .

      ,  ,    .       .      ,     ,    ,        -. - ,   :   .

 1925 .    ,     .        , , ,   ,             .       .        ,    .      .

 2000         .         ,    22     ,  .





   

 19      ,        .       .

   ,   ,     ,      25,   .     :    ,         .    ,            .

   ,     2010     .     ,          .  ,    ,   .       .          :   ,   ,   ,  .

    .  ,    .       ,   ,   22    ,       32.

  .               .       ,             .                ,      ,   .

  1925   .         :        .    ,  ,  ,       .   .               1925    ,    35.         .

      .    ,        - . ,   ,   -.     .

   .    ,   ,  ,      .        .

            1925  .  ,       .           ,   35   .   ,   ,          ,  .            ,  .





   

 ,   1925    .    ,      :   .    ,      :   .

   1950             .       ,        :    ,  ,   ,    .             .

 2000          (. emerging adulthood),   ,     1829 .  ,            ,    .    : , , , ,  .  ,        .   ,        .        .

 1966         ,        .      :   ?    ?

   ,  .   ,      ,      .

  (. foreclosure    )   ,   .   ,    ,   .

   ,  .    ,   .

     ,  .  ,  ,  .

   .    .     . ,   21      ,  28        ,     .          ,  .

     .        2000-,      ,     ,   24 .       .     1114,    1325,          , ,    ,   1825.

   . :    22       ,        . :     ,   .  22         ,      .

       . ,   1925,      .    :        .   ,        ,      .

       .         1978 :   ,    ,    .  22   ,     ,     .             . ,  .





   

 .   

-  18  25      ,   .   ,     ,  ,     ,        .      .

      ,       . , ,      ,     .             ,       , , .   ,      .

      ,      ,    .        ,  ,       ,    ,    .      .           .

 :          .     .              ,        .   ,       ,  .          .

 .    -

        18,     .       : , ,   .  1925       .    .        .

           .          ,      ,    ,  .          ,         .

        .     ,       . , ,     ,  .             ,    .      .

      .  :                            .  :  ,  ,   .    .    ,     .

 .   

 1925  ,   ,    :       . -  , -   , -      , -   ,   .  -             ,    18  ,   .

       .   ,    .     .     :         .        .

    1925     -  ,    .      .    ,    .





    

 1925         ,    .

     .       ,    .  ,       ,   ,     .   -       ,           ,     ,    .        ,       .

  .  2022    ,   ,   ,       .   1925            .       1997        : , , , .               .

           .         ,       ,   ,    ,   ,   .

             .   ,       ,       .

   .   ,      .      .      2024  The Anxious Generation ,             .       Nature       Nature Human Behaviour .   ,  ,   ,        .    :        ,        .

    .  1925   ,   20002007,      ,   ,        .         (2015) ,              .  ,          ,    :       ,        .





  

,     ,      1925   .     ,   .   ,        ,     2830  .

             .    ,  . Ÿ            .

      ,      .  ,      21  .  28    ,      .

    ,      .  24   ,     ,   .      ,  .

          ,     .   ,   ,  ,     ,  .

 ,      .     ,  ,  .

          .   ,  .         ,   .





  ()

       .  ,    .

             .

-  ()          ,   .

     .  ,    ,        .

       ,         .

   .    ,    ,   .

   ,  -     .  24          .





       

      ,  ,   , :

 ,   ,        ,    .

  ,      .

    ,    ,   .

     ,   ,    .

   ,   .

   ,             .

           .

     : 8-800-2000-122.       8 (495) 989-50-50 (, , ).       : findahelpline.com.





 

   ,          , , , .     :       ,     ,     ?      .       ,     ,     28      .







,    ,    .           .

     

   : Arain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., et al. (2013). Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 449461.

    : Miller, D. J., Duka, T., Stimpson, C. D., et al. (2012). Prolonged myelination in human neocortical evolution. PNAS, 109(41), 1648016485.

   : Steinberg, L. (2010). A dual systems model of adolescent risk-taking. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(3), 216224.

     (   1925): Travison, T. G., Araujo, A. B., ODonnell, A. B., et al. (2007). A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 196202.

   : Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., et al. (2015). Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep, 38(6), 843844.

  ,   ,  1825: Esmaeelzadeh, S., Moraros, J., Thorpe, L., & Bird, Y. (2018). Examining the Association and Directionality between Mental Health Disorders and Substance Use among Adolescents and Young Adults in the U.S. and Canada. Journal of Clinical Medicine;       : Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH):  ; Monitoring the Future (Patrick, M. E., et al.):    .

  : McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840(1), 3344.

     

      : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

  (       ): Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469480.

  : Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego identity status. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3(5), 551558.

75%    24: Kessler, R. C., Berglund, P., Demler, O., et al. (2005). Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions of DSM-IV disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Archives of General Psychiatry, 62(6), 593602.

    : Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., et al. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480488.

 : Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 15(3), 241247.

     

    ,      : Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511524. (    Arnett, 2000, . .)

      : Mattanah, J. F., Lopez, F. G., & Govern, J. M. (2011). The contributions of parental attachment bonds to college student development and adjustment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58(4), 565596.

      

 : Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 534.

      (  ): Odgers, C. L. (2024). The great rewiring: is social media really behind an epidemic of teenage mental illness? Nature, 628, 2930.

 : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.





    

B4     .

B6  ,     .

B23    : 1925   .

B24  , ,     .

C1     ,        .

C37        .

A1     ,     .

A13    :   .

D1          .

D11      .

C44     :        .

B46    :    22   ,     .

B29  , FOMO  :    ,     .

  

. 11        .   ,        .

. 12   ,   :  , ,  .

. 13    ,    .

. 14       .

. 15    :      .








 6   2635:     


 

  .  ,   ,                  .                 .    ,  .    .      ,     ,  -       .  . .

       ,      ,     .  2635  ,       .    ,    .           .   ,            .    ,      ,   .

    .   ,    2013           .      .    .





   

       .    ,    ,       , .  ,        ,   .

  ,  .              .       . ,     28,   .

          ,        .

  ,      .            .     ,      .     35,      ,   .  ,     ,    .

    ACOG  ASRM       .    35,          .   35   .

  ,         .            .   ,  ,  ,    ,    22    ,    -   ,    .

,  .   ,      ,    .  2021   ,   Science,                .   :    20  60     .     60.

     30      , ,    .   .

  2635    .               .      ,  ,     .          , ,         , ,    .

    ,   .  2017   Nature Neuroscience   :              .             .          .           ,   .

     ,                    .           .   ,  ,      .





   

   1950      .    -        .          .     ,        ,     .                 .

    .     2000       (. emerging adulthood),    1829 .   ,    :          , , .     2832    ,      .      ,    -   ,    22.

   ,      2013     .           2535,   ,    .     : ,        ,   .     :   - ,  .    : ,  ,  .      :  ,  .

     .   ,        .       ,      ,    .

       .

   ,   .   2015  :    (  ,  )        .   ,  ,  ,       .

   .           1978    :   ,     ,    .   ,   .      ;   2635,      - - ,    .

   :  35    .     .   .

   .     1980-     :  , , ,       .  2019      -11   :  ,   ,     .   ,      ,     .  :             ,  - ,      .

   .                     .        2635   ,    .

       ,      ,   .      .            :        ,       .   ,       ,   .    .





   

       .    ,     .

 .  

   ,     ,            ,  .       25,     .

 1987    ,     ,  ,   .  :         ,       .     .       .

    ,             ,         . , ,          .    ,  ,    .

 .      

    ,      .   ,   ,  ,   .

   :       . ,       ,       .      ,        ,     .     ,    .

           .     .   ,      .

 .      ,    

      1995    .  :             .   .  .

    ,       (. transmission gap).      ,      .      .  - .       .

   .     .    ,     ,   ʻ     .

  ,     ,    .                .   ,        It Didnt Start With You  .          .  :           .   :   ,      ;      .

   ,  ,    ,    ,    ,   .  -   .       .

   ,  

           (. Love Lab)   .  ,              : , , ,  .    .   ,      .

   -  (),   .         .    Hold Me Tight 2008     ,    .   ,  .





    

 2635        ,     ,    .

 2022    ,   ,           .         : , ,   .       1997  ,      .          ;        .

           .   2635     ,      ,            .

    .      ,   .   ,      2024  The Anxious Generation ,             .         Nature       Nature Human Behaviour .   ,  ,   ,  ,         .    :         ,        .

  -         .     : ,   22   ,  30    .       ,        .

 ,    .  2635   ,   19902000,     ,   ,    .         (2015)  ,              .  peer-reviewed        .      .





  

   ,       ,     .       ,  ,             .

        /   .    .                   ,   .

       ,  .     /       ,    .     .

   .      ,     .  ,     ,   .

 ,       ,   .         ,    .    ,   .

    ,         .      .       .

     ,     .     (; . AMH)       30         .    .





  ()

       .      .

             .

-  ()            .

-  ()  ,     .

    ,  .   ,   .

      .       ,   .

   ,    ,   .     30     ,    .





       

             ,  ,   , :

 ,   ,        .

     ,   .

  ,      .

        .

         .

   ,   .

  ,     .

     : 8-800-2000-122.       8 (495) 989-50-50 (, , ).       : findahelpline.com.





 

  - .      ,     ,    .     ?      ?       ?           ,    .     ,        .







,    ,    .           .

     

   : Arain, M., Haque, M., Johal, L., et al. (2013). Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment, 9, 449461.

         : ACOG Committee Statement No. 22 (2025), Anticipatory Counseling Regarding Ovarian-Factor Fertility Decline; ASRM Practice Committee (2021), Fertility evaluation of infertile women.

    : Travison, T. G., Araujo, A. B., ODonnell, A. B., et al. (2007). A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 196202. DOI 10.1210/jc.2006-1375.

   2060 : Pontzer, H., Yamada, Y., Sagayama, H., et al. (2021). Daily energy expenditure through the human life course. Science, 373(6556), 808812. DOI 10.1126/science.abe5017.

   : Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., et al. (2015). Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep, 38(6), 843844.

  : Hoekzema, E., Barba-M?ller, E., Pozzobon, C., et al. (2017). Pregnancy leads to long-lasting changes in human brain structure. Nature Neuroscience, 20(2), 287296. DOI 10.1038/nn.4458.

  : McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840(1), 3344.

     

    vs : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

 : Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American Psychologist, 55(5), 469480.

     : Robinson, O. C., Wright, G. R. T., & Smith, J. A. (2013). The holistic phase model of early adult crisis. Journal of Adult Development, 20, 2737. DOI 10.1007/s10804-013-9153-y.

    : Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., et al. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480488.

 : Clance, P. R., & Imes, S. A. (1978). The imposter phenomenon in high achieving women: Dynamics and therapeutic intervention. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 15(3), 241247.

   : Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The measurement of experienced burnout. Journal of Occupational Behaviour, 2(2), 99113.

  -11: WHO (2019). Burn-out an occupational phenomenon: International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11, QD85).

: Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223250. DOI 10.1080/15298860309027.

     

    : Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511524.

    transmission gap: Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387403.

      : Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243257. DOI 10.1002/wps.20568.

  : Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1992). Marital processes predictive of later dissolution: Behavior, physiology, and health. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(2), 221233.

  : Johnson, S. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780316113007.

      

 : Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 534.

      (  ): Odgers, C. L. (2024). The great rewiring: is social media really behind an epidemic of teenage mental illness? Nature, 628, 2930. DOI 10.1038/d41586-024-00902-2.

 : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.





    

A1     :     .

B4     :       .

B6  :     ,    .

B19     ,  ,  .

B24    ,  .

C1     ,  .

C3      .

A12      .

A13    :   .

A15    .

D1     .

D11      .

D13   ( ,  ,  ).

B29  , FOMO  :  ,  .

F4       .

E1      .

  

. 11        .

. 12     .

. 13    ,    .

. 14     ,      .

. 15        .

. 16  ,         .








 7   3645:    


 

  . ,  ,     .    , ,      ,      .    .    .  ,    ,     ,    ,       .     ,   .     ,    ,     .

  ,        .    .       ,   ,         ,        .   .   .    .

-                .     .      ,    :  ?

               .      . ,          ,       .  .    .





   

  2035    ,  3645    .        .

  ,         ,           .        3840.      .   ,  , ,   ,  ,   ,       (. brain fog): ,    ,  ,  .

  .     ,         .               .  :         .

      .          ,  40,  .         ,   ,    . -      The New Perimenopause 2024          .          .  ,     ,       .

  ,             .  45        :   ,  , ,  .    (    ),    ,           .

        2021   Science ,     20  60    .      40      , ,   .     ()     30         -   .     ,         :     .

  .            .       .      ,    .    ,    ,   ,    .

   ,        .        .  45          : ,  ,  .   .  ,            50   .





   

           (generativity vs stagnation).       ,    :  ,  ,  ,  .   ,        ,          .       .

          2000-:             ,           .      .     : ,   -   ,       .

     .                  .   ,     U-  .          ,     - ,    .         ,    ,   ,   .

  ,       47.       .        .         ,      .

  : U-     .            .          1990-2000- :  1020%    ,   ,       .    1020%        ,     :  ,  , , .       ,    .

  .           U-.           ,   ,    .

      .      .   25    ,  40     , ,  .    ,     -11  ,   ,         .   ,             .

   .   .   , ,  - ,      ,     ,  .          .





   

 3645    ,       .

 .      

    ,    ,  ,   .   ,      ,   :    ,   -    ,    ,    .     :  ,    (    )         .

     ,     .     ,       . , , , ,  ,    .            ,       ,      .   .   .   ,        .

  ,    .  ,         ,    .     ,                   ,       .

 .   

  ,   ,  ,          .                ,     .       3645.

    . --  . , ,  ,  .     .   ,  ,      : , ,    .           .  40  ,     ,       .

      . -  (),   ,      . Ÿ  Hold Me Tight 2008     ,    .       .    ,           .

  .   -            .            .    ,      ,      .     .  ,       .       ,    .

 . -

      ,     - (. sandwich generation)    .       .           ,    .    .

  ,     4059     .  44%          32%  ,           .     .     ,                  .

    .     ,    ,      ,         .       ,      ,  ,   .       ,     ,    .





    

       .

 .       ,         .     ,       ,    ,     ,   ,   .    ,    : , ,  ,    .

  -         .    : ,  ,   ,        ,      .    ,   22,    .        .

    ,   25.     ,   . ,    . ,  .     2022      .       ,      .        .   40     ,   20:  ,  ,   .

 ,  .  3645      ,    . ,  ,      . ,        ,  .         (2015)    ,              .         ,   .   ,  -  ,      .





  

      .     3840,            ,    .

       .      .  ,   40  ,   ,      .

       ,   .          .      ,    ,     .

     .                 .

 ,      .      ,     .      , ,      ,    .

      ,   .    , ,   ,     ,    .

   ,    , ,       .  .      , , , .





  ()

        -.   , ,     ,       .

     .  30        -   ,          40.

    .     .

-  ()  ,         .

 U-   .    45   ,    .

 ,      .     40    .

       , ,      .

  : ,  , , ,     ,    .  40      .





       

            :

   ,    .           ,   .

  ,   .      ,   ,      4055    .

,         .

       .

 , ,  ,        .

  ,         .

   : , ,     ,    .

     : 8-800-2000-122.       8 (495) 989-50-50 (, , ).       : findahelpline.com.





 

  ,        .   ,    ,   ,  .    :     ?          ,  , ,    ,      .  ,         ,     .        ,      .







,    ,    .           .

     

      : Haver, M. C. (2024). The New Perimenopause: An Evidence-Based Guide to Surviving the Zone of Chaos and Feeling Like Yourself Again. Rodale Books. ISBN 9780593736616.

   : Maki, P. M., & Jaff, N. G. (2022). Brain fog in menopause: a health-care professionals guide for decision-making and counseling on cognition. Climacteric, 25(6), 570578. DOI 10.1080/13697137.2022.2122792.

    : Travison, T. G., Araujo, A. B., ODonnell, A. B., et al. (2007). A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 92(1), 196202.

      60: Pontzer, H., Yamada, Y., Sagayama, H., et al. (2021). Daily energy expenditure through the human life course. Science, 373(6556), 808812. DOI 10.1126/science.abe5017.

     (): von Haehling, S., Morley, J. E., & Anker, S. D. (2010). An overview of sarcopenia: facts and numbers on prevalence and clinical impact. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 1(2), 129133. DOI 10.1007/s13539-010-0014-2.

   : Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., et al. (2015). Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult. Sleep, 38(6), 843844.

  : McEwen, B. S. (1998). Stress, adaptation, and disease: Allostasis and allostatic load. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 840(1), 3344.

     

   vs : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

       : McAdams, D. P., & de St. Aubin, E. (1992). A theory of generativity and its assessment through self-report, behavioral acts, and narrative themes in autobiography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62(6), 10031015; McAdams, D. P. (2001). Generativity in midlife. In Handbook of Midlife Development.

U-  : Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Social Science & Medicine, 66(8), 17331749; Blanchflower, D. G. (2021). Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries. Journal of Population Economics, 34(2), 575624.

    : Wethington, E. (2000). Expecting stress: Americans and the midlife crisis. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 85103; Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305331.

  -11: WHO (2019). Burn-out an occupational phenomenon: ICD-11 (QD85).

-   (     ,       ): WHO (2021). Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global Health Estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; V?rnik, P. (2012). Suicide in the world. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(3), 760771. DOI 10.3390/ijerph9030760.

     

    : Steinberg, L. (2001). We know some things: Parentadolescent relationships in retrospect and prospect. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 11(1), 119.

    : Pew Research Center (2025). 8 facts about divorce, marriage and remarriage in the United States;  Westrick-Payne, K. K., & Lin, I.-F. (2023). Age Variation in the Divorce Rate, 1990 & 2021. National Center for Family & Marriage Research, Bowling Green State University.

  : Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1992). Marital processes predictive of later dissolution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(2), 221233.

  : Johnson, S. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780316113007.

Sandwich generation     : Wassel, J. I., & Cutler, N. E. (2016). Yet another boomer challenge for financial professionals: The sandwich generation. Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 70(1), 6173; Pew Research Center (2013). The Sandwich Generation: Rising Financial Burdens for Middle-Aged Americans.

      

 : Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 534.

 : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.





    

A17   : , ,  .

A13    :   ,    .

A32   :    .

B6     ,   .

B19     ,  ,  .

C16    :   .

C40   : , ,  .

C26      .

D2     30/40/50.

A18  :     .

C3    ,     .

C31    :     .

E1             .

  

. 11   :          .

. 12   ,    :   ,   ,   .

. 13  ,    .

. 14     ,  ,     .

. 15      :       .








 8   4655: , , 


 

  .        ,       .  , , , .  .   .   .  ,   ,  .         .   .   .

      -      ,   ,   ,   .           ,        .        ,   ,       ,   ,    ,   .

      .           .   .    .        ,    ,     .  ,  ,     .  .

            .    ,     .    ,  ,  (  )   .       ,   .  .      .   .    .

  .      ,     .     ,  ,   .





   

        ,      ,       .

        : ,        .     5152 .    ,     .   ,    .     .         .

       ,   .             .     ,  ,  , ,    ,      (. brain fog)   .

             (,     , ).   Womens Health Initiative  2000-  ,      ,  : ,        - .       :       62 .         .    60    10                 ,  .       ,  The Menopause Society    .

-      The New Menopause (2024)    .  :  ,        ,  , ,  (  )   .        50    ,    .

        .    :  , ,  ,   .       (. late-onset hypogonadism)    .    .      2030%  50+.      ,    ,   ,    2%.  ,        50+       .      ,     .

       :    .  50      12%     .  ,      65       ,   50.       .      ,       ,   ,   .

 :         .    -         ( 11,2    )   .

         .          .     ,   -       .    ,    (   ),   .

 ,   50    , ,  ,      ,   .

   ,       ,  .        ,        ,     , ,     .   ,  .      (  )          ,     .          ,      ,   ,        . ,        ,       ,            .    A28.





   

    ,   4750        U-     ,         145 .    49 ,   ,  -     ,   .  :  50      ,   65      ,   40.

        .   40        -  ,  50    :     ,    ?.      ,      , , ,           .    ,   :   -           .

      U-       .          :          .  1020%  ,   ,     ,         ,     :  ,  , ,  .     ,        ,   .

       ,      :   (. fluid intelligence     ,   )      - .    50  ,   .    (. crystallized intelligence   , ,  )     .  :  50              .     ,   ,    ,   30.     .

,         ,   ,  ,       50       ,   .    ( , ,  ,     )  ,    .

   .  50       ,   .         50    .   .    .    .    ,     (, ),      .     ,      ,      .     .    ,         ,   .





   

 4655    ,        .

 .     ,  

   (. empty nest)         .    :      .             ,            .

 .           .    :      .     ,     ,  .     :      (    ),    ,  ,       .

     .  ,       ,       50,   .    ,       ,   .

 :   3545             , , ,   ,       .        ( )      .

 .         

       Bowling Green State University   ,      (. gray divorce)     50.  1990  2010    .  2019   36%        50+    10%  1990.     .

 .   .     ,     , .           55       30+ ,           .            .

            .  , ,   .  ,         - ,      .       ,  ,   .

    .   .       ,        ,  .   ,                    .     ,    ,    ,            .

-  ()  ,         Hold Me Tight (2008),        ,        .

 .   -

 3545      .  50        . ,   40  ,  50   : , ,   ,        .

  ,     - (. sandwich generation)    .  50    ,   40:   ,      (,  ,   );    ,  .

   .   ,   7080,   ,      ,     ,    . ,  50,     ,         .    ,      .     ,      ,  .

   ,            ,     .    ,  .  ,      .        .       ,           ,   ,    .            .





