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          .    ,     (-   )  .        ,      -   -  .        ,    ,      ,    .            .   1860;      108 (20    , 88     ).           90    75     - ();          :    -,  800     .  ,     ,    ,  , ,  ,   .

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    ,     .     ,        ,   .     520,             ,         .     ,     .        (-)    400.,   ,  ,  850,        , ,   . ,         ,       .

      ,      (Leh)  ,       ,   ,    -,   .        , ,     (2140)  (1880),          .          .      4,       ;  ,    ,   ,      ,     ,     18,    120  .

   ,        ,       [2 -         : J.-L. Dutreuil de Rhins et F. Grenard, Mission scientifique dans la Haute Asie, Deuxidme partie, p.377380; G. Sandberg, An Itinerary of the Route from Sikkim to Lhassa (Calcutta, 1901); Douglas W. Freshfield, The Routes to Tibet (Geographical Journal, January 1904); O'Connor, Routes in Sikhim (1900).].

     ,      ,       ,    XIX           .

 ,  ,  ,     ,      ,    3,   -  13251326.   , , ,     .    , , ,   ,   .     Cathay and the Way Thither (I. p.1162).

    ,   -       .   1624.        (),       ( ),          .         ;        Pron  Billecoq  Recueil de Voyages du Tibet.

 ,   ,           1661.       ,   ,   2,       .  ,      ,     China Illustrata  . Thvenot  Relations de divers voyages curieux qui n'ont point t publies.

     ,     ,    1716.   .      1729.          .

    ,    1719.,    (  13 )    -  ,      ,   1760.         ,        .   ,    ,    ,  ,       Alphabetum Tibetanum (Roma, 1762).   Congregatio de propaganda fide, ,    ,     .

     ,      .  1730.      ,    ,   ;               ,    .

   XVIII   -       ,      -,  ,       .       1774.   ,       , -.   , ,   ,           ,       ,  ,         .            .

  ,  ,     1783.   .          ,              ,     ,   An Account of an Embassy to the Court of the Teshoo Lama (London, 1800).

 1792.      ,  ,         .           ,             .  ,          ,          ,    ,    ,   ,         .

   ,       ,      .  ,    ,       - (    ),     1811.      .       ,  ,    -. , , ,     ,     .            ..    Narratives of the Mission of George Bogle to Tibet, and of the Journey of Thomas Manning to Lhasa (London, 1875).

     (Huc)   (Gabet)   1846.       ,     ,     .         .      ,    ,   -   ,   ,   .     ,    : Souvenirs d'un voyage dans la Tartarie, le Thibet et la Chine pendant les annes 1844, 1845 et 1846 (Paris, 18501853),          ,       (  .        -).

   ,     XIX   ,   .        ,  ,         ,                 .         . , - Campbell, - Hooker (Himalayan Journals),  , ,  ,  (1826.), -  (1836 r.),  (1852), T.T.  (1870)     (1885), ..  (Buddhism of Tibet, London, 1895; Among the Himalayas, London, 1900),  .  (Round Kangchenjunga, London, 1903),    .

 ,      ,        (Results of  Scientific Mission to India and High Asia, 185458, Leipzig, 186166; Buddhism in Tibet, 1863).          (Csoma de K?r?s),              ,      ;      .

     ,     -      (-')  - (-)     1812. (W. Moorcroft,  Journey to Lake Manassarovara in Little Tibet, Journ. As. Soc. of Bengal, XII, p.375)        1848. (R. Strachey, Narrative of  Journey to the Lakes Rakas-tal and Manasarovar in Western Tibet, Geograph. Journal, 1900, 2, 3,4).

      ,   -,      ,      ,       .      -   . ,  1868.       (.. Cooper, Travels of  Pioneer of Commerce, 1871),   1877.   (Wm. Gill, River of Golden Sands, 1880),        .     ( the Snows of Tibet through China, 1891), -  (Isabella L. Bird)   .  , ,       ,         .          ;             .      . Desgodins     : Le Thibet d'apr?s la correspondence des Missionnaires (Paris, 1885)     Dictionnaire thibetin-latin-fran?ais par les missionnaires catholiques de Thibet (Hongkong, 1899).

       ,    (Bela Szchenyi)  1877.   .  ,  ,       ,    (Loczy)     .      1899. ,    2        .        -   ,         ,   . .       Im fernen Osten, Reise des Grafen Bla Szchenyi in Indien, Japan, China, Tibet und Burma  Die Wissenschaftlichen Ergebnisse der Reisen des Gr. B. Szchenyi in Ost-Asien, 18771880 (1898).

