Ekoterapia j?ne medisinalyq ekologia s?zdigi.  ? ?  ?ii.    . Dictionary ofEcotherapy and Medical Ecology
 


          1068   ,    .  , ,  , , ,    .          ,   31  .        , ,    ,   .





Ekoterapia j?ne medisinalyq ekologia s?zdigi

 ? ?  ?ii.     . Dictionary of Ecotherapy and Medical Ecology



 



  , 2026



ISBN 978-5-0070-9733-8

     Ridero




Mazmuny

Kirispe


Ekoterapia k?bine ormanda somylu, baqsa terapiasy, terapialyq baqtar, tabigatqa negizdelgen o?altu nemese jasyl j?ne k?gildir ke?istiktermen uiymdastyrylgan bailanys siaqty naqty t?jiribeler arqyly tanylady. Alaida bul t?jiribelerdi t?sinuge qajetti terminologia terapiany? ?zinen ?ldeqaida ke?. Adamny? tabigatpen bailanysyna ekoj?ieler, ?simdikter, topyraq, bioaluant?rlilik, mikrobiota, klimat, qalalyq orta, qabyldau, minez-qulyq, tehnologia j?ne tiri ortany jobalau men k?tip-ustau t?silderi yqpal etedi. Bul s?zdik osy sasyra?qy terminologiany bir p?naralyq anyqtamalyqqa biriktiru ?sin jasaldy.

Kitap 31 taqyryptyq b?limge biriktirilgen 1 068 terminnen turady. ?r maqala qazaqsa terminnen bastalyp, odan keiin ony? oryssa j?ne agylsynsa balamalary beriledi, sodan so? ?s tilde yqsam anyqtamalar usynylady. Bul basylymda qazaq tili negizgi anyqtamalyq til retinde alyndy, al orys j?ne agylsyn m?tinderi bir ugymdy ?rt?rli tildik j?ne k?sibi d?st?rler aiasynda salystyruga m?mkindik beredi. Eger ugymny? ?s tilde de tolyq ornyqqan birm?ndi balamasy bolmasa, jasandy s?zbe-s?z audarmadan g?ri ony? gylymi magynasy men praktikalyq t?siniktiligin saqtau basymdyqqa ie.

Taqyryptyq qurylym ?deii ta?daldy. D?st?rli ?lipbilik s?zdik jeke termindi izdeuge y?gaily, biraq k?rsiles ugymdar arasyndagy bailanysty jasyryp qaluy m?mkin. Munda oqyrman ekoj?ielik negizderden, golobiom men mikrobiotadan, ekoterapia t?jiribeleri men ?ser etu mehanizmderinen qalalyq ekologiaga, qogamdyq densaulyq ?disnamasyna, biosferany? uiymdasuyna, bioaluant?rlilikke, topyraq pen qorsagan ortany bagalauga birtindep ?te alady. Keiingi b?limder bul j?ieni qorsagan orta j?ne ekologialyq psihologia, adam ekologiasyndagy psihoterapia, fitoterapia men farmakognozia, d?rilik j?ne tagamdyq ?simdikter, agroekologia, topyraq saulygy, bioremediasia, landsaftardy qalpyna keltiru, tabigatqa negizdelgen qalalyq jobalau, azamattyq gylym, sifrlyq ekologia, ?i-jai fitodizainy j?ne ornyqty ?i ekologiasy bagyttaryna deiin ke?eitedi. Sondyqtan kitap tek terminder tizimi emes, adam densaulygy men tiri orta t?iisetin salalardy? ugymdyq kartasy retinde de qurylgan.

S?zdikti? auqymy ?deii ke?, biraq bul ogan engizilgen barlyq p?nder ekoterapiany? tarmaqtary degendi bildirmeidi. Ekologia, botanika, qorsagan orta psihologiasy, fitoterapia, agroekologia, landsafttanu j?ne qalalyq jobalaudy? ?rqaisysyny? ?z teorialary, ?disteri men k?sibi standarttary bar. Olar tabigat, densaulyq j?ne adamorta qatynastary birge qarastyrylganda olardy? terminologiasy jii qajet bolatyndyqtan engizildi. Osylaisa, s?zdik p?nder arasyndagy bailanysty k?rsetedi, biraq olardy? aiyrmasylyqtaryn saqtaidy.

Anyqtamalar kitapty jumysqa arnalgan anyqtamalyq retinde qoldanuga y?gaily bolu ?sin barynsa yqsam berildi. Olar terminni? negizgi magynasyn asuga, jaqyn ugymdardy ajyratuga j?ne ?ri qarai oqu, oqytu, audaru men p?naralyq kommunikasia ?sin ortaq s?zdik qor usynuga bagyttalgan. Keibir maqalalar ornyqqan gylymi ugymdardy sipattaidy; basqalary qoldanbaly t?jiribelerge, normativtik terminderge, jobalau t?silderine nemese ja?a p?naralyq ugymdarga qatysty. Sondyqtan anyqtamalardy mamandandyrylgan oqulyqtardy?, qazirgi standarttardy?, bastapqy gylymi zertteulerdi? nemese k?sibi nusqaulyqtardy? ornyna emes, bagdar retinde qabyldagan j?n.

Densaulyqqa qatysty b?limder erekse saqtyqty talap etedi. Terapialyq t?jiribeni, d?rilik ?simdikti, fitohimialyq qosylysty, qorsagan orta ?serin nemese psihologialyq mehanizmdi sipattaityn terminni? ?zi belgili bir adam ?sin klinikalyq tiimdilikti, qauipsizdikti nemese jaramdylyqty d?leldemeidi. D?lelder aralasu t?rine, dozaga, preparatqa, populiasiaga j?ne jagdaiga qarai ?zgerui m?mkin, al usynymdar ja?a zertteulerge bailanysty ja?aryp otyrady.

Bul s?zdik studentterge, oqytusylarga, zertteusilerge, densaulyq saqtau mamandaryna, audarmasylarga, qala j?ne landsaft salasyndagy praktikterge, qorsagan orta mamandaryna j?ne p?ndik ne tildik sekaralar arasynda jumys isteitin oqyrmandarga paidaly boluy m?mkin. Qurylymdalgan terminologialyq qor qalyptastyru ?sin ony b?lim boiynsa oquga da, belgili bir ugymdy naqtylau qajet bolganda ta?dap paidalanuga da bolady. Sifrlyq basylymda tikelei izdeu jeke terminderdi tez tabuga m?mkindik beredi; baspa nusqasynda n?mirlengen maqalalar men taqyryptyq mazmun turaqty bagdarlau j?iesin qamtamasyz etedi.

Negizgi oi qarapaiym: densaulyqty sipattaityn til men ortany sipattaityn til bargan saiyn ?zara togysyp keledi. Bul togysty durys t?sinu d?ldikti talap etedi. Bir ugymdardy qazaq, orys j?ne agylsyn tilderinde qatar beru arqyly s?zdik osy p?naralyq terminologiany salystyrudy, oqytudy, audarudy j?ne qoldanudy je?ildetudi maqsat etedi.