    

    4655  .

  .  50      25    .    .    :       ,  ,  .   :    ,   .   : ,  ,      ,   ,        .    .      50 .

   -      .        ,        ,      .     ,   25 ( ),     ,    50      .

   .  50    ,      -,     .       ,    . , ,   ,     35,    50.      ,      .

  50  .      ,   25  35.        .  .     .         ,   50     ,     .

   .  ,   22  1991-,  30  1998-,  40  2008-,  50  2022-.      .  ,         ,            ,   .        .





  

    ,      .   :    60    10         ,     ,     .

     50+   .      2% ,     50.       ,      .

 .        50   ,    70      ,    .   -      ,  .

        ,     .   ,    ,            .

       .       ,  .            ,    .

       . ,  ,      ,     ,    .

        .    52    .        ,   .

  -.  50      ,    ,       -.





  ()

         60    10   ,     .

  23         (11,2 /).    ,      ,   .

    . ,   .

             .

       ,  50      U-   .    ,   .

 : , ,  , ,    -    ,    .

       , , .    .

         .               .





       

    :

 ,   ,       .  4655     , ,    ,   .

  ,   .     5055       ,     .

,              .

    ,   ,      .

  ,   ,       ,     .

    ,    .

 ,      :  ,    ,     .

  ,       .

     : 8-800-2000-122.       8 (495) 989-50-50 (, , ).       : findahelpline.com.





 

   , ,    ,     ,     . ,  ,  ,     ,     ?.   ,  - .  ,         .         ,    ,   ,    .







,    ,    .           .

     

, ,  : The Menopause Society ( NAMS)   ; Davis, S. R., et al. (2015). Menopause. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1, 15004.

      WHI: Manson, J. E., et al. (2017). Menopausal hormone therapy and long-term all-cause and cause-specific mortality: The Womens Health Initiative randomized trials. JAMA, 318(10), 927938; Hodis, H. N., & Mack, W. J. (2022). Menopausal hormone replacement therapy and reduction of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease. Cancers, 14(2), 416; Haver, M. C. (2024). The New Menopause. Penguin Random House. ISBN 9780593796252.

Late-onset hypogonadism  : Wu, F. C., et al. (2010). Identification of late-onset hypogonadism in middle-aged and elderly men. New England Journal of Medicine, 363(2), 123135;    Cureus, 2025.

   : Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019). Sarcopenia. The Lancet, 393(10191), 26362646; Beaudart, C., et al. (2017). Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia: systematic review. Osteoporosis International, 28(6), 18171833.

    : El Khoudary, S. R., et al. (2020). Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention. A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation, 142(25), e506e532.

     

U-  : Blanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Social Science & Medicine, 66(8), 17331749; Blanchflower, D. G. (2021). Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Journal of Population Economics, 34(2), 575624.

 vs : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393310689; McAdams, D. P. (2001). Generativity in midlife. In Handbook of Midlife Development.

    : Wethington, E. (2000). Expecting stress: Americans and the midlife crisis. Motivation and Emotion, 24, 85103; Lachman, M. E. (2004). Development in midlife. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 305331.

   fluid vs crystallized: Salthouse, T. A. (2010). Selective review of cognitive aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 754760; Salthouse, T. A. (2009). When does age-related cognitive decline begin? Neurobiology of Aging, 30(4), 507514.

    : Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. Basic Books; Frankl, V. E. (1946/2006). Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.

     

Empty nest   ,  : Mitchell, B. A., & Lovegreen, L. D. (2009). The empty nest syndrome in midlife families. Journal of Family Issues, 30(12), 16511670;    .

Gray divorce: Brown, S. L., & Lin, I.-F. (2012). The Gray Divorce Revolution: Rising Divorce Among Middle-Aged and Older Adults, 19902010. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 67(6), 731741; Lin, I.-F., & Brown, S. L. (2021). The economic consequences of gray divorce for women and men. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 76(10), 20732085.

  : Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (1992). Marital processes predictive of later dissolution. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(2), 221233.

  : Johnson, S. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780316113007.

Sandwich generation: Pew Research Center (2013). The Sandwich Generation;   .

      

 : Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 534.

 : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.





    

A17     ,       .

A18     : , ,  .

A19     :       .

A28      :     .

A35     .

B6    50+,      .

C16    .

C19    : , ,   .

C40   : , , .

D2     30/40/50.

A3    :       .

A10      :       50.

D13  :          .

E1  ,   22  1991-.

  

. 11   -        .

. 13   ,        .

. 14     ,   ,     .

. 15       :          .








 9   5670:     


 

  . ,  .      ,      .      .             .   ,        .  .      ,  - .     .      ,    , ,  ,       .

     ,   ,  ,  , ,  , .          .    .   .  ,    .   ,   .       ,        .

           ,     .        .        .

 5670   ,       .         .   ,          :        .     60-     -   .   ,    ,        .

        .     .    ,  ,  .    ,    .    ,   ,     .





   

 5670     ,     .

     ,      ,      .       ,   70  ,     ,    30%   ,   50.      .   ,       ,     ,      .   -         ( 11,2 /)       .         .

 .        .    60      .    , , ,      ,    ,       ,   .

 .        55,   :     ,       ,    ,    .     - . -      (. Lancet Commission)    2020  2024   14     (      ).          .  ,      ,        .    : ,      ,   .

  ,       .   (. fluid intelligence   ,  )   .   (. crystallized intelligence   , , )        .  ,   65     ,               .

       :  45%             .      :  ,  ,  ,   ,   ,    ,  ,     .   .     ,   ,   .

               ,    .      , ,  ,     .

 ,       ,  .   ,       .   :   ,  6069     86%   60% ,        .   ,   :   ,     ,      ,       (, ,             ).     ,         .         ,      55+     .      ,    ,       .    A28.





   

  60   ,    ,      :    .

 U-  ,        145 ,    4750.     ,   6570      ,    40.        ,  ,    .  - .

        ,    ,     (. socioemotional selectivity theory).  :        ,   .  , ,    , , ,  .   ,   .

    - .          ,      ,   .     ,           ,  ,    ,       .

 ,   ,    ,    ,    .      .   .     ,         : ,  ,  .

     ,               .          .     ,      ,     ,    ,   ,      .   ,         ,    ,         .

        (. selective optimization with compensation, SOC)   ,       . :  ,    (  ,   ). :      . :      ,     .        ,     .

          (integrity vs despair).       70+,    ,  60-.  :    ,       ,      ,          ?     .        .





   

 5670    .

 .         

      : ,     ,           ,     .  ,            , ,    ,    .  ,             ,  .

       .          ;       ,               .    , ,   ,  ,        .

      .             ,     ,      .      ,         .        ,    .

 .       

  ,          ,           .    .     ,        ,      .        ,   ,                ,        .

      .   ,           .       ,   ,      .              ,         .

        ,    .     ,    .       ,    .

 .   

 5670     ,  .          65      .     ,  ,  .   .

   .       :    612          .     ,   ,      60-   .        .     ,   ,         .

         ,       .    1015%      (. complicated grief)    ,        .     ,        .

    ,        .   - :          26%,     29%.     .         ,   ,    .





    

    5670  .

   .       ,        . ,    ,  60       .   2022               ,       .

   .           .         ,     ,    .       ,    ,    ,     .

    .          :  ,   22  1991-,  30  1998-,  50  2022-.     .  60            ,    ,   .

      .      .    ,   .    .      .        ,   .

       .         ,           . -,     ,  65    .             .





  

        .        ,   .        ,     ,   .

     .    ,    .      ;        .

  , ,      .          .   ,     .

 - ,        .  60+       ,       ,        .

       .        ().        ,   .

       .  1015%    ,   .    ,   ,    .

  , ,      .       .          .





  ()

  -   ,   (11,2 /).    ,    .

      ,    . , ,  .  ,  .

 , ,        .

    , ,  .    ,    .

 : , , , ,    -,    ,      .

   ,    ,   .          ,    .

        , , ,  .    -    .

          , ,  .  ,    .

     . ,   .  ,  .     ,   .





       

       , , :

 ,   ,    .        , ,    ,   .

  ,   .     65+       ,     .

 ,    :  ,    ,   ,  .  .

,  ,     .

  , , ,     .

,    .      ,    .

 ,  ,     .

    :     ,   .

     : 8-800-2000-122.       8 (495) 989-50-50 (, , ).       : findahelpline.com.





 

          - ,            .   ,   ,   . ,     ,    .      ,            .  ,          .           .







,    ,    .           .

     

   : Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019). Sarcopenia. The Lancet, 393(10191), 26362646; Beaudart, C., et al. (2017). Nutrition and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. Osteoporosis International, 28(6), 18171833.

 : El Khoudary, S. R., et al. (2020). Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Circulation, 142(25), e506e532.

Lancet Commission on Dementia    : Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., et al. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413446; Livingston, G., et al. (2024). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. The Lancet, 404(10452), 572628.

   fluid vs crystallized: Salthouse, T. A. (2010). Selective review of cognitive aging. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 16(5), 754760.

     

U-  ,   50: Blanchflower, D. G. (2021). Is happiness U-shaped everywhere? Age and subjective well-being in 145 countries. Journal of Population Economics, 34(2), 575624.

Socioemotional selectivity theory: Carstensen, L. L. (1995). Evidence for a life-span theory of socioemotional selectivity. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 4(5), 151156; Carstensen, L. L. (2021). Socioemotional Selectivity Theory: The Role of Perceived Endings in Human Motivation. The Gerontologist, 61(8), 11881196.

   , SOC: Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (1990). Wisdom and successful aging. In Nebraska Symposium on Motivation; Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences. Cambridge University Press.

   vs  (): Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689.

   : McAdams, D. P. (2001). Generativity in midlife. In Handbook of Midlife Development.

     

       : Topa, G., Moriano, J. A., Depolo, M., Alcover, C. M., & Morales, J. F. (2009). Antecedents and consequences of retirement planning and decision-making: A meta-analysis and model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(1), 3855.

    /: Tanskanen, A. O., & Danielsbacka, M. (2022). Grandparenting, health, and well-being: a systematic literature review. European Journal of Ageing, 19(3), 341368.

 : Moon, J. R., Kondo, N., Glymour, M. M., & Subramanian, S. V. (2011). Widowhood and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23465;  King, M., et al. (2013).

    : Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227237; Holt-Lunstad, J. (2024). Social connection as a critical factor for mental and physical health. World Psychiatry, 23(3), 312332.

      

 : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.

  : Berry, J. W. (1997). Immigration, acculturation, and adaptation. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 46(1), 534.





    

A18     (       ).

A28      :  ,   .

A32          .

A35     .

B6    60+,   .

C40    (     ).

C41   :    .

C43  ,   :   .

C44     ;    .

D2        .

F1     :   .

A3    :    ,  .

A10      :      60.

D13  :  ,   .

F3     :    .

  

. 11        .

. 13    , , .

. 14             .

. 15     :      ,     .








