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 :  >95-      >10    (,  , ) [8, 9].        .           ,  .    7   .

1.2.2.  

   :

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 :              (  )   -  ().

1.2.3. 

 

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 : ~34 .

 15 : 57 .

 612 : 812 .

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  III:   612 ,   ,    .

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:        (    ,     ) [16, 17].

1.3.      

  

 1.1.        








1.3.1.  

   

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 :

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 ,   ,    , ,  .

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1.3.2.  

 

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1.4.    ,      

       

 1.3.         








 :           ,    .   85100 %,  75100 %,             [21].

 :               ,     [4, 21].



1.5.      ()

1.5.1.  

  

 :    ,   ,   /,    [18, 19].

 : , , , , .

      

 :     (  ),    <2     .

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 , , ,     ()      ,  ,   [1, 5].



1.5.2.  

    

 :   ,        ,    /,    ,   .

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        ,           ,     .



    1

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[2] Radmayr C., Bogaert G., Dogan H.S., et al. EAU Guidelines on Paediatric Urology: Summary of the 2024 Updates. Uroweb. 2025.

[3] Prioritization and management recommendations for paediatric urology conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic. PMC. 2020.

[4] Pediatric Urological Emergencies. OBGYNKey. 2017.

[5] European Association of Urology-European Society of Paediatric Urology Guidelines on Paediatric Urology: Summary of 2024 Updates. Part II. Pub Med. 2025. PMID: 40118740.

[6] Kolon T.F., Herndon C.D.A., Baker L.A., et al. Evaluation and Treatment of Cryptorchidism: AUA Guideline. J Urol. 2014;192(2):337-345.

[7] Editorial: Reviews in pediatric urology 2024. PMC. 2025.

[8] Kidney length normative values in children aged 019 years. PMC. 2021.

[9] Normal Values in Pediatric Ultrasound. The Radiology Assistant. 2018.

[10] Han B.K., Babcock D.S. Sonographic assessment of renal length in normal children. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1984;142(3):467-469.

[11] Liver, Spleen, and Kidney Size in Children as Measured by Ultrasound: A Systematic Review. PMC. 2019.

[12] Koff S.A. Estimating bladder capacity in children. Urology. 1983;21(3):248.

[13] Caione P., Arena F., Bianchini E., et al. Pediatric cystogram: Are we considering age-adjusted bladder capacity? J Pediatr Urol. 2018;14(6):536.e1-536.e6.

[14] What is the formula for calculating bladder capacity? Dr Oracle AI. 2025.

[15] Age-specific reference values for normal urethral length derived from a multicenter cohort study. PMC. 2025.

[16] Tanner Staging. My Endo Consult. 2022.

[17] Tanner Staging. 2024.

[18] Guidelines for Complicated Urinary Tract Infections in Children. PMC. 2025.

[19] Urinary tract infection (suspected)  Paediatric ECAT protocol. NSW Health. 2023.

[20] Recognizing Urological Emergencies in Children. Ankura Hospitals. 2025.

[21] Children's concepts of the urinary tract. ScienceDirect. 2012.












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