I. Ekoj?ielik negizder /   / Ecosystem Foundations


1. Albedo /  / Albedo

kk. i? ?i ?i ? ?ii? ? ?i ? ?i   ? ?  ? ??  ? ?,  ? ?i ? ??  ?? ?? ? ?.

ru.  , ,             ,    ;      ,    .

en. A measure of the fraction of incoming solar radiation reflected by a surface: dark asphalt has a low albedo and heats up strongly, whereas light-coloured grass cover has a higher albedo and remains cooler.



2. Assektator /  / Assectator species (accompanying species)

kk. ?? , i? ? ?? ? ? ? ?  ?  ?i ?ii ?i.

ru.  ,    ,            .

en. A plant species that is present in a community but does not affect its structure and is less abundant than the dominant species.



3. Aerofitoterapia /  / Aerophytotherapy

kk. ?ii  ?   ?i ? ?   ? ? ? ?ii.

ru.  ,     ,  ,     .

en. A health-promoting practice based on inhaling volatile compounds released by plants while spending time among vegetation.



4. Biogeosenoz /  / Biogeocenosis

kk.  ??   ?      ii i? ?i-?i i ? ?? ??? ii.

ru.  ,              ,     .

en. An area of land where a community of organisms and the non-living environment are linked by such a close exchange of matter and energy that they form a single self-regulating system.



5. Biotop /  / Biotope

kk. ? ii, ii i  ???       ii.

ru.     ,      .

en. An area of the environment with uniform conditions that serves as the habitat of a particular community of organisms.



6. Biosenoz /  / Biocenosis

kk. i i i iii i ? ? ? ??i ?  ? ii  ?.

ru.     ,     .

en. The interconnected organisms of different species that live together in the same area.



7. Gidrotop /  / Hydrotope

kk.   iii? ? ?  ?  ? ? ? ii ?  ? ?i.

ru.            ,   .

en. The conditions of a habitat with respect to moisture: the water supply of the soil and air and the level of groundwater.



8. Gumus /  / Humus

kk.  ???  ?ii ? ?? ??? ? ? ?i ? .

ru. Ҹ   ,           .

en. The dark organic component of soil formed through the decomposition of biological remains and contributing substantially to soil fertility.



9. Demutasia /  / Demutation

kk. ? ? ?? i ?ii ??? ?ii ? i.

ru.      ,     .

en. The natural recovery of a plant community after the disturbance that was destroying it has ceased.



10. Detrit /  / Detritus

kk.   ?  ?i i? ?? ?i  ?  ?ii.

ru.        ,   .

en. Small particles of dead organisms and the products of their decomposition, serving as food for decomposers.



11. Digressia /  / Community degradation (digression)

kk.   ,    i   ??? i  ?.

ru.         , ,  .

en. The impoverishment and breakdown of a community under excessive pressure  trampling, grazing, or frequent mowing.



12. Dominant /  / Dominant

kk. ??    ?  , ? ? i ? ?.

ru. ,              .

en. A species that predominates in a community by biomass or abundance and largely determines its physiognomy.



13. Zoosenoz /  / Zoocenosis

kk.  ?? i ? ; ?  ?ii.

ru.  ,    ;   .

en. All the animals living in a given community; the animal part of a biocenosis.



14. Klimaks /  / Climax community

kk. ?ii ??? ? ? i ?, i ?i-?i ??  ?? ??.

ru.  ,             .

en. A relatively stable community formed at the final stage of succession and capable of maintaining itself over time under broadly stable conditions.



15. Klimatop /  / Climatope

kk.   iii? ? ?  ?? i ? i , ?,  ?? ?  i.

ru.        , ,    ,   .

en. The conditions of a habitat with respect to climate: the warmth, light, air humidity, and wind available to the organisms of the community.



16. Konsorsia /  / Ecological consortium

kk. ??i ? , i ? ? ?i ? i  ? ii  .

ru.    ,           .

en. A group of organisms of different species linked trophically and spatially to a central species that serves as the consortium determinant.



17. Settik ?ser /   / Edge effect

kk. i ?? ?ii ? i ???  ?ii i ?i ? ?iiii? .

ru.        ,    .

en. An increase in species diversity or abundance at the boundary between two communities, where organisms from both communities may occur.



18. Mozaikalylyq /  / Community mosaic (patchiness)

kk. ?? ??i i ?? ?   ??? -?? ii ii.

ru.   ,        .

en. The patchy heterogeneity of a community in which areas of different composition alternate horizontally.



19. Mulsa /  / Mulch

kk. ? i , ? ? ? ? ?    ??  ?.

ru.     ,           .

en. A protective layer of material on the soil that retains moisture and shields it from overheating and erosion.



20. ?simdik t?sindisi /  / Litterfall

kk. ?ii ? i ?i ?? ?, ??, ??  i.

ru.  , ,   ,      .

en. Dead leaves, needles, branches, and fruits that fall from plants onto the soil surface.



21. Bastapqy ?nimdilik /   / Primary productivity

kk. ?? ?iiii?  ? ?  ? ?.

ru. ,         .

en. The rate at which plants in a community produce organic matter through photosynthesis.



22. T?senis /  / Litter layer

kk. ?ii ? ? i ?,   ? ?ii ?iiii? ?.

ru.   ,      .

en. The layer of decomposing litter lying on the soil surface beneath the plants.



23. Sinuzia /  / Synusia

kk. ??? i ? ?, ? ?? ?? ?ii  (, ? ??i ?? ?).

ru.         (,    ).

en. A group of ecologically similar plants occupying the same vertical layer within a community (for example, mosses in the forest ground layer).



24. Suksessia /  / Succession

kk. i i i ??? iii ii , ?? ?? ? i.

ru.        ,     .

en. The gradual replacement of one community by another on the same site, leading to a stable final state.



25. Fitonsidter /  / Phytoncides

kk. ?? ?   ????? ?i i ?iii? ? .

ru.   ,        .

en. Volatile substances produced by plants that suppress the growth of bacteria and fungi in the surrounding air.



26. Fitosenoz /  / Phytocenosis

kk. ii i ii? ?ii ??; ? ?ii ? ?ii.

ru.   ;   .

en. The plant community of a site; the plant part of a biocenosis.



27. Evapotranspirasia /  / Evapotranspiration

kk. ii ?? ? i ? ? ?iii?  ? ? ?.

ru.            .

en. The total loss of moisture from a site through evaporation from the soil and transpiration by plants.



28. Edafotop /  / Edaphotope

kk.   iii? ??  ?  ?? ??, ??, ??? ? ?i ? ?.

ru.         , ,   .

en. The soil-related conditions of a habitat, including soil composition, moisture, acidity and nutrient status.



29. Edifikator /  / Edificator species (ecosystem-forming species)

kk. ??  ? ? ?? ?i ?i, ?  iii ?  ? (,  ? ).

ru. ,             (,   ).

en. The species that transforms the communitys environment more than any other and creates conditions for its remaining inhabitants (for example, spruce in a spruce forest).



30. Ekologialyq quys /   / Ecological niche

kk. ? ?i ?  ? ? ?i ? ? ??? .

ru.    ,  ,   ,  ,   .

en. The place of a species in a community, defined by the conditions it requires and the role it plays.