 10   70+: , , 


 

   .  .      ,     ,    .        .    ,       .

    ,   .     ˸      .       .       . .

        ,     -.     ,     .    ,      ,     .           . ,       ,    ,           .

 -,    ,     ,    -    ,    -   .  ,     -,        . -  .      ,   .          ,        ,    .

   .  70+    .    ,       -   .     ,  ,            .

  ,     ,    .





   

 70+      ,     . ,   50    ,  75   ,   . ,   60  -,  80     -.

        (. frailty syndrome).      2000-   .   ,        :     4,5   ,   (  ),  ,  ,   .     ,   ,         . , ,  ,   60   ,  80      .

              .  ,   ,   (       1,21,5 /),                80.       .       ,   .

  80    .     ,        1011%   8084    21%  8589 .  ,   80    89%-    ,  85  79%.            .    .      ,  95         .

 ,           (. Lancet Commission on Dementia):  45%        ,          ,  .  ,  ,  ,  ,       75    ,   55.

  80        .    :     .            ,           ,          .

     ,    .  .     ,  ,  , .

 ,        ,   .         (         ),   ,   .   ,      - , ,  ,      : , ,          .      ,               .  ,         ,     .             A28.





   

          (integrity vs despair).  ,    .        ,     .             .   ,   ,      ,      .       ,   ,     .     , ,         .

     .    ,   , ,        .     ,    .      ,    .

    1963   ,          :    (. life review).             ,        ,    .     ,    .     .  :        .      ( ,   ,    ; . life review therapy)   ,       .

    70+       .    .   .          ,    ,             .           ,       .

:  ,       ,   .  ,   .  ,         ,            .          :       ,     .

    .     (  ,     )    ,           ,   .     ,     ,    .    ,    ,    .

        .     :         , ,  .      :   ,     .     .    ,     .   80    ,  ,  .





   

 70+    .

 .    

  60+     ,  ,  70+    .    : -    (,  ; - ;     ),    (,  , ),  /   .   .     .

             .    ,               ,   ,   .   ,   .        .

       .       ,      ,    .      : , ,   ,   ,  .   ,      ,  ,     ,  .

 .    

 80           ,   ,   .  ,      .  ,   ,     612    ,   .   , ,      .

         ,       .  ( 1015%)     (. complicated grief)  , ,  .     ,        ,        .

     .  , , ,     (, , ,    )    ,    .    ,    ,     ,    .

 .   ,      

    ,   70+    ,    .    ,     (. advance care planning)                               .

     .  ,      .    ,   .      .      ,  ,  .      ,  ,   ,  ,     .

       .     ,  , ,     .          ,  ,   ,    .     ,   .

     Being Mortal (2014)  ,                          ?,       ?.       ,    ,      .





    

    70+  .

    .       ,        ,   75             .        . ,       ,    ,  ,   .

    .        ,   .        ,    ,     ,     .           ,          .        ,       .

      .   ,               ,   ,   .     :          ,      .     ,     .

    .  ,   ,        .        ,                   .          ,      .

   ,      . ,    7585,   ,       .         . 90-    -,  2022-   .        ,       ,       ,   .





  

       ,    .       .        ,    .

         .      ?  85       .  ,        ?.

    80       .    ,     ,     .  .

  , ,     .            .

    .     ,         ,       .

        .          .          , , .

       .        ,   ,   .

         .    ,  , ,  .





  ()

            .  ,           .

          ,   .   ,  .

 ,   ,   .    .    80.

          : ,  ,  ,  ,  .

            .      ,    .

            . -      .

 ,   .  80     ,         .

 -    ,    .        .

   , , ,  ,    .   ,   .





       

      , , , :

 , ,   ,     .          ,  .

  ,  ,       .     75+       .

  ,  ,     .

,  ,     .

  , , , ,   .

  , ,       (   , ,  ),   .

   ,    ,     .

       , , .  ,  .

,   .      ,    ,   .

     : 8-800-2000-122.       8 (495) 989-50-50 (, , ).       : findahelpline.com.





 

     ,     :    ,   .  .     .  -,        .       .  ,   . ,    ,  .  ,      , ,  ,        ,    .

       :       ,     . ,   . ,     . ,    .    .      ,  ,             ,    . ,      , , ,       ,   -   .







,    ,    .           .

     

    : Fried, L. P., Tangen, C. M., Walston, J., et al. (2001). Frailty in older adults: Evidence for a phenotype. Journals of Gerontology: Series A, 56(3), M146M156; Cesari, M., et al. (2017). Frailty in older persons. Clinics in Geriatric Medicine, 33(3), 293303.

    : Skoog, I., et al. (1993). A population-based study of dementia in 85-year-olds. New England Journal of Medicine, 328(3), 153158; Prince, M., et al. (2013). The global prevalence of dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Alzheimers & Dementia, 9(1), 6375;    Alzheimers & Dementia, 20202024.

Lancet Commission on Dementia   : Livingston, G., Huntley, J., Sommerlad, A., et al. (2020). Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. The Lancet, 396(10248), 413446; Livingston, G., et al. (2024). 2024 report. The Lancet, 404(10452), 572628.

       : Bauer, J., et al. (2013). Evidence-based recommendations for optimal dietary protein intake in older people: a position paper from the PROT-AGE Study Group. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(8), 542559.

     

 vs : Erikson, E. H. (1950). Childhood and Society. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393310689; Erikson, E. H., Erikson, J. M., & Kivnick, H. Q. (1986). Vital Involvement in Old Age. W. W. Norton.

Life review: Butler, R. N. (1963). The life review: An interpretation of reminiscence in the aged. Psychiatry, 26(1), 6576; Westerhof, G. J., Bohlmeijer, E., & Webster, J. D. (2010). Reminiscence and mental health: A review of recent progress in theory, research and interventions. Ageing & Society, 30(4), 697721.

    : Yalom, I. D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. Basic Books; Yalom, I. D. (2008). Staring at the Sun: Overcoming the Terror of Death. Jossey-Bass.

    : Carstensen, L. L. (1995, 2021). Socioemotional selectivity theory. Current Directions in Psychological Science  The Gerontologist.

 (,   ): Kang, H., et al. (2014). Pseudodementia: A neuropsychological review. Annals of Indian Academy of Neurology, 17(2), 147154.

     

    : Carstensen, L. L.  .   .

   : Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015). Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10(2), 227237.

 : Moon, J. R., et al. (2011). Widowhood and Mortality: A Meta-Analysis. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23465.

Advance care planning      : Detering, K. M., et al. (2010). The impact of advance care planning on end of life care in elderly patients: randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 340, c1345;    20202024.

      : Gawande, A. (2014). Being Mortal: Medicine and What Matters in the End. Metropolitan Books. ISBN 9780805095159.

       : Kavalieratos, D., et al. (2016). Association Between Palliative Care and Patient and Caregiver Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA, 316(20), 21042114.

      

 : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4.

      : Frankl, V. E. (1946/2006). Mans Search for Meaning. Beacon Press.





    

A35      .

A28      :   .

B6     :      .

C40   : , , .

F1     ,      .

F2    ,   .

F3     .

A3    :    ,    80.

C43  ,   :     ,   .

D13  :      ,   .

F8     .

  

. 11      ,   .

. 13    ,  , .

. 14   :     ,   .

. 15   :          , ,   .





 

   .   .      ,             .      .        ,          .

,      ,  .  , ,      .    .       .      ,  .

,   .




 2.    










 11  


   

          .     ,       .       ,     .    2635   ,            , .    4655   ,        .       ,    .

      .     ,    .

          .    ,    ,       ,   ,      ,       .  .  .   .        .

          ,    ,     ,   ,       .               ,   ,      .     ,      ,  .   .

 ,    :     .  2025% ,     ,     .        , ,  .    ,        (. earned-secure attachment).  .   .

     : ,  (1)   , (2) ,       ,  (3)    ,    .





  :  

  

          ,        , ,  .   ,      ,  :            ,  ,    ,    .     : ,     ,  .     , ,   ,   .

      1969 .  ,    ,     ,     ,       .      (. Strange Situation)    ,    1218      ,   .            .        .

    ,         -.

  

 1987          ,   .  ,          ,    .   ,   .                 .

 1991              ,        :   (         )    (      ,      ).        ,   :

:    ,    .

 (   . preoccupied, ):     (  -  ),     ( ,  ).

 (. dismissing, ):     ( ),     (  ,   ).

 (. fearful, ):   .      .     .

        .              Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change,    .     ;   ,        40 .

  

      .

  :     (. Adult Attachment Interview, AAI),   .    ,      ,        ,        ,      ,      .        . AAI       ,    ,     .

    ECR-R (. Experiences in Close RelationshipsRevised    ,  ),       2000 .  36 ,           ( ,   )   (  ,   ).       (   ),      .   ,    .

:      .  ,   .      ( ,  ,  ,  )          -.

     ,        .      ,  , ,      ,    .   (       ) :   ,  .          ,     ,    -  ,     .           (  ),              ,      .        ,      ,   ,        .   ,            ,        ,      .





    

    03 ,            .       1 .   ,          .

 1,52       .  35                 (. internal working model).

 612         .      .   ,       (, , ).

       ,          , , ,    ,   .

 1925         .      ,        ,       .

 2645   .  , ,         .         : ,   ?

 46   -    ,     ,   .  ,    ,  ,        .





     

    .     ,   .     .  .              .

  ( 5060% )

   .     .   :      ,   .   ,   .    ,    .       ,       .

:  .   ,     .   ,          .  ,       .

 :  ,     .    .  ,   .

  ( 1520%)

 : ,   .      .      .          / .            ,   -   .

:    (  -  ,    ),       ( ,  ).

 :   ,       ,   (  ?    ),   .    ,     (),         ,       .

   :    ,  .  .  -    ,    .        .

  ( 1520%)

 :     .   ,             .    ,  ,     ,   ,    .

:    (   ),     (   ,   ).      ,      .

 :     ,    .    ,        .    .    ,     .      ,  612    , .

 : ,     ,   .       .     ,   ,  . ,     ,    .

  ( 510%)

 :      ,     .       ,         .

:   .   -  ,     .           , ,        .

 :  .      .       -- ( ).       .

 : ,          ,   . ,   ,    ,  ,      .               .





   

 : .  :  ,  ,    180 ,  .

       .    ,     ,      (AAI),  2025% ,    AAI   ,  ,    .     .      ,   ,           ,     .   :          , , ,     .

  .  ,     .

      ,    .        . ,     , ,                 .        .    ,  .

  .    ,           ,      .     ,     .

          :

-  ()  .   ,     .           .      Hold Me Tight (2008).

    (. Mentalization-based therapy, MBT).           .               .         .

- (. schema therapy)  .   ,   .             ,  ,    (     )   .  ,         .

EMDR (   )     ,       .

        .    .       .    ,    /  .   ,       .

  .   ,             ,    ,      ,    ( )     .    .   ,   40          ,    24,     -   .

    .        .          ,        ,   .      ,    ,          .    .    ,       .





