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   , 2026



ISBN 978-5-0070-9247-0

     Ridero







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I. ?i i /   / Ecosystem Foundations


1.  /  / Albedo

?.  ?i ? ? ? ?i ? ?i : ? ?  ? ??  ? ?,  ? ?i ? ??  ?? ?? ? ? ?.

.  , ,       :     ,    ;      ,    .

. A measure of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected by a surface: dark asphalt has a low albedo and heats up strongly, whereas light-coloured grass cover has a higher albedo and remains cooler.



2.  /  / Assectator species (accompanying species)

?. ?? i, i? ? ?? ? ? ? ?  ?  ?i ?ii ?i.

.  ,    ,            .

. A plant species that is present in a community but does not affect its structure and is less abundant than the dominant species.



3.  /  / Aerophytotherapy

?. ?ii  ?  ? ? ?iii   ? ? ?.

.  ,     ,  ,     .

. A health-promoting practice based on inhaling volatile compounds released by plants while spending time among vegetation.



4.  /  / Biogeocenosis

?.  ??   ?   ?   ? ? , i? ?i-?i i ? ?? ??? ii.

.  ,              ,     .

. An area of land where a community of organisms and the non-living environment are linked by such a close exchange of matter and energy that they form a single self-regulating system.



5.  /  / Biotope

?. ? ii, ii i  ???       ii.

.     ,      .

. An area of the environment with uniform conditions that serves as the habitat of a particular community of organisms.



6.  /  / Biocenosis

?. i i i iii i ? ? ? ??i ?  ? ii  ?.

.     ,     .

. The interconnected organisms of different species that live together in the same area.



7.  /  / Hydrotope

?.   iii? ? ?: ?  ? ? ? ii ?  ? ?i.

.      :     ,   .

. The conditions of a habitat with respect to moisture: the water supply of the soil and air and the level of groundwater.



8.  /  / Humus

?.  ???  ?ii ? ?? ??? ? ? ?i ? .

. Ҹ   ,           .

. The dark organic component of soil formed through the decomposition of biological remains and contributing substantially to soil fertility.



9.  /  / Demutation

?. ? ? ?? i ?ii ??? ?ii ? i.

.      ,     .

. The natural recovery of a plant community after the disturbance that was destroying it has ceased.



10.  /  / Detritus

?.   ?  ?i i? ?? ?i  ?  ?ii.

.        ,   .

. Small particles of dead organisms and the products of their decomposition, serving as food for decomposers.



11.  /  / Community degradation (digression)

?.   ,    i   ??? i  ?.

.         , ,  .

. The impoverishment and breakdown of a community under excessive pressure  trampling, grazing, or frequent mowing.



12.  /  / Dominant

?. ??    ?  , ? ? i ? ?.

. ,              .

. A species that predominates in a community by biomass or abundance and largely determines its physiognomy.



13.  /  / Zoocenosis

?.  ?? i ? ; ?  ?ii.

.  ,    ;   .

. All the animals living in a given community; the animal part of a biocenosis.



14.  /  / Climax community

?. ?ii ??? ? ? i ?, i ?i-?i ??  ?? ??.

.  ,             .

. A relatively stable community formed at the final stage of succession and capable of maintaining itself over time under broadly stable conditions.



15.  /  / Climatope

?.   iii? ? ?: ?? i ? i , ?,  ?? ?  i.

.      : , ,    ,   .

. The conditions of a habitat with respect to climate: the warmth, light, air humidity, and wind available to the organisms of the community.



16.  /  / Ecological consortium

?. ??i ? , i ? ? ?i ? i  ? ii  .

.    ,           .

. A group of organisms of different species linked trophically and spatially to a central species that serves as the consortium determinant.



17. i ? /   / Edge effect

?. i ?? ?ii ? i ???  ?ii i ?i ? ?iiii? .

.        ,    .

. An increase in species diversity or abundance at the boundary between two communities, where organisms from both communities may occur.