31. Ekoton /  / Ecotone

kk. i ?i ?? ? ?i ? ( i,  ? ?).

ru.       (,  ).

en. A transitional strip between two neighbouring communities (a forest edge, the shore of a body of water).



32. Ekotop /  / Ecotope

kk. , ?,  i  ? ii   ?  i.

ru.        , , , .

en. A site with relatively uniform abiotic environmental conditions, including climate, soil, topography and moisture regime.



33. Qabattylyq /  / Stratification (layering)

kk. ?ii ??? iii  ?i ?  ? ii.

ru.          .

en. The vertical layering of a plant community into above-ground and below-ground horizons.




II. Golobiom j?ne mikrobiota /    / Holobiome and Microbiota


34. Aerobiom /  / Aerobiome

kk. ii i i?    ??.

ru.  ,     .

en. The community of microorganisms present in the air of a particular place.



35. Bakteriofagtar /  / Bacteriophages

kk.  ?,  ? ?  i .

ru. ,        .

en. Viruses that infect bacteria and can regulate bacterial populations.



36. Bioaerozol /  / Bioaerosol

kk.  ?? ?? ii ? ?i ? ?  , ? ?iii ?  ?i.

ru.          , ,  .

en. Living and dead biological particles suspended in the air  spores, pollen, and fragments of microbes.



37. Butirat /  / Butyrate

kk.   ?i, ? ii?  ?  ?i ii  ?i   ??.

ru.   ,              .

en. A short-chain fatty acid produced by gut microorganisms and a major energy source for cells lining the colon.



38. Virom /  / Virome

kk. ?   i ? ? ?; ? ? ?ii.

ru.      ,      ;   .

en. The viruses and viral genetic material present in an organism or environment; the viral component of the microbiome.



39. Gigienalyq gipoteza /   / Hygiene hypothesis

kk.  ? ?  ? iii  ? ? iiii   .

ru. ,             .

en. The hypothesis that insufficient microbial exposure in early childhood may increase susceptibility to allergic disease.



40. Eski dostar gipotezasy /    / Old friends hypothesis

kk. ? ?i? ? ? ii ?i    i iii   ?  .

ru. ,           .

en. The hypothesis that normal immune regulation depends partly on exposure to microorganisms that have co-evolved with humans over long periods.



41. Bioaluant?rlilik gipotezasy /   / Biodiversity hypothesis

kk. ?? ?  ?i   ? ? ?ii? ? ?  .

ru. ,           .

en. The hypothesis that contact with diverse environmental microbiota supports healthy development and regulation of the human immune system.



42. Golobiom /  / Holobiome

kk.    ? ?i ? ?    i? ?i.

ru.        ,        .

en. A host together with its associated microbiota, considered as an integrated system with shared metabolic interactions.



43. Golobiont /  / Holobiont

kk.  i? ?  i i?  i ?.

ru. -    ,    .

en. A host organism together with all its symbionts, regarded as a single whole.



44. Disbakterioz /  / Dysbacteriosis

kk.   ?? i ; ?ii   ??  i ? i.

ru.     ,     .

en. The former name for disturbances of the gut microbiota, now being replaced by the more precise term dysbiosis.



45. Disbioz /  / Dysbiosis

kk.  ??? ?,   ?i  ?i ?.

ru.     ,           .

en. An alteration in the composition and function of the microbiota associated with loss of beneficial functions or adverse effects on the host.



46. Immunotoleranttylyq /  / Immune tolerance

kk. ? ?i?  ? ??  ? ?ii.

ru.          .

en. The ability of the immune system to avoid mounting harmful responses to harmless substances or to the bodys own components.



47. Isek mikrobiotasy /   / Gut microbiota

kk. ? ?-i  i .

ru. ,  -  .

en. The microorganisms that inhabit the human gastrointestinal tract.



48. Kolonizasialyq rezistenttilik /   / Colonization resistance

kk. ?? ? ? ?   ? ?   ?ii.

ru.       ,    , .

en. The ability of the resident microbiota to prevent colonisation by exogenous microorganisms, including pathogens.



49. Qysqa tizbekti mai qysqyldary (QTMQ) /    () / Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs)

kk.  ?? ? ? ?ii ,  ?  ? ;  ii ?ii,  ? ?.

ru.  ,       (  ,   ),         .

en. Organic acids produced by microbial fermentation of dietary fibre  mainly acetate, propionate and butyrate  that support intestinal cells and participate in metabolism.



50. Metabiotikter /  / Metabiotics

kk. ii i i ? ? ?  iii ?ii.

ru.     ,       .

en. Purified beneficial products of microbial activity used without administering the living microorganisms themselves.



51. Mikobiom /  / Mycobiome

kk. ?   i ? ????? ?; ? ???? ?ii.

ru.   ,     ;   .

en. The fungi and fungal genetic material present in an organism or environment; the fungal component of the microbiome.



52. Mikoriza /  / Mycorrhiza

kk. ?ii   ? ????? ?  ?  ???? ?ii    i,  ?ii ????? ? i.

ru.             ,   .

en. A mutually beneficial partnership between a plants roots and a soil fungus: the fungus provides water and minerals, the plant provides sugars.



53. Mikrobiom /  / Microbiome

kk. ii i ?  ???, ? ? ?, iii ?iii? ? i ?? ? ?.

ru.         ,     .

en. A community of microorganisms in a particular environment together with their genetic material, products and immediate surroundings.



54. Mikrobiota /  / Microbiota

kk. , i, ?   ? ? ii i  i  ??.

ru.  ,     , ,    .

en. The community of microorganisms inhabiting a particular site, such as the gut, skin, soil or oral cavity.



55. Teri mikrobiotasy /   / Skin microbiota

kk. ? i ? i .

ru. ,    .

en. The microorganisms that inhabit the human skin.



56. Mikrobtyq ekspozisia /   / Microbial exposure

kk. ? ??    iii  ?iiii? ?i.

ru.          .

en. The diversity, frequency and intensity of a persons contact with microorganisms from the surrounding environment.



57. Mikrobtardy? qorsagan ortamen almasuy /     / Microbial exchange with the environment

kk. i? ,  ?? ?, ?ii    ?ii .

ru.         ,   .

en. The constant movement of microorganisms between a person and the surrounding soil, plants, and air.



58. Auyz quysyny? mikrobiomy /   / Oral microbiome

kk. ?  ? i  ??.

ru.            .

en. The microbial community of the oral cavity together with its genetic material and immediate environment.



59. Isek  immunitet osi /     / Gutimmune axis

kk.   ? ? ?i? i ?i.

ru.          .

en. The influence of signals from the gut microbiota on the development and regulation of the immune system.



60. Isek  teri osi /     / Gutskin axis

kk.  ? ?i   iii? ?i ? ? .

ru.       .

en. The bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the condition and function of the skin.



61. Isek  ?kpe osi /     / Gutlung axis

kk.    ?   ? ? .

ru.       .

en. The bidirectional relationship between the gut microbiota and the respiratory system.



62. Isek  mi osi /     / Gutbrain axis

kk.  ? ? ?i ??i ?  i-???? ? i i? .

ru.       ,     .

en. The bidirectional communication between the gut microbiota and the nervous system that can influence mood, cognition and behaviour.