    

1925

      .    ,     .     ,     ,     .      :      ,       .

 :  ECR-R .      .     ,  .

2635

 .     .          .      .     ,      ,   .

 :     ,  .    ,        .

3645

     (   ),  ,     .    ,      .   ,  ,             .

 :     ,         .        .    .

46+

   ,     ,   .    ,      ,     ,      .

 : ,         ,      .            .





      

   .  ,         ,     .

,   = .       ,       .        ,    .

    .                .              .       .

   .       .        .     .    ,    .

,    .         ,    .        ,     ,    .

 ,    .         .   .  .           .

      .        (   ),    .  ,    .





  ()

    ,    .       .   ,    ,      .

    .  ( )   . MBT (, )        . - ()    . EMDR        .

  .  ,     (,  , , ),   .      .   ,   ,       .

    .      ,   : Sue Johnson Hold Me Tight (2008)  , Mikulincer & Shaver Attachment in Adulthood (2016, ,  )   .

  (. mindfulness).   ,          .  ,       .

 (. self-compassion;  ).    .     -      ,   .

     .          ,  ,     ,  ,   .          .







 -      .   .  ,   .

      :

           ,   ,      ,    ,   ,        ? ,  .

           ,     ,  ,     ,  ,      -    ? ,  .

   ,    ,            蔻,  ,  -     ,    ,      ,      ? ,  ,      .

       ,        ,       ? ,   (         ).

      ECR-R,    .

 

     ,       ( , , ,  )   ,  ,   . :      ,   /  ,  .   ,   .  ,           ,  .       ,      .







  

   : Bowlby, J. (1969). Attachment and Loss, Vol. 1: Attachment. Basic Books.

  Strange Situation   : Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of Attachment: A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

  (): Main, M., & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of an insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In Affective development in infancy. Ablex.

  

   : Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. (1987). Romantic love conceptualized as an attachment process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 511524.

    : Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226244.

   : Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN 9781462533817.



Adult Attachment Interview (AAI): Main, M., Kaplan, N., & Cassidy, J. (1985). Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: A move to the level of representation. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 50(12), 66104.

ECR-R  : Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item-response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 350365.

   (transmission gap): Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387403.

  vs   (  ,   ): Fraley, R. C., & Spieker, S. J. (2003). Are infant attachment patterns continuously or categorically distributed? A taxometric analysis of strange situation behavior. Developmental Psychology, 39(3), 387404; Fraley, R. C., & Roisman, G. I. (2019). The development of adult attachment styles: four lessons. Current Opinion in Psychology, 25, 2630.

Earned secure   

Earned-secure attachment: Roisman, G. I., Padrn, E., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2002). Earned-secure attachment status in retrospect and prospect. Child Development, 73(4), 12041219.

     : Levy, K. N., Johnson, B. N., et al. (2018). Attachment style. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(11), 19962013;  Levy, K. N., et al. (2011). Attachment-related processes in psychotherapy: A meta-analysis. Psychotherapy, 48(1), 3243.

 

  : Johnson, S. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 9780316113007.

Mentalization-based therapy (MBT): Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder. World Psychiatry, 9(1), 1115; Bateman, A., & Fonagy, P. (2016). Mentalization-Based Treatment for Personality Disorders: A Practical Guide. Oxford University Press.

Schema therapy: Young, J. E., Klosko, J. S., & Weishaar, M. E. (2003). Schema Therapy: A Practitioners Guide. Guilford Press.

 

: Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223250.

 : Carstensen, L. L. (2021). Socioemotional selectivity theory. The Gerontologist, 61(8), 11881196.





    

C1     ,  :      .

C3      :     .

C16    :       .

B10   :   .

B24    :     .

E1          .








 12  -


   

        ,   ,   ,       :  .  , ,  , - ,  ,   ,   .   .     ,      ,      1960-    .

    -  (; . cognitive behavioral therapy, CBT).      .                  .        ,     , ,  ,   , ,  .

   :        ,  .   ,          .   ,       ,     ,          , , ,      ,    .

    ,    ,     ,         .





  :  

  

 195060-    ,    ,       ,       .       ,     ,     .  ,  ,   .       ,    .    ,        .

        1967   ,      .  :      .   ,        ?       ?  .      ,   ,     ,    ,     ,   ,   .

     ,   1950-.    -   (. rational emotive behavior therapy, REBT).      ABC: Activating event () ? Beliefs (,     ) ? Consequences (   ). ,   :         ,     .

    :  

 ,    ,      .         .  1  , ,   :    , ,  (         ).  2  , , :  , , ,      .      1,   2     ,     .

   .  ,    ,       1:   ,      .  ,   ,        ,   ,     .  -     :     2 ,   1      ,    ,      .      (  ),          .

   

 1970-      ,   , ,      .              :     , -      , , , . -        ,    .

   .     -  ,   .   :      ,   - ,      .     ,   ,   .

  

        .

   . 195060-.   ,   ,  .          ,   .

   . 196080-.   .     .     .

   . 1990-  .  :     (ACT; . Acceptance and Commitment Therapy;  ),    (; . dialectical behavior therapy, DBT; ),      (MBCT; . Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy).    :     .           ,    ,     ,       .

   ,      .  -      .





     

       

  ,       .      :

. -   , , , ,    .

 .   ,  ,      .  .    .   ,   .

.    . , , , .   ,   .

.   .    ?   .  . . .    .

       .        ?  ? ,      .          .    ,    ,      - .

  

     Feeling Good (1980,    )  ,     :        ,     .

׸- .   ,   .

.      :     .

 .       .

 .   ,   .

 .   ( ,   )     (  ).

  .   ,   .

 .    ,   .

-.   ,   ,  .    .

.      .

  .      ,     , , ,   .

  .  .           -  ,    .        .     ,      ,          ,    ,    ,    -  .





  ,   

  (. thought record)

 .  ,       ,     :

 ( ,   ).

  (        ).

 ( ,   0100).

 (       ).

  (    ,  ,      ).

  (   ).

     15    .         ,  .             .

           .     , ,      .

 

 1996        ,   :           (   ),    (   )   . ,         ,   .

 .         ,  ,       ,    .

   .   :   ?     ?   ?   .       :      .     ,      ,    .      .

:   ,        .    . ,    .       ,  .

          .   ,    ,          .



       .     30 ,         ,  , , .

:   ,    .         ,  .   ,     ,  .                .

    :       1  10,    ,   ,       ( 2040 ),   .  .

 :    ,    ,       .  .

  (. cognitive defusion)

   .      defusion,  (   ):   ,             ,        ,   .

 .   .      :  ,    ,    ,  ...      : ,         .  .    .     .    ,  ,     .

  : -    : . . ,    . -     ,      . -    - . -    ,   .

  .        .  ,  ,       (    ),     .

   (. self-compassion break)

,    .     ,    :

    ( ).

   ,    ( ).

       (  ).

  .        ,  ,  .     ,      , , .





    

  (712)

 -  ,         .           .  ,        .     ,     .         .

 (1318)

        .       ,      .        ,   .

  (1925)

       .      ,        ,          .        -    .

   (2635)

 :  ,  ,  .  ,    ,    -.            ,    ,        ,     .

  (3645)

     ,   ,     (   ABC- ).      ,         .

    (46+)

   ,          .       ,    ,   (     - (. cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia),      ).





   

    .         .     ,         ,   .   ,   .

   ,  .  ,       ,    .    (,  ,     )   .

  ,     .        ,   .       :     .     ,      .

    .      ,  ,  ,       .     .  :       ,     ,   ,  ,   .

   .   ,        .     .     ,          .

  .       812   .     ,       ,    .

    .        +    ,  - .      ,   ,        ( = ).





  ()

   .  46  ,   .            / .

   .     .        (   ).

     .       .     .

      -.  , , , ,   ,  .      ,     .

-    .      , ,          .         -  ,  .

          .  ,     .    , , , .

   .   ,    ,  ,     .

   . Burns, D. D. (1980/2020). Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy  ,  ,           . Burns, D. D. When Panic Attacks   .  :  ,      ,  ,   .







      

 ,    .           , , , ,   .  ,   .  ,  ,       .    .       .

     .  , ,      -     ,   .       .       .

 

       24 .    ,   .      (). ,       .   ,        ,    ,      .       ,    .    .









  : Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Causes and Treatment. University of Pennsylvania Press; Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive Therapy and the Emotional Disorders. International Universities Press.

ABC- : Ellis, A. (1962). Reason and Emotion in Psychotherapy. Lyle Stuart; David, D., et al. (2014). Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT). In The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology. Wiley.

   (  ): Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, Fast and Slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

 

     : Burns, D. D. (1980). Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy. William Morrow and Company.  .

 

    : Hofmann, S. G., & Smits, J. A. J. (2008). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for adult anxiety disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 69(4), 621632; Carpenter, J. K., Andrews, L. A., Witcraft, S. M., et al. (2018). Cognitive behavioral therapy for anxiety and related disorders: A meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled trials. Depression and Anxiety, 35(6), 502514.

 : Hofmann, S. G., Asnaani, A., Vonk, I. J. J., et al. (2012). The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy: A review of meta-analyses. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 427440.

 

  landmark study: Jacobson, N. S., Dobson, K. S., Truax, P. A., et al. (1996). A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral treatment for depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64(2), 295304.

  : Martell, C. R., Dimidjian, S., & Herman-Dunn, R. (2010). Behavioral Activation for Depression: A Clinicians Guide. Guilford Press.



  vs  : Ougrin, D. (2011). Efficacy of exposure versus cognitive therapy in anxiety disorders: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry, 11, 200.

 

ACT   : Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D., & Wilson, K. G. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy: The Process and Practice of Mindful Change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

    ACT: Hayes, S. C., Pistorello, J., & Levin, M. E. (2012). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy as a Unified Model of Behavior Change. The Counseling Psychologist, 40(7), 9761002.



   : Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223250.

-

iCBT  : Andersson, G., Cuijpers, P., Carlbring, P., Riper, H., & Hedman, E. (2014). Guided Internet-based vs. face-to-face cognitive behavior therapy for psychiatric and somatic disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Psychiatry, 13(3), 288295.





    

B4     :     .

B6  : ,  ,  + .

B19  : -     .

B20  :  .

B24    : ABC-,  , .

B43   :      .

A1  : -      .

   ( ,            ;    һ):

B29     FOMO.

B35    :    .

B31      .

B39    .

B27   :  .

F5      .








 13   


   

     .        ,    . :  ,  ,    ,     . :  , ,         .    ,    .

     ,      .    ,     ,         ,     .           ,  .      :   , ,         .

       . ,    . ,        .  ,        .  ,      .       ,      ,   .

     ,     ,  ,   .





  :  

 

 1999          (. window of tolerance)    ,     : , ,  ,     .

         (. hyperarousal).  , , , ,  .      .  .     .

         (. hypoarousal).   , , ,   ,      .    .

    .       ( )         .    .

      .        :       .            .  :   .  ,  ,   ,         ,    .