18. ? /  / Community mosaic (patchiness)

?. ?? ??i i ?? ?   ??? -?? ii ii.

.   ,        .

. The patchy heterogeneity of a community in which areas of different composition alternate horizontally.



19.  /  / Mulch

?. ?? ? ?,  ?  ?  ?? ? ii  ?.

.     ,           .

. A protective layer of material on the soil that retains moisture and shields it from overheating and erosion.



20. ?ii ?iii /  / Litterfall

?. ?ii ? i ?i ?? ?, ??, ??  i.

.  , ,   ,      .

. Dead leaves, needles, branches, and fruits that fall from plants onto the soil surface.



21. ? ?iii /   / Primary productivity

?. ?? ?iiii?  ? ?  ? ?.

. ,         .

. The rate at which plants in a community produce organic matter through photosynthesis.



22. ?i /  / Litter layer

?. ?ii ? ? i ?,   ? ?ii ?iiii? ?.

.   ,      .

. The layer of decomposing litter lying on the soil surface beneath the plants.



23.  /  / Synusia

?. ??? i ? ?, ? ?? ?? ?ii  (, ? ??i ?? ?).

.         (,    ).

. A group of ecologically similar plants occupying the same vertical layer within a community (for example, mosses in the forest ground layer).



24.  /  / Succession

?. i i i ??? iii ii , ?? ?? ? i.

.        ,     .

. The gradual replacement of one community by another on the same site, leading to a stable final state.



25.  /  / Phytoncides

?. ?? ?   ????? ?i i ?iii? ? .

.   ,        .

. Volatile substances produced by plants that suppress the growth of bacteria and fungi in the surrounding air.



26.  /  / Phytocenosis

?. ii i ii? ?ii ??; ? ?ii ? ?ii.

.   ;   .

. The plant community of a site; the plant part of a biocenosis.



27.  /  / Evapotranspiration

?. ii ?? ? i ? ? ?iii?  ? ? ?.

.            .

. The total loss of moisture from a site through evaporation from the soil and transpiration by plants.



28.  /  / Edaphotope

?.   iii? ??  ?: ?? ??, ??, ??? ? ?i ? ?.

.      :  , ,   .

. The soil-related conditions of a habitat, including soil composition, moisture, acidity and nutrient status.



29.  /  / Edificator species (ecosystem-forming species)

?. ??  ? ? ?? ?i ?i, ?  iii ?  ? (,  ? ).

. ,             (,   ).

. The species that transforms the communitys environment more than any other and creates conditions for its remaining inhabitants (for example, spruce in a spruce forest).



30. ? ? /   / Ecological niche

?. ? ?i ?  ? ? ?i ? ? ??? .

.    ,  ,   ,  ,   .

. The place of a species in a community, defined by the conditions it requires and the role it plays.



31.  /  / Ecotone

?. i ?i ?? ? ?i ? ( i,  ? ?).

.       (,  ).

. A transitional strip between two neighbouring communities (a forest edge, the shore of a body of water).



32.  /  / Ecotope

?. , ?,  i  ? ii   ?  i.

.      : , , , .

. A site with relatively uniform abiotic environmental conditions, including climate, soil, topography and moisture regime.



33. ?? /  / Stratification (layering)

?. ?ii ??? iii  ?i ?  ? ii.

.          .

. The vertical layering of a plant community into above-ground and below-ground horizons.




II.  ?  /    / Holobiome and Microbiota


34.  /  / Aerobiome

?. ii i i?    ??.

.  ,     .

. The community of microorganisms present in the air of a particular place.



35.  /  / Bacteriophages

?.  ?,  ? ?  i .

. ,        .

. Viruses that infect bacteria and can regulate bacterial populations.



36.  /  / Bioaerosol

?.  ?? ?i ii ? ?i ? ?: , ? ?iii ?  ?i.

.          , ,  .

. Living and dead biological particles suspended in the air  spores, pollen, and fragments of microbes.



37.  /  / Butyrate

?.   ?i, ? ii?  ?  ?i ii  ?i   ??.