63. Parabiotikter /  / Paraprobiotics (inactivated probiotics)

kk.  ?i ? ? ii i?  ? ?ii  .

ru.      ,        .

en. Non-viable microbial cells or their components that retain beneficial activity and are used as an alternative to live probiotics.



64. Tagamdyq talsyqtar /   / Dietary fibre

kk.  ? , i? i  ?  ?ii ?? ?ii.

ru.     ,     .

en. Components of plant foods that resist digestion by human enzymes and can serve as substrates for the gut microbiota.



65. Postbiotikter /  / Postbiotics

kk. iii ?ii  ?/ ? ???ii ?, iii ? ?? ii? ? ?  ?i .

ru.     /  ,           .

en. Preparations of inanimate microorganisms and/or their components that confer a demonstrated health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts.



66. Prebiotikter /  / Prebiotics

kk. i  ? ?i  iii ? ? ? ? ???ii.

ru. ,           .

en. Substrates selectively utilised by host microorganisms that confer a health benefit.



67. Probiotikter /  / Probiotics

kk. ?? ?   ?  ? i ii .

ru.  ,          .

en. Live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts.



68. Retteusi T-jasusalar /  - / Regulatory T cells

kk.   ?  ,  ? ?iiii ? ? .

ru.  ,         .

en. Immune cells that suppress excessive immune responses and help maintain tolerance to harmless substances and self-antigens.



69. Rezistentti krahmal /   / Resistant starch

kk.  i   ? i  i i  ?i.

ru.  ,        .

en. A form of starch that resists digestion by human enzymes, reaches the large intestine and can be fermented by the gut microbiota.



70. Tynys joldaryny? mikrobiotasy /   / Respiratory microbiota

kk. ?   i .

ru. ,    .

en. The microorganisms that inhabit the human respiratory tract.



71. Rizobiom /  / Rhizobiome

kk. ?ii  ?? ? iii i  ??.

ru.    .

en. The microbial community associated with the root zone of plants.



72. Rizosfera /  / Rhizosphere

kk. ?  ?,  iiii  i  ?? ? ?.

ru.           .

en. The thin layer of soil next to the roots where microbial life is especially active.



73. Rinobiom /  / Rhinobiome

kk. ? ? ? i  ??.

ru.            .

en. The microbial community of the nasal cavity together with its genetic material and immediate environment.



74. Sinbiotikter /  / Synbiotics

kk. ii   ? ?  i iiii ??.

ru.     ,    ,     .

en. Mixtures of live microorganisms and substrates selectively utilised by host microorganisms that together confer a health benefit.



75. Isektik fermentasia /   / Gut fermentation

kk.  ? i?ii ? ??   ?  ??i.

ru.         ,      .

en. The microbial processing of undigested dietary substrates in the gut, producing gases, short-chain fatty acids and other metabolites.



76. Fillosfera /  / Phyllosphere

kk. ?ii ?? i i?    i.

ru.       .

en. The surface of plant leaves as a habitat for microorganisms.



77. Hologenom /  / Hologenome

kk.    ? ?i ? iiii  ?.

ru.        .

en. The combined set of genes of a host and its entire microbiota.



78. Endofitter /  / Endophytes

kk. ?ii ?? ii  i iii i ? ?i ?ii ?i ?i .

ru. ,           ;       .

en. Microorganisms that live within plant tissues without normally causing disease; some endophytes promote plant growth or resilience.




III. Ekoterapia j?ne ony? formalary /     / Ecotherapy and Related Practices


79. Animaloterapia /  / Animal-assisted intervention (animal-assisted therapy)

kk. ?  ? ?i ?, ?i ?ii  ? ?-? ? ?i ?? ? .

ru.         ,    .

en. The structured use of humananimal interaction to support health, functioning or psychological well-being.



80. Aromaterapia /  / Aromatherapy

kk.  ?iii? ?  ii  ? ? ? ?.

ru.           .

en. The use of essential oils and other aromatic plant products for health and well-being.



81. Aeroterapia /  / Aerotherapy

kk. ?  ? ?  ? ? ?.

ru.        .

en. A health practice based on prescribed or measured exposure to outdoor air.



82. Biofilia /  / Biophilia

kk. ? ii ?  ii   i ?.

ru.         .

en. The innate human attraction to living nature and living organisms.



83. Biofildi dizain /   / Biophilic design

kk. ii ?iii, , ? ? ? ?  ?i i   .

ru.       , ,     .

en. Designing an environment with the deliberate inclusion of living plants, water, natural light, and natural materials.



84. Galoterapia /  / Halotherapy

kk. ? ??iii?  ?  ? ???? ? i   ? ? ?.

ru.  ,             .

en. A health practice based on inhaling a dry salt aerosol in salt caves or purpose-built rooms.



85. Gelioterapia /  / Heliotherapy

kk. ? ?  ? ? ? ?.

ru.     .

en. The therapeutic or health-promoting use of controlled exposure to sunlight.



86. Grinterapia /  / Green therapy

kk.  ?ii ? ?ii  ? i ? ?ii.

ru.       .

en. A health-promoting practice based on spending time in green spaces and among vegetation.



87. Dendroterapia /  / Dendrotherapy

kk. ? ? ? i ? ?ii.

ru.      .

en. Health-related practices involving structured interaction with trees or wooded environments.



88. Tabigat tapsylygy /   / Nature-contact deficit

kk. ?? ?i  ?, ? ?  ?? ? iiiii.

ru.       ,    .

en. A lack of regular human contact with the natural environment, characteristic of an urban way of life.



89. Jermen janasu /  / Grounding (earthing)

kk.  iii?  i i  i ? ?ii.

ru.           ,   .

en. The practice of direct skin contact with the ground or another conductive surface connected to the earth.



90. Ippoterapia /  / Hippotherapy

kk. i ? ? ?  ?i ? ,   ?-i  ? ? ?? ? ?.

ru.      ,          .

en. The clinical use of a horses movement by physical, occupational or speech-language therapy professionals to achieve therapeutic and rehabilitation goals.



91. Klimatoterapia /  / Climatotherapy

kk. ii i i? ? ?  ? ? ?.

ru.      .

en. The therapeutic use of the climatic conditions of a particular locality.



92. Landsaftoterapia /  / Landscape therapy

kk. ?   ? ? ? ? ?.

ru.       .

en. The therapeutic or restorative use of perceiving and experiencing natural landscapes.



93. Orman terapiasy /   / Forest therapy

kk. ? ? ?  .

ru.      .

en. Structured therapeutic or health-promoting activities undertaken in a forest environment.



94. Ormanda somylu /   / Forest bathing

kk. ? i ?i ? , ?  ?  ? i.

ru.          .

en. Slow, attentive immersion in a forest environment using all the senses.



95. Tabigat terapiasy /   / Nature therapy

kk. ? ? ?i  ? ?iii?  .

ru.         .

en. An umbrella term for health-promoting and therapeutic approaches that use contact with natural environments or natural factors.