    

 1990-         ,         (/),    :   (   ),  (/)    (/).         .

 :      ,        ,        .  20232025      ,        .   ,        (  , , )  .       .

  

         (. process model)    .    ,      :

      ,     . (      .)

    ,    . (   .)

   ,   - . (     .)

  (. reappraisal)    . (   ,   .)    .

       : , , , . ( , ,   .)

   :  (4)   ,   ( 5).     ,     ,         .      ,  ,      .





   

          (. co-regulation)  ,      ,     .      1       (11).     ,                   .

    ,    ,        ,       .      .     .        .

     -        (  ,   ).    4 .

                  .    ,       50 (.  9 ).

     :  , ,  ,  , ,  ,   (   .  8).    : , , ,  ,    ,   .





    

  (  ; . affect labeling)

      .   ,   ,    :  ,  ,  .     ,  :    .

  ,            .                .

    : , , , , , , , , .   ,       .            ,    .      ,  .

RAIN ( )

       . : Recognize  Allow  Investigate  Nurture.

R  . ,   .  .

A  .     .   , .

I  .   ?   ?   ?

N  .        .    .    - .

 25 .       .  ,       , RAIN    .

   (. self-compassion break) 

     .        : -    . -    ,   . -       .

      ,     , , , .   .    .

  (. distress tolerance)   ()

      1980-     (; . dialectical behavior therapy, DBT)      .     : ,  ,     .

          ,   .   ,       ,  .

      TIPP.     ,      ,  , .

T (temperature)  .              3060 .    ,   .

I (intense exercise)    1015 .   .

P (paced breathing)       ( 4 ,  8).

P (paired muscle relaxation)        .

TIPP    .       ,     .

  ( )

  ,     12.       .             (),      (),    ().    ,      ,   .

   .     ,     .

   ( )

         ,   .     :     .      ,      ,            .

           -,      .     ,  ( ), . ,     ,  . ,   , .

 ,           .   ,        ,   ,        .

    

                (, , , , ).                  ,       ,   .

 ,  :   ( ),  ( ),  ,  ,  .   .    ,    .





    

   ( 18)

      .   ,     ,    .        .            (      ).

  (1925)

 ,           .      , RAIN,       .           ,    .

2645

     ,  ,   .         ( )    .     ,      .

46+

     .   :     (     ),  ,   .

  (70+)

      .     ,  ,  .     RAIN     (  , .  10).





 

   .        ,  .   ,        ,  .

    . ,       . ,   (  ,   ,  ),  ,    .     ,  .

   .     .           .

    . ,    , .     ,          .

   ,   .       ,  ,     .     ,        ,  .

 , ,      .      .    .       ,     -  .      ,   .

     .    ,   .      .     ,   .





  ()

    .       .  ,    .

 (. mindfulness) 1020   .   ,    , ,  -.     30      .

   .        , , .

        . TIPP   ,   .

  .         .       .

    .         .

    .   ,  ,       .  ,     (EMDR    ;    , MBT; -; - , . somatic experiencing).

 ,       .   ,   ,    .

  . Tara Brach Radical Compassion (2020). Bren Brown Daring Greatly (2012). Marsha Linehan DBT Skills Training Manual (   ). Kristin Neff Self-Compassion (2011).







    

                  :

: ,   ;   ;    ;  ,    .

:    ;   ;  ;      .

              .   .      :  ,  ,   ,     .

                   .     .

 

     ,      ,    RAIN. Recognize  . Allow  . Investigate    ,  . Nurture    .    .       .             ,       .







 

 : Siegel, D. J. (1999). The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are. Guilford Press; Siegel, D. J. (2012). The Developing Mind (2nd ed.).

  (   ): Porges, S. W. (2011). The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-Regulation. W. W. Norton. : Grossman, P. (2023, 2025)  .  Clinical Neuropsychiatry  Biological Psychology.

   : Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271299; Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 126.

 

   (affect labeling): Lieberman, M. D., Eisenberger, N. I., Crockett, M. J., et al. (2007). Putting feelings into words: Affect labeling disrupts amygdala activity in response to affective stimuli. Psychological Science, 18(5), 421428.

RAIN: Brach, T. (2020). Radical Compassion: Learning to Love Yourself and Your World with the Practice of RAIN. Viking. ISBN 9780525522812.

: Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223250; Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-Compassion: The Proven Power of Being Kind to Yourself. William Morrow.

DBT  distress tolerance, TIPP: Linehan, M. M. (2014). DBT Skills Training Manual (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

  

    : Brown, B. (2012). Daring Greatly: How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead. Gotham Books. ISBN 9781592407330; Brown, B. (2007). I Thought It Was Just Me. Gotham Books.



  : Price, C. J., & Hooven, C. (2018). Interoceptive Awareness Skills for Emotion Regulation: Theory and Approach of Mindful Awareness in Body-Oriented Therapy (MABT). Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 798; Critchley, H. D., & Garfinkel, S. N. (2017). Interoception and emotion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 17, 714.

-  

   : Tronick, E. (2007). The Neurobehavioral and Social-Emotional Development of Infants and Children. W. W. Norton.





    

B4  :    .

B10   :   .

B19  :  .

B11  :    .

B24    :   .

A1  :     .

E2   :  ,      .








 14    


   

     :     .     .      .     .      .   .      : ,   ,  . . ׸. . .

     .    ,        .  ,       .  ,    ,     .               ,   .

    .   ,        .    :   , ,    ;     .       ,      ,   ,        ,   .

    .  ,  :    ,    ,      ,     .      ( ,  )   ( ,   ).

    ,       ,      ,             .





  :  

 

 1992           Boundaries,     .    :     .         .       .

   : -   . -   . -      . -      ,    . -  ,     .

    : -     ( ,      ). -      . -  ,     . -  ,       .

        .     ,        ,         .    .        , ,    .

   

 1970           Your Perfect Right,    .   :       .

. ,    .      .     , ,    (,  ).

. ,  .      .      ;     .

.  ,     ,         .   ,   .     .

 ,            .      , ,  ,   .

  (fawn)    

              - // (. fight/flight/freeze) :  (. fawn).  ,          ,   ,      .

        ,   ,                 ,       .        (. people-pleasing)        ,   ,    ,    ,    .

     ,       .         .     ,      ,          .

  ()

     196070-    (; . nonviolent communication, NVC).   ,      ,     .

 ( ).            .     ,            ,      .

 ( ).     .     (       ),    (      ).

 ().    ,     .       -      ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  .

 (  ).          ?  ,          .  ,  .

 :  [],   [],     [].     []?

  .  ,       ,           .

  DEAR MAN

    ()  (.  13)      (. interpersonal effectiveness).        DEAR MAN,      .

D  Describe (   ).

E  Express (  ).

A  Assert ( ,   ).

R  Reinforce (,    ,   ).

M  Mindful (  ,     ).

A  Appear confident (, , ).

N  Negotiate (  ).

DEAR MAN    ,   ,       .      , DEAR MAN      ( ,   ,  ).

  (. softened startup) 

 ,      ( 6, 7, 8),           :    .   ,  96%   15-       .     ( .,  .)     .   (        ,  .)      .

            . ߻  ,  ,  ,  ,    .





 

     .   ,    .

.     ,   .         (    ,  ,    ,  . .).

.     .             .

  .       .       ,    ,    .

.   ,   ,   .         ,   ,     .

.      ,     ,         .     ,     .

.    ,  ,   .       ,     ,    .

    .        ,  . ,    ,    .  .





    

 (1318)

         .       ,  .  ,   :      .

  (1925)

    .      ,   .         ,         .

2635

      (     ,      )    (   ,  -    ).

3645

- (. sandwich generation):    , , ,  .                 ,        .

46+

        ( ,    , )      ( ).       ,     ,    .

70+

          ,        .    ,  ,          .





 

   .           ,     .      ,   .

     .     ,        .     ,   .              . .  ,   ,     .

    .      ,        ,  .         .

   .  ,   ,    .           ,   . ,    ,   .

     .   .      ,      ,    .    ,       ,     ,     .

 .   ,     ,    ,   ,        ,    ,     .  ,    .

,        .   .   ,      .  520   .  .

   .        (       ,       ),     .       .





  ()

  -.      .    .  ,     ,    : , , , .

  ()   .  ,     ,   3    .

DEAR MAN    .      , ,  ,  ,  .

  (  ).             ,  .           .

           .     - (Your Perfect Right Alberti & Emmons,  )    ,    .

           .    ;   ,    ( ; -;    , IFS).

 ,   .     ,  ,          .    ,         ,      .

: Cloud, H., & Townsend, J. (1992/2017). Boundaries. Zondervan. , ,  . Rosenberg, M. B. (2003). Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life. PuddleDancer Press.  .







     

          ,     ?   ,    ?       ,    .

          ? ? ? ? ?      .

      : -  ,     ? -  ,   ,     - ? -    ,    ? -     ? -      ,   ?

        , ,  ,  ,      .

 

        ,         ,   .  ,  ,  . :     ,   .      ,   .      ,    .

 .   . ,  .   .       . ,  .  .   .  .  ,  .     ,      .







 

Boundaries Cloud & Townsend: Cloud, H., & Townsend, J. (1992; updated 2017). Boundaries: When to Say Yes, How to Say No to Take Control of Your Life. Zondervan. ISBN 9780310351801.

    : Alberti, R. E., & Emmons, M. L. (1970/2017). Your Perfect Right: Assertiveness and Equality in Your Life and Relationships (10th ed.). Impact Publishers.

   : Speed, B. C., Goldstein, B. L., & Goldfried, M. R. (2018). Assertiveness training: A forgotten evidence-based treatment. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 25(1), e12216.

Fawn response   

Pete Walker  fawn response: Walker, P. (2013). Complex PTSD: From Surviving to Thriving. Azure Coyote Publishing. ISBN 9781492871842;  Walker, P. (2003). Codependency, trauma and the fawn response. The East Bay Therapist.

 

NVC   : Rosenberg, M. B. (2003). Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life (2nd ed.). PuddleDancer Press. ISBN 9781892005038.

DBT  interpersonal effectiveness: Linehan, M. M. (2014). DBT Skills Training Manual (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. (  DEAR MAN, GIVE, FAST).

Softened startup    : Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Crown Publishers; Carr?re, S., & Gottman, J. M. (1999). Predicting divorce among newlyweds from the first three minutes of a marital conflict discussion. Family Process, 38(3), 293301; Gottman, J. M., & Levenson, R. W. (2000). The timing of divorce: Predicting when a couple will divorce over a 14-year period. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(3), 737745.





     - C5   : -,  ,     .

B11    :   .

B10   : ,   fawn- .

C37        .

C40   :   .

C3   :      .

C15       :     .

C9        .

E3  :  ,      .

E1        .








 15   


   

      .        ,       1.    .   ,     .

      . ,      ,   ,      28. ,        4 ,   ,     35  . ,     ,   ,         . ,         ,         .