.   ,              .

. A short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microorganisms and a major energy source for cells lining the colon.



38.  /  / Virome

?. ?   i ? ? ?; ? ? ?ii.

.      ,      ;   .

. The viruses and viral genetic material present in an organism or environment; the viral component of the microbiome.



39. ?  /   / Hygiene hypothesis

?.  ? ?  ? iii  ? ? iiii   .

. ,             .

. The hypothesis that insufficient microbial exposure in early childhood may increase susceptibility to allergic disease.



40. i   /    / Old friends hypothesis

?. ? ?i? ? ? ii ?i    i iii   ?  .

. ,           .

. The hypothesis that normal immune regulation depends partly on exposure to microorganisms that have co-evolved with humans over long periods.



41. ?ii  /   / Biodiversity hypothesis

?. ?? ?  ?i   ? ? ?ii? ? ?  .

. ,           .

. The hypothesis that contact with diverse environmental microbiota supports healthy development and regulation of the human immune system.



42.  /  / Holobiome

?.    ? ?i ? ?    i? ?i.

.        ,        .

. A host together with its associated microbiota, considered as an integrated system with shared metabolic interactions.



43.  /  / Holobiont

?.  i? ?  i i?  i ?.

. -    ,    .

. A host organism together with all its symbionts, regarded as a single whole.



44.  /  / Dysbacteriosis

?.   ?? i ; ?ii   ??  i ? i.

.     ,     .

. The former name for disturbances of the gut microbiota, now being replaced by the more precise term dysbiosis.



45.  /  / Dysbiosis

?.  ??? ?,   ?i  ?i ?.

.     ,           .

. An alteration in the composition and function of the microbiota associated with loss of beneficial functions or adverse effects on the host.



46. ? /  / Immune tolerance

?. ? ?i?  ? ??  ? ?ii.

.          .

. The ability of the immune system to avoid mounting harmful responses to harmless substances or to the bodys own components.



47.   /   / Gut microbiota

?. ? ?-i  i .

. ,  -  .

. The microorganisms that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract.



48. ? ii /   / Colonization resistance

?. ?? ? ? ?   ? ?   ?ii.

.       ,    , .

. The ability of the resident microbiota to prevent colonisation by exogenous microorganisms, including pathogens.



49. ?? ii  ?? (??) /    () / Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

?.  ?? ? ? ?ii ,  ?  ? ;  ii ?ii,  ? ?.

.  ,       (  ,   ),         .

. Organic acids produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fibremainly acetate, propionate and butyratethat support intestinal cells and participate in metabolism.



50.  /  / Metabiotics

?. ii i i ? ? ?  iii ?ii.

.     ,       .

. Purified beneficial products of microbial activity used without administering the living microorganisms themselves.



51.  /  / Mycobiome

?. ?   i ? ????? ?; ? ???? ?ii.

.   ,     ;   .

. The fungi and fungal genetic material present in an organism or environment; the fungal component of the microbiome.



52.  /  / Mycorrhiza

?. ?ii   ? ????? ?  ?: ???? ?ii    i,  ?ii ????? ? i.

.       :     ,   .

. A mutually beneficial partnership between a plants roots and a soil fungus: the fungus provides water and minerals, the plant provides sugars.



53.  /  / Microbiome

?. ii i ?  ???, ? ? ?, iii ?iii? ? i ?? ? ?.

.         ,     .

. A community of microorganisms in a particular environment together with their genetic material, products and immediate surroundings.



54.  /  / Microbiota

?. , i, ?   ? ? ii i  i  ??.

.  ,     , ,    .

. The community of microorganisms inhabiting a particular site, such as the gut, skin, soil or oral cavity.



55. i  /   / Skin microbiota

?. ? i ? i .

. ,    .

. The microorganisms that inhabit the human skin.



56. ?  /   / Microbial exposure

?. ? ??    iii  ?iiii? ?i.

.          .

. The diversity, frequency and intensity of a persons contact with microorganisms from the surrounding environment.



