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:  2020      .    2020-,       ,     35 .19[19 - FTI Consulting. Central Bank Digital Currencies: India's Future of Money, or a Failing Experiment?. https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/central-bank-digital-currencies-india-future-money-failing-experiment]    146   .       .       .

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           .   2022    ,     eNaira,     :        ,         .   ,                .        - ,     .    ,           ,      ,     ,     .22[22 - Deutsche Welle. Nigeria: Supreme court declares currency revamp invalid, 3  2023. https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-supreme-court-declares-currency-revamp-invalid/a-64882632]

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  ,   ,     .  2025   ,   GENIUS Act             ,       ,     ,   ,  .30[30 - The White House. Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Signs GENIUS Act into Law, 18  2025. https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/07/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-signs-genius-act-into-law/],   : ,     Libra,         ,      .




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     .   ,               .     ,   ,    Jisr (            mBridge).     CBETS,     : Jisr     mBridge         ,   CBETS         .   2025              .36[36 - Ledger Insights. UAE officially launches mBridge CBDC platform with payment to China, 20  2025. https://www.ledgerinsights.com/uae-officially-launches-mbridge-cbdc-platform-with-payment-to-china/] ,    .

     ,     Agor,   40      (, , , ,   ).  2025- Agor     .37[37 - Bank for International Settlements Innovation Hub. Project Agor: A shared programmable platform for wholesale cross-border payments, 27  2026. https://www.bis.org/publ/othp110.pdf]        :    ,   .




BRICS Bridge, CBETS   


          ,      ,    .     .

BRICS Bridge     2024                .  ,   :         ,  ,          20242025 .38[38 - TASS. BRICS member states to consider creating common digital payment platform, 28  2024. https://tass.com/economy/1752657] BRICS Bridge         .

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:  2022   ,    SWIFT   ,     ,            SWIFT.       mBridge:          2500 ,  ~55,5  ,   95%    .     ,     ,   ,      .   2026       CBETS (???)  26    .         ,        .




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      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


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2


     ,     ,    ,            -.




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10


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11


. Central bank digital currencies: foundational principles and core features, 9  2020. https://www.bis.org/publ/othp33.htm




12


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13


 (Anamaria Illes, Anneke Kosse, Peter Wierts). Advancing in tandem?  results of the 2024 BIS survey on central bank digital currencies and crypto and stablecoins (BIS Papers No 159), 22  2025. https://www.bis.org/publ/bppdf/bispap159.htm




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17


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18


Atlantic Council GeoEconomics Center. Central Bank Digital Currency Tracker,    2026. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/cbdctracker/




19


FTI Consulting. Central Bank Digital Currencies: India's Future of Money, or a Failing Experiment?. https://www.fticonsulting.com/insights/articles/central-bank-digital-currencies-india-future-money-failing-experiment




20


Central Bank of The Bahamas. Sand Dollar History. https://www.sanddollar.bs/history




21


IMF Working Paper WP/23/104 (  The Cable). 98.5% of wallets unused, IMF says as eNaira adoption disappointingly low, 22  2023. https://www.thecable.ng/98-5-of-wallets-unused-imf-says-enaira-adoption-disappointingly-low/




22


Deutsche Welle. Nigeria: Supreme court declares currency revamp invalid, 3  2023. https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-supreme-court-declares-currency-revamp-invalid/a-64882632




23


Reuters. China signs up 26 financial institutions to digital yuan cross-border payment, 16  2026. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-signs-up-26-financial-institutions-digital-yuan-cross-border-payment-2026-06-16/




24


Trivium China. PBOC reclassifies e-CNY as interest-bearing deposit in major overhaul, 14  2026. https://triviumchina.com/2026/01/14/pboc-reclassifies-e-cny-as-interest-bearing-deposit-in-major-overhaul/




25


 -  .    24.07.2023  340-         . http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/document/0001202307240024?index=1




26


 .      , 30  2025. https://cbr.ru/content/document/file/177415/digital_ruble_30062025.pdf




27


  (    .).          , 8  2026. https://ria.ru/20260708/vyplaty-2103460338.html




28


O Globo. Banco Central decide desligar plataforma blockchain do Drex, 4  2025. https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/tecnologia/noticia/2025/11/04/banco-central-decide-desligar-plataforma-blockchain-do-drex.ghtml




29


The Hindu Business Line (  Reserve Bank of India). E-rupee in circulation grows to ?1,000 crore, 29  2025. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/e-rupee-in-circulation-grows-to-1000-crore-rbi-exploring-cross-border-cbdc-pilots/article69632595.ece




30


The White House. Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Signs GENIUS Act into Law, 18  2025. https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/07/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-signs-genius-act-into-law/




31


The Global Treasurer. Bank for International Settlements leaves Chinese CBDC project, 1  2024. https://www.theglobaltreasurer.com/2024/11/01/bank-for-international-settlements-leaves-chinese-cbdc-project/




32


Bank for International Settlements. CPMI correspondent banking chartpack,  2022, https://www.bis.org/cpmi/paysysinfo/corr_bank_data/chartpack_2305.pdf; Trade Treasury Payments (  SWIFT RMB Tracker). Renminbi retains sixth spot in global currency rankings, 22  2025. https://tradetreasurypayments.com/articles/renminbi-retains-sixth-spot-in-global-currency-rankings-swift-tracker-reports




33


Swift. Annual Review 2024. https://www.swift.com/sites/default/files/files/swift-annual-review-2024.pdf




34


Bank for International Settlements Innovation Hub / Central Bank of the UAE. Project mBridge: Connecting economies through CBDC,  2022. https://centralbank.ae/media/lnchuury/project-mbridge-connecting-economies-through-cbdc-final.pdf




35


Gulf Business. Landmark Digital Dirham payment to China marks CBUAE's 50th anniversary, 31  2024. https://gulfbusiness.com/landmark-digital-dirham-payment-to-china-cbuae-50th-anniversary/




36


Ledger Insights. UAE officially launches mBridge CBDC platform with payment to China, 20  2025. https://www.ledgerinsights.com/uae-officially-launches-mbridge-cbdc-platform-with-payment-to-china/




37


Bank for International Settlements Innovation Hub. Project Agor: A shared programmable platform for wholesale cross-border payments, 27  2026. https://www.bis.org/publ/othp110.pdf




38


TASS. BRICS member states to consider creating common digital payment platform, 28  2024. https://tass.com/economy/1752657




39


Reuters. China signs up 26 financial institutions to digital yuan cross-border payment, 16  2026. https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/china-signs-up-26-financial-institutions-digital-yuan-cross-border-payment-2026-06-16/




40


State Administration of Foreign Exchange (SAFE),        , 18  2025. https://www.safe.gov.cn/en/2025/0618/2309.html ;  : Atlantic Council, 15  2026. https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/econographics/what-to-watch-as-china-prepares-its-digital-yuan-for-prime-time/




41


  :   .      (13  2026, http://government.ru/news/58733/);     .  (16  2026, http://government.ru/news/57563/).




42


 . :         65%, 4  2024. https://rg.ru/2024/11/04/lavrov-dolia-raschetov-v-nacvaliutah-mezhdu-stranami-briks-dostigla-65.html




43


 .  .    ,  2020 . https://www.cbr.ru/StaticHtml/File/112957/Consultation_Paper_201013.pdf ;      13  2020 : https://www.cbr.ru/press/event/?id=8175




44


 .   , 08.04.2021. https://cbr.ru/content/document/file/120075/concept_08042021.pdf;      8  2021 : http://www.cbr.ru/s/25fc