96. Psammoterapia /  / Psammotherapy

kk. ?? ??  ? ? ? ?.

ru.        .

en. The therapeutic use of heated sand, usually in the form of sand baths.



97. Baqsa terapiasy (gardenoterapia) /   () / Horticultural therapy (therapeutic horticulture)

kk. ?iii ?  ?? ?i i, ?  ? ?  ?i ? .

ru.           ,    .

en. The purposeful use of plant care and gardening activities to achieve therapeutic, rehabilitation or health-promoting goals.



98. Sensorlyq baq /   / Sensory garden

kk. ?, , i ,   ? ?  ?i ? ? ?.

ru. ,      , , ,   .

en. A garden designed to stimulate sight, hearing, smell, touch and, where appropriate, taste.



99. K?gildir terapia /   / Blue-space therapy

kk. ?, ? ? ?i ?  ?iiii? ?  ? ? ?.

ru.        , , .

en. A health-promoting or therapeutic practice based on spending time near rivers, lakes, seas or other blue spaces.



100. Solastalgia /  / Solastalgia

kk. ? ?ii   ? ?  ?ii  ?.

ru.  ,    ,        .

en. Distress, grief and a sense of loss caused by the degradation or unwanted transformation of ones familiar environment.



101. Speleoterapia /  / Speleotherapy

kk. ??i  ? iii? ??  ? ? .

ru.          .

en. Therapeutic or health-promoting exposure to the stable microclimate of caves, mines or salt workings.



102. Talassoterapia /  / Thalassotherapy

kk. ?i , ,   ? ? ?i  ? ? ?.

ru.      , , , .

en. The therapeutic use of marine factors such as seawater, sea air, algae and marine mud.



103. Terapialyq baq /   / Therapeutic garden

kk. ? ? ?i i ?i  ? ?.

ru. ,      .

en. A garden intentionally designed to support therapeutic, rehabilitation or health-promoting outcomes.



104. Terrenkur /  / Graduated terrain walking (terrain cure)

kk. ??, ?ii ? ii    i   ? ? ?ii.

ru.         ,    .

en. Prescribed therapeutic walking along a route with a predetermined distance, gradients and elevation gain.



105. Topofilia /  / Topophilia

kk. ? ii i  ? .

ru.      .

en. A persons emotional attachment to a particular place.



106. Fitoterapia /  / Phytotherapy

kk.  ?ii ?  ?   ?i ?.

ru.        ,   .

en. The therapeutic and preventive use of medicinal plants and preparations derived from them.



107. Ekologialyq mazasyzdyq /   / Eco-anxiety

kk. ? ?? ? ?ii ?i  ? ? ?? .

ru.          .

en. A persons persistent worry about the condition and future of the environment.



108. Ekopsihologia /  / Ecopsychology

kk.    ? ?  i ii .

ru.  ,       .

en. A field that studies relationships between human psychological processes and the natural environment.



109. Ekoterapia /  / Ecotherapy

kk. ?  ??  ? ? ? ? ? ? i.

ru.           .

en. The structured use of contact with nature to maintain or restore physical and psychological health.



110. Ekotropa /  / Ecological trail

kk. ? ? ? ?i iiii ? ? .

ru.   ,     .

en. A developed trail through a natural area that combines educational, recreational and health-promoting functions.




IV. ?ser etu mehanizmderi /   / Mechanisms of Action


111. Adaptasia /  / Adaptation

kk. ?? ? ??  ? ii.

ru.       .

en. The adjustment of an organism to changed conditions of the surrounding environment.



112. Allostatikalyq j?kteme /   / Allostatic load

kk.  ?i i  ?  ? .

ru.      ,          .

en. The cumulative physiological burden and wear associated with repeated or prolonged activation of the bodys stress-adaptation systems.



113. J?rek yrgagyny? variabeldiligi /    / Heart rate variability

kk. ? ? ? ?? ?iii;  i ? ?ii? ?ii ?i.

ru.      ,      .

en. Variation in the intervals between successive heartbeats, reflecting autonomic regulation of cardiac rhythm.



114. Syrtqy ekspozom /   / External exposome

kk. ? ? i , , ? ?  ? ? ?  .

ru.    ,   ,  , , , .

en. The external environmental exposures affecting a person, including pollution, noise, diet, climate and social or behavioural factors.



115. Iski ekspozom /   / Internal exposome

kk. ?? ? ? i ii   ? ?i, ? ?   ?ii.

ru.      ,    ,   ,    .

en. The internal biological processes and responses associated with external exposures, including hormonal changes, inflammation and metabolic alterations.



116. Gormezis /  / Hormesis

kk. ?    ? ?  ??  .

ru.       ,    .

en. A beneficial biological response to a low dose of an agent or stressor that is harmful at a higher dose.



117. Ekoterapiadagy doza?ser t?ueldiligi /    / Doseresponse in ecotherapy

kk. ? ?ii? ? ?  ???  iii ?i .

ru.           .

en. The relationship between health outcomes and the duration, frequency or intensity of a persons contact with nature.



118. Kortizoldyq jauap /   / Cortisol response

kk. ??  ? ?ii i   ?ii? ?i.

ru.          .

en. A change in cortisol concentration used as an indicator of the bodys response to stress.



119. Jumsaq qyzyqtyru (fasinasia) /   / Soft fascination

kk. ? ?ii  ? ?  ?  ?, ?? i  i.

ru.        ,     .

en. The effortless engagement of attention by natural sights and sounds, allowing directed attention to rest.



120. Parasimpatikalyq belsenu /   / Parasympathetic activation

kk. ??, ? ?  ??  i i ? ?i ? iiii? .

ru.       ,   ,   .

en. Increased activity of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system, which supports rest, recovery and digestion.



121. Ekspozisia segi /   / Exposure threshold

kk. ? ? ?i ?  ? ?? ???.

ru.      ,     .

en. The minimum duration, frequency or intensity of contact with nature at which a measurable effect becomes apparent.



122. Asyq k?rinis j?ne pana /    / Prospect and refuge

kk. ? i i  ? ? ? ? ?ii i  ?.

ru.   ,       .

en. The preference for environments that provide both an open view and a place of shelter or concealment.



123. Rezilenttilik /  / Resilience

kk. ??  ?i? ? ? i ? i, ??? ? ?ii.

ru.           .

en. The capacity of an organism or ecosystem to withstand disturbance, recover and retain its essential functions and structure.



124. Qalpyna keltirusilik /  / Restorativeness

kk. ?  ii ? i ? ? ? ? ?ii.

ru.         .

en. The capacity of an environment to help restore attention, reduce stress and relieve mental fatigue.



125. Sanogenez /  / Sanogenesis

kk. ? ? i ? ?? ??  ?.

ru.  ,      .

en. The set of processes leading to the restoration and maintenance of health.



126. Sanogenetikalyq mehanizmder /   / Sanogenetic mechanisms

kk. ?? ? ? ? ?iiii ? i ii .

ru.   ,      .

en. The bodys internal mechanisms that ensure recovery and resistance to disease.



127. Ortany? ?ilesimdiligi /   / Environmental coherence

kk.  ii? i  ? ?; ? ?  ?iii ? ?.

ru.     ,      .

en. The order, legibility and connectedness of landscape elements that make a space easy to understand and navigate.