      ,                    ,       .     ,    ()   ,         ,      ,   ,           .   .. ,           ,     ,        , -  -;                  .

      ,       ,      ,   ,    .         .    ,   130 ,      1860.         (       )     (. -  .   -   )    ,      .. .  ,   ,      (.. -.   . .- , 1903, 348).

              .. .      ,     -   - .               .         ..    18721873. -  .,      - (-).      .          (., 1876).

         .. ,    1876     .    ,    -.         -   - (1877.).

   ,       .. ,   ,         ,    1879  .          (, -')   ,             . ,     ,     1880.        (),  , ,   .                  (., 1883).

       ..   .. .      1883.,  17             .       ,    1884.      -,         (. )   ,  .            ;        -    (., 1888).

  ..         ,      .         .              .

  ..            ,         ,    ( )   1888.       . .   ,       ,     ,  ,   .. ,     :      .. .     1890.     ,      .          18891890.   ..  (3).

   ..        , ..   .. .      1893.,     .   ,      ..    .   1894.    ,        ,     .  , ,  , ,   ,     1895.  .                 ..  (3).

      .. ,     ..     .  1900.        ( -).   ,      ,   ,      ,   ,    .                  .      . -,  . -,     .  1901.      ,          -.

       : ..    -.

  ..  18841886.       .      1888.  .     ..  -      (., 1893; 2.).

       18891890.  .. .. -,        (.. -,     , 2.).

       1890.  ..        ;  , ,  .

  ,          ,       .     ,             -  ,     .              , ,    .  ,    . ..   .. -       .

               . , ,    ,   1880-             .   ,     ,            ,      ,    ,     ,     ,        ,  ,  ,     .

    , -,   (. Carey),          18851887.     -      ,     .       ,    ,     ,     (  . ).     .   Journey round Chinese Turkestan   Proceed. R. Geogr. Soc. (December 1887).

 1889.    (William Woodville Rockhill),       ,   1889.     ,   ,    .     (-),            (Gyekundo).          3230?     -,       -.      The Land of the Lam is. Notes of  Journey through China, Mongolia and Tibet (London, 1891),            1901.     .

  1889.   (Gabriel Bonvalot),        ,    ( -  -) ,         ,     1890.   -.          ,        ,             .    ,       -  .       De Paris au Tonkin ? travers le Tibet inconnu (Paris, 1892),          (, 1897).

   1891.     (. Bower),   W.G. Thorold'a,         -. ,     ,    -  -,  ,   -,  -    -.       ,       ,       .  ,    1892.   -.         Diary of  Journey across Tibet (Calcutta, 1893).

 1891      . ,     ,    ,      ,    ,    ,    .    - ,     .       .   -        .        ,      -.       Diary of  Journey through Mongolia and Tibet in 1891 and 1892 (Washington, 1894).  ,        : Notes on the ethnology of Tibet, based on the Collection in United States National Museum (Report of National Museum, 1893).

    (Miss Annie Taylor)    1892.     ,  .    (    ,       1889.),   .      , ,   ,           .     ,       ,    ,     ,    -.       William Carey Travel and Adventure in Tibet including the Diary of Miss Annie R. Taylor's Remarkable Journey from Tau-Chau to Ta-Chien-Lu through the heart of the Forbidden Land (London, 1902).

 1893.     (J.-L. Dutreuil de Rhins)   (F. Grenard),   ,       .        ,   3230?   - ,      -  -,      -.      ,   6,     ,            ,      1894,      -.          ,           5 (. .)   ;     .            ,     : J.-L. Dutreuil de Rhins. Mission scientifique dans la Haute Asie, 18901895. Deuxi?me partie: Le Turkestan et Tibet. Etude etnographique et sociologique par F. Grenard (Paris, 1898).

  (St. George R. Littledale),  ,    1895.        -,    -   -.       -      ,   50  ;    ,       ,   ,   ,   .           .     ,          ,   Geographical Journal, 1896 (vol. VII).

  (.S. Wellby)    (Malcolm)   1896        - ,     -   ,             .         .        Through unknown Tibet (London, 1898).

                 (.. P. Deasy),     (Pike),   -.    -     -  -,     ,      .     ,          .  1898.       -  ,         18971898.        In Tibet and Chinese Turkestan. Being the Record of three Years' Exploration (London, 1901).

 1896.          ,     , ,    ,      ,    .       ,      :   . . .  .     18931897 (., 1899).