     .  ,     ,           ,   ,    ,      .        : ,     ,     ,   ,     ,    .

     :    .   100%.  .   .         .       9   10,      7.      5.   ,   ,  .

        ,   (  ),      ,     .





  :  

   

 196080-        ,         .   :       ,   ,                 .

    .     (. differentiation of self):    ,    ,        .                   .      ,    .

   :         .  :     ;         ;  ,     +  ,          .           ,   ,      .

        .           .        .

   

 198090-        ,       : .          (,  ,    ),  :      ,     ,    ,     (, , ),   ,    ,  ,      .

 ,    ,      :   .        .        .     .   -      .    .

      .      ,      ,      .                   ,    ,     ,        .

     ,   

  1    11     1995      :         75% .   .         (. transmission gap):      ,     ,      .

 :  ,        100% .   ,       ,  ,  .

    ,   

   .           .    It Didnt Start With You (2016),        ,  ,        ,    :            .

     ?   :

       ,            - .

     ,  ,     ,  ,    Albert Einstein College of Medicine,  ,          .     ,     .

           (. putative role)  ,   .

      :           ,       ,    ,    .

   :    , ,  ,     .     ,      .  : ,    ,     .      ,     . ,     ,   .





  

 

    .       .   .   .  (   )  .    1  11.

 

        (. co-regulation)  .      ,                 .   ,        ,        .

 

     ,    12        -.    .     .  .  .                     ,    .

 

     .  ,  .       .       .           ,        ,      .

   

          .   (. parentified child)  ,       .   (. scapegoat)         .  (. hero)   ,    .   (. lost child)  ,   .       :             ,   .

   

    .    ,     .         .      .     (, ,    ).            ,      .

 

        ,         :

         .

            ,   ,  .

  /           .

          ,  ,  ,  ,   ,      ,     ,   .





   ( )

       .   .

   .        ,      ,    .

      . ,       ,      .

  ,     .  ,      , ,  ,    ,     .       - .





  

        .     ?       (  ,    ,    ).    ,   (     ).      (  ).

       ,      ,      .    .         ,        .

 ,     .

   

  .   : ,  ,     ( ).   .        ,   ,    . ,      , , .    .    .       .       .

  2040 .    :   ,      .

    .                ,     .

   

     ,       .      .   :    ,  ,   .     ,   .    ,      .   ,     .

   - .   .

  

        ,    .                   .            .             ,    .

  .   ,           .     ,   .

    

   ,        .     ,  , ,   .      11:   ;     (MBT); -; EMDR (  );     (IFS); -  (. somatic experiencing).

  ( ,  ,   )    ,      ,    .

    

 ,  .    ,    .  :  ,      ,    ,   ,    ,  ,    ,  .

       .     ,     .       ,  ,      .

 ,    

   ,  ,   ,   .      .    ,      :  ,  ,  ,     ,          .

    ,     ,   1015    .     , ,  ,   .





    

 (1318)

 :       ,    .   ,  .

1925

       .          .

2635

    .           ,  ,          .      .

3645

         .                  .   ,   .

4655

  ,   .    :       , ?       ,        ?

56+

   .  ,   . ,   . ,   . ,   .             ,  .





 

     .   ,      .         ,      .

 . -          ,     .   :      .

,   =  .      .     .

     .      .  , ,       .

,     .     .    .   ,   .

   ,  .      ,       -.  .          .

    . ,           ,     .      ,      .

          .      ,       . .     ,   ,    .





  ()

   .     3060 .      .

      / .    11.   :  ( ),    , -, EMDR,    , - .

    .  ,       .  ,  ,    .

     1114. , ,  ,       ,       .

 ,     .  ,  ,   .     .

    (,   ).   ,     ,   ,    .      .

.    .   ,    .            30    .

: Bowen, M. (1978). Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Jason Aronson. McGoldrick, M., Gerson, R., & Petry, S. (2020). Genograms: Assessment and Treatment (4th ed.). Norton. Wolynn, M. (2016). It Didnt Start With You. Viking   ,       ;     .







 ,  

        (,    , ,  )       .        ,   ,   ,  ,   ,  ?

   -   ,     .       ,   .

   .  .

 

  ,         ,         .     .

  7 ,    ,   :     .    .    .  ,    ,     ,    -.      ,   .

    .  ,      ,   .       .







   

 : Bowen, M. (1978). Family Therapy in Clinical Practice. Jason Aronson. ISBN 9780876687611; Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family Evaluation. W. W. Norton.

: McGoldrick, M., Gerson, R., & Petry, S. S. (2020). Genograms: Assessment and Treatment (4th ed.). W. W. Norton. ISBN 9780393714067; McGoldrick, M. (2011). The Genogram Journey: Reconnecting with Your Family. W. W. Norton.

  

Transmission gap    : Van IJzendoorn, M. H. (1995). Adult attachment representations, parental responsiveness, and infant attachment: A meta-analysis on the predictive validity of the Adult Attachment Interview. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 387403.

Earned-secure attachment: Roisman, G. I., Padrn, E., Sroufe, L. A., & Egeland, B. (2002). Earned-secure attachment status in retrospect and prospect. Child Development, 73(4), 12041219.

    

 : Yehuda, R., & Lehrner, A. (2018). Intergenerational transmission of trauma effects: putative role of epigenetic mechanisms. World Psychiatry, 17(3), 243257.

   : Greally, J. M. (2018). Population epigenetics. Current Opinion in Systems Biology,          .

   : Wolynn, M. (2016). It Didnt Start With You: How Inherited Family Trauma Shapes Who We Are and How to End the Cycle. Viking. ISBN 9781101980385.   ;         .

-  

 trauma-informed parenting interventions: Branco, M. S. S., et al. (2025). Breaking the cycle: A systematic review of intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment and preventive parenting interventions. Child Abuse & Neglect.

    : , . . (2015).  :    . : . ISBN 978-5-17-084861-4; , . .    ;   .

  (   11)

: Johnson, S. (2008). Hold Me Tight.

MBT: Bateman & Fonagy (2010, 2016).

Schema therapy: Young (2003).

   : Minuchin, S. (1974). Families and Family Therapy. Harvard University Press.





    

E1   :       .

E2   :   .

E3  :     .

E8  90-:     .

B10   ,       .

C37        .

C26      :  ,    .








 16  ,     


   

      :     .         ,      .  ,   , ,    ,   ,         .         (. knowingdoing gap).       .  ,         .

      ,    : , , , .     :   ,   ,     .      .                     ,     ,  .

   ,    . ,  ,    ,   ,   ,              .               .    ,  ,     ,        .    ,       ,    .





   ( )

: ,    

   : ,       .        :  ?  ? .  ( , , ,  )  ,        .     ,   .        ,      .

  ?        :         66       ,      ,       .   21    .        . :     ,     ,        (  ;     ;   ). ,   :     .                 ,       .    ,    ,  :        .

  

 ,   ,   : ,    ,              ,      ,    .             .    ,     ;    ,     .

      ,        .    1990-    - (. ego depletion):    ,  ,    .    .   2010-        ,    - : , ,       ,  .     ,     :      ,    .       ;       .

 =  ?  ? 

          :  ,  ,       .         .    :   .        (),         ,    :  ,    ;  ,    .      , ,    .         :     ,      ,    ,   .

    

  ,        [],  []   ,    .      .      ,        20               ,        .     (. implementation intention).

      .      :       .   :    ,      ,    .          WOOP (. Wish  Outcome  Obstacle  Plan;       ):  ,  ,  ,    ,  .       .

:     

    , ,   : , ,       ,   .    .     ,            ,             23 .        (. attention residue):      ,     ,        .

 :   .       ,     ,          . ,       ,         .        (. deep work):       .     ,    ,     -,      .

:    

     ,       (. flow):   ,   ,     .   ,       :   ,    ,  ,     (   );       ;          .            ,   ,   ,        .          :     ,     .         ,           ,    .

    ,   

       .           ( ,  ).     ,   : , ,  , , . ,          ,        .

  ,      :      ,     ,     .   :  (.  13)  ,    ,    .       :   ,    ,   ;         ,     .      :   ,       .





  

   .   ,              ( ,  ,  ).                25  (.  2  5 ).  ,          ,    .

       .    ,       ,   ;       ,  ,        .      ,        (.  B13).

    :    ,    ,      ,    ,   ,         . ,         ,        (.  712    C36).      :        ,     ,   ,       .

  :      .       ,      ,       .





    

1318.     :       ,       (.  4).     , ,  .    ,   : ,    ,       -   ,     .

1925.      ,  , .     ,    .  ,              ,  , .       ,     .

2635.   : , ,   ,  .           .     ,   ,      (      ).

3645.         ,    .    :      ,       ,    .

46+.    , , ,  (. A10)            .        .          : ,     ,          .





 

     .        .    ,   .

   .        .            .

  .        ,     .   .

 .    ,     ,          .

   .     ,    .   ,    ,   .

 .     ,    .

  .   ,       .

 .          /     .

   .  :   ,    .

               .





  ()

 .    ,      ( ,  ).    ,   .

   ( ; . habit stacking).       :            .     .

     WOOP.           ,        .

     ():     (  ,   )      (   ,   ,    ).   .

   .   (, 25 )   ,    ,  .     .

  (. temptation bundling)   :  --           ,     .

   .         ;     ,      .

  .      ,   ;   ,          .

   (.  13)   ,  ,    .

  .  /            ,    .

 .      (, ,  ),        .

    , , ,    (. body doubling     -),        (. B13),     .





    

                -.   :     .     .      ,   -   .     .    ,   ,   ,   ,   .                    ,    .

  :         ,      -.

          (  ,    ,  ,   ).               ( )   .   :             ,       ,   :        ?.           .   :      (2006)     -    .    (  )     ,        ,      .

   .      ,        ;             .  :       -.    : ,   ; ,     ;  ;    .           ,   :   , ,    ,      .      ,    .

     ,        :

 ( 2635,  11):      ,           ?    .

 (B20):    ,    ,   (, ,   ),       .

  (D4):   ,            .

  (B7):   /,    (//)   .

    .        :    ,      ( ,   ,   ).       -   :     ,   ,     (. WOOP).   :  ,      ( 38 )     ,   .

    ,        ,            ?  ? .  ,      ,     :   ,     .







 -  :

      ,     ,      /?

     25    ,     ?

               (? ?   )?

                  ?

  ,            ?

 

  :   ,   ,    .              (    ,       ).        ,    .         (, ,    ,  ).    :   25-           ,  ,    .

          .   :                   ?   .





    

B20   .

B13    :    ,    .

B24        .

B29  , FOMO    .

D14        .

A1       .



    : Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 9981009; Lally, P., & Gardner, B. (2013). Promoting habit formation. Health Psychology Review, 7(sup1), S137S158.

  (): Duhigg, C. (2012). The Power of Habit. Random House.

  : Wood, W. (2019). Good Habits, Bad Habits. Farrar, Straus and Giroux; Wood, W., & R?nger, D. (2016). Psychology of habit. Annual Review of Psychology, 67, 289314.