128. Zeiindi qalpyna keltiru teoriasy /    / Attention Restoration Theory

kk. ?  ? ?? ii ii ? ii  .

ru.   ,         .

en. The theory that natural environments can restore depleted directed attention.



129. Stresti azaitu teoriasy /    / Stress Reduction Theory

kk. ?  ? ??  ?i ?i  .

ru.   ,         .

en. The theory that contact with nature can produce a rapid reduction in physiological and psychological stress.



130. Ekologialyq plastikalylyq /   / Ecological plasticity

kk. ?? ??  ?? ?i i ?ii.

ru.       .

en. The ability of an organism to adjust to changes in environmental conditions.



131. Ekspozom /  / Exposome

kk. ? ?i  ? i ??  ?? ?i ?.

ru.               .

en. The totality of environmental exposures across a persons life and the biological responses associated with them.




V. Qalalyq ekologia j?ne densaulyq /     / Urban Ecology and Health


132. Jyldam ?setin jamylgy ?simdikter /    / Fast-growing ground-cover plants

kk. ? ??  iii, ? ? ?  ?  ?? ?.

ru. ,             .

en. Species that quickly close into a continuous cover and shield bare ground from overheating and erosion.



133. Jelden qorgaityn jolaq /   / Windbreak (shelterbelt)

kk. ?? ?  ? ?i ?  ? ?.

ru.    ,      .

en. A planting of trees and shrubs that reduces wind speed over the protected area.



134. Qalqyma b?lsekter (PM) /   (PM) / Particulate matter (PM)

kk.  ?? ?? ? ?  ?? ; ? ? ??    ? i, ??  ii ?i.

ru.        ;            .

en. Solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air; the smallest fractions can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract and harm health.



135. Ekoj?ielerdi qalpyna keltiru /   / Ecosystem restoration

kk.  ?? ? ? ? ??  ?  ?ii ?.

ru.         .

en. The process of assisting the recovery of ecosystems degraded, damaged or destroyed by human activity.



136. Sabu biiktigi /   / Mowing height

kk. ? ? i ? ? ?? iii.

ru. ,       .

en. The height at which the lawns grass is left when mowing.



137. K?gal /  / Lawn

kk. ? ?? i  ? , ?i  ? ?.

ru.          .

en. An artificially created and maintained grass cover on a plot of urban land.



138. K?gildir infraqurylym /   / Blue infrastructure

kk. ? ? ? ? ?i ? ? ?  ? ii.

ru.     ,     .

en. An interconnected network of urban water bodies and water-management features that provides environmental, climate-regulating and health benefits.



139. Sym /  / Turf (sward)

kk. ?   ? ? iiii ?? ?? ?i?i ?.

ru.   ,      .

en. The upper layer of soil tightly bound together by the roots and rhizomes of grasses.



140. Ja?byr bagy /   / Rain garden

kk. ?  ? ? ?,  ?ii  ? ?  ?? .

ru.  ,             .

en. A vegetated depression that receives runoff from nearby impermeable surfaces and filters it through soil and plants.



141. Symdanu /  / Turf establishment (sward formation)

kk. i ? ii ? ? ?? ?.

ru.      ,  .

en. The formation on a site of a continuous grass cover that binds the soil together.



142. Topyraqty? su ?tpes jabynmen jabyluy /   / Soil sealing

kk. ??   ? ?i i ii  ?ii   ? ?? ?i.

ru.     ,       .

en. The share of an area under impermeable surfaces that let neither water nor air reach the soil.



143. Agas usarbasyny? k?le?keleui /   / Canopy shading

kk. ? ?? ??i ?  ii? ? .

ru.      .

en. The reduction of surface heating through shade cast by tree crowns or canopy.



144. Jasyl infraqurylym /   / Green infrastructure

kk. ? ? ? ? ?i ? ?, ??,   ?? ? ? ii.

ru.   , ,    ,     .

en. An interconnected network of parks, green spaces, plantings and lawns that provides ecological, climate-regulating and health benefits.



145. Jasyl qa?qa /   / Green network

kk. ?? ??  ?i,  ?? ?   ?? ?? i? ?i.

ru.      ,         .

en. An interconnected system of green and natural areas running through the built environment and linking it to surrounding natural habitats.



146. Invazivti t?rler /   / Invasive species

kk. ? ? ?? , iii ?i ? ? ?.

ru.  ,        .

en. Alien species that spread aggressively in a new territory and displace native ones.



147. Japyraq betini? indeksi /    / Leaf area index

kk. ? ???  ?i  i ? iii ??? ?? ? .

ru.         ,   .

en. The ratio of total one-sided leaf area to the ground area occupied by the vegetation.



148. Infiltrasia /  / Infiltration

kk. ? ? i ? ?  i ?? i?i.

ru.         .

en. The seeping of rain and meltwater from the surface down into the soil.



149. S?ule sygaru koeffisienti (emissivtilik) /   () / Emissivity

kk. i?  ?i ? ?i  ? ?   ? ii ?i.

ru.              ;    .

en. The ratio of thermal radiation emitted by a real surface to that emitted by a black body at the same temperature; it is used in non-contact thermometry.



150. Salgyndy k?gal /   / Meadow lawn

kk. ? ??  ?ii ? ? ?? ?,   ?.

ru. ,         ,   .

en. A lawn whose grass composition and care approach those of a natural meadow, mown infrequently.



151. Mavritan k?galy /   / Wildflower lawn (Moorish lawn)

kk. ? ?? ?  i? ?i ?ii ? ? ?i ?.

ru.          .

en. An ornamental lawn made of a mix of grasses and annual flowering plants.



152. Medfitodizain /  / Health-oriented phytodesign (medical phytodesign)

kk. ? ?iii ?? ? ?  ?-? ? ? ?i   ii ? .

ru.               .

en. The selection and arrangement of indoor plants with explicit consideration of their potential effects on the health and well-being of occupants.



153. Telimni? mikroklimaty /   / Site microclimate

kk. ? ?? , ??,  ? ? ?? iii ii.

ru.   , ,       .

en. The local features of temperature, humidity, wind, and light on a small plot of land.



154. Sabylmagan (biik s?pti) k?gal /  ()  / Unmown (long-grass) lawn

kk. i ?i  i  ? ? ii.

ru.  ,      .

en. An area of grass deliberately left free of frequent close mowing.



155. Qamtamasyz etusi qyzmetter /   / Provisioning services

kk. ?i? ? i ?ii  ?-?i, ?, ?ii i ?  .

ru. ,      , ,  ,  .

en. The material products obtained from ecosystems, including food, timber, medicinal raw materials and fresh water.



156. Jala?as topyraq /   / Bare ground

kk. ?ii ? ?, ? , ? ? ? ? i ? ii.

ru.     ,  ,   .

en. A patch of soil without plant cover, prone to overheating, dust, and erosion.



157. Jylu araly /    / Urban heat island

kk. ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?? ? .

ru.             .

en. The persistent elevation of temperatures in a built-up urban area relative to surrounding suburban and rural areas.