          (. Henry Savage Landor)  1897.         -     -,     -         .    , ,  ,         .        In the Forbidden Land. An Account of  Journey in Tibet, Capture by Tibetan Authorities, Imprisonment, Torture and ultimate Release (London, 1898).

 1898.   .      - (Dr. Susie . Rijnhart)         .      - ,     ,   ,    .      ,   ,   .    -    ;  Rijnhart   - ,     .  ,   ,       -.       With Tibetans in Tent and Temple. Narrative of four Years' Residence on the Tibetan Border and of  Journey into the far Interior (London, 1902).

 1899.    ,        ,  ,      . .       Durch Asien. Erfahrungen, Forschungen und Sammlungen w?hrend der von Amtmann Dr. Holderer unternommenen Reise (Berlin, 19011903).

 1901.               ,         .      14 ,      ,  ,      ,   5    ,   -,   .    ,       ,    ,   ;       .       ,     : Central Asia and Tibet towards the Holy City of Lassa (London, 1903).

   ,     , ,     ,  .               .            1865.    .. ,   Trigonometrical Survey   ,  ,    ,           ,     .   ()      .          ,          .       ,   ,  ,         .         (A),   (A-k),  - (Ugyen-gyatso)    .

      1865  1875.     ,                  :  (18651866.)    . -,   (18741875.)    .-  -.       1866.     -.

        18781882.,        ,        : . - (   -), -   .    1878. ,     ,   .        Report on the Explorations in Great Tibet and Mongolia, made by A-k in 18791882 in connection with the Trigonometrical Branch, Survey of India (Dehra Dun, 1884).






    1904.



    -        .     , ,        ,     Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet (London, 1902).          .

          -  ,      ( 400 000 )   ,  .  ,   ,           , -.                   ,      ,    .     .    -    ,   - ,    (    ),   15              ,       .

             ,     ,            .      ,      .. :         ,   1741.,     ( )       .  (., 1900),         M?? (18911894)   , ,        (      -?? - (., 1897).

    ,    ,     1899.   ,      .- ,          .       ,             .     ,     ,  ,    .      ,      (. XXXIX, . III)         8  .. .           . ,    1900.   1901.

   ,     ,        .   ,              1899. ,     ,     ,      (18651866.)     ,      1902.,        .           Century Magazine      2    ,       .

                  ,             ,  ,      1890.,         ,    1893.,                 .                 ,       .         ;   ,     ,                .              ,    .             , ,         .

      ,       , ,    ,    ,  ,    ,     [3 - .,       ,         .].          ,   ,    ,    : Journey to Lhasa and Central Tibet.              ,    ,  ,   .         ,              20            .        ,        ,     1899.

     ,      1902.,                ,      1898  1902.;  ,       ,     ,     . , ,     ,    ,         (   .),     ,        ( ).         ,     ,   ,       .    ,    ,   (W. R.),     (S. .D.).

     .

               .                ,         ,      .         ,      ,        .    ,        .              .

, ,     ,     ,   ,     .        ,   - ,   ,    ,     .             ,         (               )   .  ,    ,   ,   ,   , -,     ,       ,  ,  ,   .  ,    ,     ,                   ,         .           ,    ,           .             :



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     .-   ..     .. .     .. .        .. .

 1904.

. 




   


     1849   ,   ,   ,     ().        (Presidency College)  .            ,                    ,               .

 1874,       ,                          (Bhutia Boarding School).            ;              ,            .

 1878  -,       ,           .   ,    ,             .      ,    -           ,           ;     ,                  ,          .            ,            ,        .

  ,     1879    -   ;          ,               ;               .                    -  ,     ,       .                 ,          ,        ;                  .

             ,      ,   .           ,     ,      ,   18811882.,                ,          ,      ,      ,       .

 1880       ,  ,      , ,     ,        .          ,   ;         (Journal of the Bengal Asiatic Society)       (Journal of the Budhist Text Society of India).     1892.   ,        ,

 ,     -,     1881     ;    -,         ,    ; ,   ,         (-),     .                  -,            .             ,         :    1866           1878,          .       -      ,    ,     ,            ,     .                 ,    .

          ,     ,                ,    .   1883         .

   ,    ,                    ()  ',    (Narrative of  Joumey to Lhasa  Narrative of  Jonrney Round Lake Palti (Yamdok) and in Lhokha, Yarlung and Sakya).           ,    1890     Contemporary Review        ,    ,         Nineteenth Century         .   ,       ,          ,     .