57. ? ??   /     / Microbial exchange with the environment

?. i? ,  ?? ?, ?ii    ?ii .

.         ,   .

. The constant movement of microorganisms between a person and the surrounding soil, plants, and air.



58.  ??  /   / Oral microbiome

?. ?  ? i  ??.

.            .

. The microbial community of the oral cavity together with its genetic material and immediate environment.



59.    i /     / Gutimmune axis

?.   ? ? ?i? i ?i.

.          .

. The influence of signals from the gut microbiota on the development and regulation of the immune system.



60.   i i /     / Gutskin axis

?.  ? ?i   iii? ?i ? ? .

.       .

. The bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the condition and function of the skin.



61.   ? i /     / Gutlung axis

?.    ?   ? ? .

.       .

. The bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the respiratory system.



62.    i /     / Gutbrain axis

?.  ? ? ?i ??i ?  i-???? ? i i? .

.       ,     .

. The bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the nervous system that can influence mood, cognition and behaviour.



63.  /  / Paraprobiotics (inactivated probiotics)

?.  ?i ? ? ii i?  ? ?ii  .

.      ,        .

. Non-viable microbial cells or their components that retain beneficial activity and are used as an alternative to live probiotics.



64. ?? ? /   / Dietary fibre

?.  ? , i? i  ?  ?ii ?? ?ii.

.     ,     .

. Components of plant foods that resist digestion by human enzymes and can serve as substrates for the gut microbiota.



65.  /  / Postbiotics

?. iii ?ii  ?/ ? ???ii ?, iii ? ?? ii? ? ?  ?i .

.     /  ,           .

. Preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a demonstrated health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts.



66.  /  / Prebiotics

?. i  ? ?i  iii ? ? ? ? ???ii.

. ,           .

. Substrates selectively utilised by host microorganisms that confer a health benefit.



67.  /  / Probiotics

?. ?? ?   ?  ? i ii .

.  ,          .

. Live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts.



68. i - /  - / Regulatory T cells

?.   ?  ,  ? ?iiii ? ? .

.  ,         .

. Immune cells that suppress excessive immune responses and help maintain tolerance to harmless substances and self-antigens.



69. i  /   / Resistant starch

?.  i   ? i  i i  ?i.

.  ,        .

. A form of starch that resists digestion by human enzymes, reaches the large intestine and can be fermented by the gut microbiota.



70.  ?  /   / Respiratory microbiota

?. ?   i .

. ,    .

. The microorganisms that inhabit the human respiratory tract.



71.  /  / Rhizobiome

?. ?ii  ?? ? iii i  ??.

.    .

. The microbial community associated with the root zone of plants.



72.  /  / Rhizosphere

?. ?  ?,  iiii  i  ?? ? ?.

.           .

. The thin layer of soil next to the roots where microbial life is especially active.



73.  /  / Rhinobiome

?. ? ? ? i  ??.

.            .

. The microbial community of the nasal cavity together with its genetic material and immediate environment.



74.  /  / Synbiotics

?. ii   ? ?  i iiii ??.

.     ,    ,     .

. Mixtures of live microorganisms and substrates selectively utilised by host microorganisms that together confer a health benefit.



75. i  /   / Gut fermentation

?.  ? i?ii ? ??   ?  ??i.

.         ,      .

. The microbial processing of undigested dietary substrates in the gut, producing gases, short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites.



76.  /  / Phyllosphere

?. ?ii ?? i i?    i.

.       .

. The surface of plant leaves as a habitat for microorganisms.



77.  /  / Hologenome

?.    ? ?i ? iiii  ?.

.        .

. The combined set of genes of a host and its entire microbiota.



78.  /  / Endophytes

?. ?ii ?? ii  i iii i ? ?i ?ii ?i ?i .

. ,           ;       .

. Microorganisms that live within plant tissues without normally causing disease; some endophytes promote plant growth or resilience.




III.  ? ?  /     / Ecotherapy and Related Practices





  .


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