158. Pirometr /  / Pyrometer

kk. i?  ? ? ?i   ?i .

ru.          .

en. A device for measuring the temperature of a surface without contact, from its thermal radiation.



159. Betki jylu araly /    / Surface urban heat island

kk. ?? ? ?ii ?  ? ? ?.

ru.             .

en. The elevated temperature of urban surfaces compared with vegetated and other cooler surfaces.



160. Betki agyn /   / Surface runoff

kk. ?? i?,  ?,    i ?  i ? .

ru.        ,      .

en. Rain and meltwater that has not soaked into the soil, running off over surfaces and carrying pollutants away.



161. Qoldausy qyzmetter /   / Supporting services

kk. ? ?i ?i? ii ?? ? ?ii,   ?  ? ii .

ru.   ,      ,  , .

en. Fundamental ecosystem processes that underpin other ecosystem services, including soil formation, nutrient cycling and primary production.



162. Topyraqjapqys ?simdikter /   / Ground-cover plants

kk. ? i ?ii ? ?, ? ?  ?  ??  ?ii.

ru.  ,           .

en. Low-growing plants that form a continuous carpet-like cover and protect the soil from overheating and erosion.



163. Proektivti jamylgy /   / Projected vegetation cover

kk. ? ?? i ii? ?iii? ?i ?iii? i  ? ?i.

ru.   ,         .

en. The proportion of a site covered by the vertical projection of above-ground plant parts when viewed from above.



164. Sa? tundyru /  / Dust capture and deposition

kk. ?ii ?  ?ii? ? ? ? ?.

ru.         .

en. The interception and retention of airborne particulate matter by plant leaves, branches and shoots.



165. Sa? k?teretin bet /   / Dust-emitting surface

kk.  ?i ? ? ?ii ? ?i ???? ?.

ru.   ,       .

en. Open dry ground from which the wind lifts dust into the air.



166. Radiasialyq temperatura /   / Radiometric surface temperature

kk. i? ?i ? ? ?   ? ?i ? .

ru.  ,         .

en. Surface temperature determined from emitted thermal radiation by non-contact radiometric measurement.



167. Urboekoj?ieni qalpyna keltiru /   / Urban ecosystem rehabilitation

kk. ?? ?i?  , ? ?   ?ii ? i.

ru.            .

en. The restoration of an urban ecosystems impaired ability to clean the air and regulate runoff and temperature.



168. Retteusi qyzmetter /   / Regulating services

kk. ?i?  ?,     ? i ? ? ? ?i.

ru.     ,    ,  .

en. Ecosystem functions that regulate climate, purify air and water, reduce runoff and provide other environmental benefits.



169. Sabu rejimi /   / Mowing regime

kk. ? ? i iii, iii ? ii.

ru.    ,    .

en. The frequency, height, and timing of mowing adopted for a lawn.



170. Rekultivasia /  / Land reclamation

kk. ??,  ? ?i  ? ? ?i  ?? i ? i.

ru.  ,  ,      .

en. The restoration and return to productive or safe use of land disturbed by construction, mining or other human activities.



171. Renaturalizasia /  / Renaturalization

kk.  ? ? ? ? ? ?? ?.

ru.     ,   .

en. The return of a human-altered area towards a more natural structure, composition and functioning.



172. Ruderaldy ?simdikter /   / Ruderal vegetation

kk.  ,  i ? ?? ?i  ?i, ?? i ? ? ?ii.

ru.  ,    ,    .

en. Vegetation characteristic of disturbed sites such as wasteland, roadsides and refuse areas, often among the first to colonise them.



173. Sinantropty t?rler /   / Synanthropic species

kk.  ?  ? ?i ?  ?ii   ?i.

ru.    ,       .

en. Plant and animal species closely tied to human settlements and activity.



174. Sabylgan k?gal /   / Mown lawn

kk. ?i  i  ? ?i  ?.

ru. ,    .

en. A lawn kept up by regular close mowing.



175. Agas usarbastaryny? tuiyqtygy /   / Canopy closure

kk. ?i ?? ?? i?  ?? ?? ?i.

ru. ,         .

en. The degree to which the crowns of neighbouring trees close into a continuous canopy.



176. ?zdiginen ?sken ?simdikter /   / Spontaneous vegetation

kk. ? ?i i,   ? ? ? ?ii   ?ii.

ru.   ,          .

en. Self-established urban vegetation that appears without deliberate planting, for example on wasteland and in pavement cracks.



177. Adamga t?setin jylu j?ktemesi /     / Human thermal load

kk. ?   ?? ?  ? ii ?  ?i.

ru.          .

en. The combined thermal stress imposed on the human body by the urban environment during hot weather.



178. Betterdi? termometriasy /   / Surface thermometry

kk. i? ?i ??    ?.

ru.        .

en. Non-contact measurement of the temperature of urban surfaces using a pyrometer or thermal sensor.



179. Transpirasialyq salqyndatu /   / Transpirational cooling

kk. ?ii ? ?  ?i  ? ?i.

ru.         .

en. The cooling of air and plant surfaces through evaporation of water during plant transpiration.



180. Urbandalgan landsaft /   / Urbanized landscape

kk. i  ? ??,     ?.

ru. ,       ,   .

en. An area whose character is dominated by buildings, roads and other human-made surfaces.



181. Urboekoj?ie /  / Urban ecosystem

kk. ??, , ?iii,    iiii ? ?i.

ru.  ,  , , ,   .

en. The ecosystem of a city, uniting its buildings, people, plants, animals, and microbes.



182. Ornyqty k?galdandyru /   / Sustainable urban greening

kk. ?i  ? ?,  ? ? ? ?i   ?.

ru. ,           .

en. Urban greening designed to maximise environmental and health benefits while minimising resource use and maintenance costs.



183. Fitodizain /  / Phytodesign

kk. ?, ??  ?? ? ? ii  ?i ?iii ? ? .

ru.          , , .

en. The selection and arrangement of plants to achieve specified health, environmental and aesthetic objectives.



184. Fitomeliorasia /  / Phytomelioration

kk. ?iii? ?i  ?  ? i,     ?  .

ru.        ,    ,  .

en. The use of plants to improve environmental conditions, including soil stabilisation, purification of air and water, and microclimate regulation.



185. K?galdy? floristikalyq aluant?rliligi /    / Floristic diversity of a lawn

kk. ?? ? ?? ??i ?ii ?ii? .

ru.        .

en. The number of different plant species in a lawns grass cover.



186. Tirsilik ortasyny? fragmentasiasy /   / Habitat fragmentation

kk. ? iii ? ??,  ? ? i ? i-ii ?? i ?ii.

ru.        ,   .

en. The breaking up of a continuous habitat into separated patches by buildings, roads, and barriers.



187. Sudan qorgaityn ekpe /   / Vegetative noise buffer

kk. ??  ?i ?i ?  ? ?.

ru.    ,    .

en. A belt of trees and shrubs designed to reduce perceived or measured urban noise.



188. Ekologialyq d?liz /   / Ecological corridor

kk. i-ii ?i iii  ?, i? ?  ?? ?ii i ?? ?? .

ru.   ,         .

en. An elongated green element that connects separated habitats and lets organisms move between them.