  -: Baumeister, R. F., et al. (1998). Ego depletion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 12521265; Hagger, M. S., et al. (2016). A multilab preregistered replication of the ego-depletion effect. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 11(4), 546573 (     ).

    : Fogg, B. J. (2019). Tiny Habits. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

  (-)    (WOOP): Gollwitzer, P. M. (1999). Implementation intentions. American Psychologist, 54(7), 493503; Gollwitzer, P. M., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 69119; Oettingen, G. (2014). Rethinking Positive Thinking. Current.

  (-): Harkin, B., Webb, T. L., Chang, B. P. I., et al. (2016). Does monitoring goal progress promote goal attainment? A meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 142(2), 198229.

, ,  : Leroy, S. (2009). Why is it so hard to do my work? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 109(2), 168181; Mark, G. (2023). Attention Span. Hanover Square Press; Newport, C. (2016). Deep Work. Grand Central.

    : Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Harper & Row.

     : Pychyl, T. A., & Sirois, F. M. (2016). Procrastination, emotion regulation, and well-being. In Procrastination, Health, and Well-Being. Academic Press; Sirois, F. M. (2014). Procrastination and self-compassion. Self and Identity, 13(2), 128145.

 : Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135168.





  2

       .     1 ()   2 (),                  ,   ,       .       ,         :      .

 3 ()      .  ,      :    ,   , ,   .

      .    0     ,      1.     ,        2. ,    ,   .




 3.     





 A    





? :     









A1     


      .   ,    ,      ,  ,  .          , , - , , ,   .            .





 

   : 7   .       (AASM)  Sleep Research Society,     .        ,  :  ,  .

   ( AASM):

 (03 ): 1417 .

 (411 ): 1215 .

12 : 1114 .

35 : 1013  (  ).

612 : 912 .

1318 : 810 .

 (1864): 7+ .

65+: 78 .

     ,  24-  , ,  ,  .    ,   .    ,     .

   :

:   .

:        ,     (.  4 ).

:   (/).

:        ,  .





 

     .    ,   :

 .

     ( -,      ).

  .

  .

    (    , REM).

     (.  13 ).   ,   ,   ,     .

   :   ,      ? 3      ? 3 ,      .





 

        .        56      .      ,     ,      / ,   .

      ,      ,   . ,     , ,       .





 

     56 .  , ,    5 ,   (    ).

  .          .

  .  ,    .

   .     ,    .

  .    ;    .

      .          .





  ()

  :

       ( ).

     ,     .

 (1619C), , .

      (      ).

     . 1530    .

   14:00 (   56 ).

   3   ,    .

    (  2   ).

  :

- (. cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia)       .     . :    ,  ,      , .

  (    )  .

      ;     .

  :

    (,  ,  ):  + .

  , , : .





 

  ,     .

    ,    , .

     ( ,  )   .

,         .

 10+           , , .

    .





 

      :              ,    15       15     (  ,  , ).           .







 7+ : Watson, N. F., Badr, M. S., Belenky, G., et al. (2015). Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society. Sleep, 38(6), 843844.

  : Paruthi, S., Brooks, L. J., DAmbrosio, C., et al. (2016). Recommended Amount of Sleep for Pediatric Populations. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 12(6), 785786.

   : Carskadon, M. A. (2011). Sleep in adolescents: The perfect storm. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 58(3), 637647.

-   : Qaseem, A., et al. (2016). Management of Chronic Insomnia Disorder in Adults: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Annals of Internal Medicine, 165(2), 125133.

    : Walker, M. (2017). Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams. Scribner. ISBN 9781501144318.  :        ;     .

    : Xie, L., et al. (2013). Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain. Science, 342(6156), 373377.







A7  : , ,     .

A32   :  .

B4  :    .

B6  :     .

B19  :   .

. 04    .

. 06      .

. 12  -   .

A42  :    

E6  :     








A2    


         .         .           .     ,      .





 

    :

    20  60   . Pontzer 2021  Science.     30  .    30    , ,   ,   .

         . , ,  , ,  , , ,   , ,    ,    .       - ,   ,   .

      ,   .      6 ,    .

     30,   . ~1 / , 1.21.5 /   .

      (1014   )       .       ,       :    ,    (   E6).

-  (  NOVA)     ,     .

   :

 .

   (       ).

   , ,         ,        .





 

       ,    .   ,   .   , :

 .

.

,  (      ).

 .

.

,   .

             .





 

           (,  )    (  ).         ,    .

        , ,    , ,       .    (. A34 ).

                  .          .





 

  .    .   .

Ƹ  .  ,      .

 .   40.

   .      .

   .  ,  .

   .   ;      .

  .       .





  ()

      .

   11.2 / (   ).

 - .

    .

      .

 7+      .

         .

  (, ,  )  ,   .

    (. A34).

: -  . In Defense of Food   . - Tim Spector. Food for Life   . - The Mediterranean Diet   .





 

Ƹ     ? , .

 ,  ? .

 /   .

        .

    .





 

      :           .    .      ,   .







Plateau  2060: Pontzer, H., et al. (2021). Daily energy expenditure through the human life course. Science, 373(6556), 808812.

   : Guasch-Ferr, M., & Willett, W. C. (2021). The Mediterranean diet and health: A comprehensive overview. Journal of Internal Medicine, 290(3), 549566.

    : Anderson, B. O., et al. (2023). Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption. The Lancet Public Health, 8(1), e6e7.

- : Monteiro, C. A., et al. (2019). Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutrition, 22(5), 936941.







A3  :  .

A1  :  .

A32     .

A34   .

A43    








A3    


     ,  ,       .       .   ,       , ,     ,    .      ,       .





 

    (2020):

150300        ( 75150  ).

      2     .

  .

    .   ,       .

   :

    ~17% (  -).

        .

  - ,  2 ,   .

         50.

  .

 .

       (. Lancet Commission).

     .

  :

 (cardio): , , , .    , , , .

 (resistance):   ,  , .    , , .    .

  : , .     .

  :   60     .





 

       .       .   :  , ,  ,         ,  ,    .

   ,   :

 2030    3          .

 2    3045      .

  800010000         .

,  ,  :

. 3?30  ,  1?3 .

.      .

.  +  +   ,  - .





 

    ,   .   ,   .              ,  ,      .       :    (    )   ,     .                   ,  .

           ,  ,   .     ,      .

            .       . , ,       ,       .





 

  .    .     .

   /  .       .    10  .

.     .  :    ,  .

 ,  .   30.      .

  ,  .  ,     .    .

   .         .

  30    = . ,           .

,     /.   ,       .





  ()

  :

150   + 2   .

 : 30  5  + 2    3040 .

  :

 ,   ,   .

  .     .    .

    .

          .

   :  ,  , .

 :

      ,  .

      (, ,  , ).

   40+           .





 

  ,       .

   ,    /.

    .

    .

             .





 

      ,      . 1520 , ,   : ,  (   ), .   ,     . ,      .    ,      ,     .







     2020: Bull, F. C., et al. (2020). World Health Organization 2020 guidelines on physical activity and sedentary behaviour. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 54(24), 14511462.

     : Schuch, F. B., et al. (2018). Physical activity and incident depression: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(7), 631648.

     : Singh, B., et al. (2023). Effectiveness of physical activity interventions for improving depression, anxiety and distress: An overview of systematic reviews. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 57(18), 12031209.

   : Cruz-Jentoft, A. J., & Sayer, A. A. (2019). Sarcopenia. The Lancet, 393(10191), 26362646.

Lancet Commission on Dementia      : Livingston, G., et al. (2020, 2024).







A1       .

A32       .

A35     .

B6     .

. 06       .

. 13      .

A4  :    ,   .

A6    :   .

A5  :  ,   .








A4  : ,      


 ,  ,        ,      :    /  /  ,  -  ,      .   ,     :    ?        ,   ,     ,    ()    ,   .             ,   ,   .

  (    )

    : -        ( ).        .    ,      . -        . /  . -    :       +         .       : ,     , ,          .

 ,   : -    .      ;       .     . -    . .    :    ,      . -  / ?   .   ,             .

 

        ,      :   /,       ,  ( ).        :         ,   ,       .      ,   .

 :       (   ,     ),  ,     .       ,     ,  ,     .

 

 ,  ,        ,         ().     ,       .          :  (  )  ,      ,    ,       .

 

 / .   ;          .

       .   ;  ,   .

            .

,        .

         (. A31).

      ,    .

  ()

   .  , ,       .    .

  .        ,     (. A3).

              /:    ,      ,    .

  ()        (    ); -  ,   .

 . ,       ,     .

   /    ,   .

  ( ,   )

    ,   ,    /    .

 ,    ,  ,     .

  /,   /     (. A5).

     ,          (. A18).

 

                     :   3040 ,    .  ,         .  ,  ,   ;     ,   ,     .



    ;   : OSullivan, K., et al. (2019). Sit up straight: time to re-evaluate. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 49(8), 562564;        (PMC, 2023).

   ?   : ,           .

  (,  )  ,   :  lower crossed syndrome (Janda; Physiopedia)        .

      : Katzman, W. B., et al. (2017). Targeted spine strengthening exercise to reduce hyperkyphosis (SHEAF RCT), Journal of the American Geriatrics Society;     .

     :   cognitive functional therapy (K. OSullivan, P. OSullivan)     .



A3    :    .

A31   :      .

A5  :   ,    .

A6    :    .

A18          .








A5  :       


      ,   :    ,       ,         .      ( ),   ().    :       ,    ,           ,       .

  ()

     ( + ).      (  ),       ;      ( ).

 : -     ( :    /).       . -    ( SRS   ): 1025  ; 2545  ; >4550   .       ,      ~50,         .

 : - Ƹ                     BrAIST.  ,   . -   (   , PSSE)     ;  ,        ,   .   ,   . -  ()     .

:         .   ( )  ,    .

  ()

     .  , ,                 (. B28).   ,  ,    , .       :    ,    ,    .

          :      (, ,    ),    .

 

      ,        .  :  //,    ,   .      (,  ),  .        (   ),    .     :  ,  ,    ()  .

 

             .

,  .      ;  .

         .

           .

    /      .

   /     .

  ()

  ( )         ,   .

 /  /        ,    .

Ƹ            (BrAIST).

  (, PSSE),          .

        (. A3);        .

     (. B28,  13).

 

  //,       .

         .

    /  ,       .

     , ,  - /   (. B28, B1).

 

           :         ,   ,      .      ,  :      ,   .             ,  ,   .



, , :  Scoliosis Research Society ( 1025,  2545,  >45);       ~50.

 : Weinstein, S. L., et al. (2013). Effects of bracing in adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (BrAIST). New England Journal of Medicine, 369(16), 15121521.

  (PSSE): Schreiber, S., et al. (2016). Schroth physiotherapeutic scoliosis-specific exercises added to standard care lead to better Cobb angle outcomes  RCT. PLOS ONE




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74190382)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