  1885              ,         ,    .       ,         (   1885).          ,           .       ,    -   --,      .     ,      ;      - ().           ,        ,       ,  , --,     .         ,             .       ,                   .          ,      .

 ,    .      ,      Rai Bahadur, ,  ,       (Order of the Indian Empire). . 1887    (Royal Geographical Society)          Back Praemium.

       1882.      ,     ,    .  ,         ,       ;        ,          .            ,       .        ,        Bibliotheca Indica   Avadana Kalpalata,      ,         ;         ,           ,    .       - ,  ,    ,   2000 ,      -   [4 -      1902.    Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms. Revised and edited by G. Sandberg and A.W. Heyde (4, XXXIV; 1353 p.) (pe.).].

        ,  ,         ,    .         ,                     ,       ,    ,       ,         ,  ,   ,         ??,     ,           .

   ,                       -.  ,       ,     1851;         -,    12     .  1873 ,    ,     ,     , ,    . ,        ,        .               .  1874                   1878,  ,    ,            .           ,       ; ,     ,          .        ,            ,       ,      .

 1882         [5 -             . . Journ. Buddh. Text Soc., IV, pt. III, p.IV.];        ,   1883               ,   .       ,                 -  ,          .  ,     ()    ,       -   ,    1883  .      ,  ,      Report of the Explorations in Sikkim, Bhutan and Tibet from 1856 to 1886,   1889  Trigonometrical Survey.         .

          Rai Bahadur,        ;           ;          ;  ,          .

W.W. Rockhill.

Block Island, U.S..

27 1899.




 I

    


7 1881.

   ,     [6 -     .: Hooker, Himalayan Journals (1854), I, p.115.],    -      .          ,  ,      .    ,       ,      :           ,       .      ,     -   .

   ,   ,   ,   - [7 - Bhutia       (.).],   .          [8 -       (.).]      .   ,        ,    -,   ,    .      ,     ,  ,     ,   .      ,  ,            , , ,   .       ,                 ,    .            ,          .






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8

                          -,      ( )      .    ,              ,     ,   ,     .       [9 -   .  (.).]      ,   ,      .     sal,         ,   . ,       ,   ,       .  ,     ,     ,                  [10 -  (. cit., II, . 37) ,          (9000. .)  .  (ibid., . 108)  ,       (  -)        ,   Ailurus ochraceus,     ,        -  .          9000. (W.R.).].           ,          .

  ,    20 ,     ,   ,  ,    .   ,            ,     ,  ,   ,   .        ,       :   ,           .     ;     ,       .      ,      ;     .   ,              ,          ,     ,     .  [11 -    .      ,      .         . ,        ,      . .: Hooker, . cit., I, . 137.]       ,          ,       ,    .






    



      ,     ,      [12 -  ,  ,    (         ).        ,     .      (Ch?rten). (W.R).         ()    (. );        ;     ,       .       ,       ,   .          ,      .         (---). .: Waddell. Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism (London, 1895), p.262264; . .          (., 1887), .5861 (.).]




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   .

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1


         1904.        . . . 2025.




2


        : J.-L. Dutreuil de Rhins et F. Grenard, Mission scientifique dans la Haute Asie, Deuxidme partie, p.377380; G. Sandberg, An Itinerary of the Route from Sikkim to Lhassa (Calcutta, 1901); Douglas W. Freshfield, The Routes to Tibet (Geographical Journal, January 1904); O'Connor, Routes in Sikhim (1900).




3


.,       ,         .




4


     1902.    Tibetan-English Dictionary with Sanskrit Synonyms. Revised and edited by G. Sandberg and A.W. Heyde (4, XXXIV; 1353 p.) (pe.).




5


            . . Journ. Buddh. Text Soc., IV, pt. III, p.IV.




6


    .: Hooker, Himalayan Journals (1854), I, p.115.




7


Bhutia       (.).




8


      (.).




9


  .  (.).




10


 (. cit., II, . 37) ,          (9000. .)  .  (ibid., . 108)  ,       (  -)        ,   Ailurus ochraceus,     ,        -  .          9000. (W.R.).




11


   .      ,      .         . ,        ,      . .: Hooker, . cit., I, . 137.




12


 ,  ,    (         ).        ,     .      (Ch?rten). (W.R).

         ()    (. );        ;     ,       .       ,       ,   .

          ,      .         (---). .: Waddell. Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism (London, 1895), p.262264; . .          (., 1887), .5861 (.).