189. Urbandalgan aumaqtardy? ekologialyq fitodizainy /     / Ecological phytodesign of urban areas

kk. ?? ?ii ?? ?i ? ? ,  ? ? ? ?i  .

ru.         ,     .

en. The design of urban plant communities according to ecological, environmental-regulating and health criteria rather than decorative criteria alone.



190. Ekoj?ielik qyzmetter /   / Ecosystem services

kk. ?i? ? i i    , ? ?  ?  iii.

ru.    ,   ,     , ,      .

en. The benefits and functions that ecosystems provide to people, including clean air and water, pollination, climate regulation and recreation.




VI. Tamaqtanu j?ne orta /    / Nutrition and the Environment


191. Glikozidter /  / Glycosides

kk. i ?ii ? ?? ? ?ii ; ? ?iiii? i ?i .

ru. ,     ()       ;     .

en. Compounds in which a non-sugar component (the aglycone) is linked to one or more sugar residues; many plant glycosides are biologically active.



192. Karotinoidtar /  / Carotenoids

kk. ? ?i , ?   ? ??  ?ii i.

ru. Ƹ,     ;          A.

en. Yellow, orange or red plant pigments; some carotenoids have antioxidant activity or act as precursors of vitamin A.



193. D?rilik ?simdikter /   / Medicinal plants

kk.  ? i ?i ? ?ii ?i.

ru. ,           .

en. Plants containing biologically active compounds and used in the prevention or treatment of disease.



194. Tamaqtanudy? jergiliktiligi /   / Local food consumption

kk.  ? ? ? ?ii ?i ii.

ru.     ,    .

en. The preferential consumption of food grown or produced locally.



195. Qorektik tygyzdyq /   / Nutrient density

kk. ?ii? i  ???  ?i  ?i.

ru.   ,     .

en. The amount of essential or beneficial nutrients provided relative to the energy content of a food.



196. Tagamdyq matrisa /   / Food matrix

kk. ?ii? ii ??;  ?? ?i ???  ?? ? i?iii ? i.

ru.   ,        .

en. The physical and chemical structure of a food, which influences the release, digestion and absorption of its components.



197. ?simdik tekti tagamdardy? aluant?rliligi /     / Dietary plant diversity

kk.    ??i ?ii ?ii? .

ru.      ,     .

en. The number and variety of plant foods regularly included in a persons diet.



198. Jabaiy ?setin tagamdyq ?simdikter /    / Wild edible plants

kk. iii  ?   ?i.

ru.     .

en. Edible species of the local wild flora.



199. Polifenoldar /  / Polyphenols

kk. ? ? ?i  ?ii ? ? .

ru.    ,          .

en. A broad group of plant compounds, many of which can exhibit antioxidant and other biological activities.



200. ?simdik sikizaty /   / Plant material (herbal raw material)

kk. i  ?? ? ? ?i , ? ?ii ?ii.

ru.   ,      .

en. Harvested and prepared plant parts intended for medicinal, nutritional or other practical use.



201. Rasionny? mausymdylygy /   / Dietary seasonality

kk.  ??  ? iii ?ii? ? ?iiii ?ii.

ru.          .

en. Matching ones diet to the seasonal availability of local food through the year.



202. Ultra??delgen ?nimder /   / Ultra-processed foods

kk. ? i ??  ?? ?i ?, ? ?  ? ??ii ?? ?ii.

ru.   ,                .

en. Industrial food formulations typically made from multiple processed ingredients and additives and substantially different from the original raw materials.



203. Sikizat daiyndau keze?i /   / Optimal harvest stage

kk. ? i  ?i ? ?  ? ? ? ?iii?  ?i.

ru.   ,          .

en. The stage of plant development at which the content of target active compounds is most suitable for harvesting.



204. Fitohimialyq qosylystar /   / Phytochemicals

kk.  ? ? i ?ii i ? i .

ru.     ,    .

en. Biologically active compounds of plant origin that can affect physiological processes in the human body.



205. Flavonoidtar /  / Flavonoids

kk. ?ii ? ?, ? ?i   .

ru.        .

en. A diverse subgroup of polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in plants and capable of various biological activities, including antioxidant effects.



206. Efir mailary /   / Essential oils

kk. ? ?  ?  ?iii? ?  ii .

ru.     ,      ,  ,  .

en. Complex mixtures of volatile aromatic compounds obtained from essential-oil plants and used, among other purposes, in aromatherapy.




VII. ?disnama j?ne t?jiribe /    / Methodology and Practice


207. ?disti? validtiligi /   / Validity of a method

kk. ?ii? ? ? ?i ? ?  ?ii.

ru.      ,    .

en. The extent to which a method measures the property or construct it is intended to measure.



208. Qaitalangystyq /  / Repeatability

kk. i ?ii i ? ? ?ii ? ? ? ? .

ru.              .

en. The closeness of results obtained by repeated measurements using the same method under the same conditions.



209. Azamattyq gylym /   / Citizen science

kk. ? i ii ?i  ?? ?i ? i  ? ??.

ru.       -   .

en. The participation of volunteers and members of the public in collecting, analysing or interpreting scientific data in collaboration with professional researchers.



210. Densaulyqty? qorsagan ortaga bailanysty determinanttary /    / Environmental determinants of health

kk. ? ? ? i    ,  i?  ? ??  .

ru.   ,    ,   , ,  .

en. Environmental factors that influence the health of a population  the quality of air and water and the presence of greenery.



211. Densaulyqty saqtaityn orta /   / Health-supporting environment

kk.  ? ?i ?i , ? ?i ? iii .

ru. ,       ,     .

en. An environment that reduces health risks and supports physical, mental and social well-being.



212. ?mir sapasy /   / Quality of life

kk. ?i ? ?  ? ?i-?i ii i ? i ?i ? ?.

ru.    , ,     .

en. A multidimensional assessment of living conditions, health, functioning and subjective well-being.



213. Baqylau telimi /   / Control site

kk. i  ?iii ? ? ?i ? ?i   ii.

ru.     ,     .

en. A comparison site without the intervention under study, against which its effect is judged.



214. D?rilik emes ?dister /   / Non-pharmacological methods

kk. ?i-?i ? ?? ?i ??, ?,  ? ? ?ii ? ?i.

ru.       , , , .

en. Approaches to maintaining or improving health without medicines, including physical activity, nutrition, environmental modification and daily routines.



215. Qogamdyq densaulyq /   / Public health

kk.  ?? ? ?  ??  ?? ?  ?i.

ru.         ,     .

en. The health of populations and the organised societal effort to prevent disease, prolong life and promote health.



216. Planetarlyq densaulyq /   / Planetary Health

kk. ? ?  ??? ? i? ? ?ii? -?i ?  i ?? , ? ? ?i, ?iii? , ,  ? ?i ?  ?i  ?  ? ?? ?i ii.

ru.  ,             ,    ,  , ,         .

en. A transdisciplinary field focused on the health of human populations and civilization in relation to the state of Earths natural systems, including the effects of climate change, biodiversity loss, pollution, land-use change and other human-driven environmental disruptions.



217. Sauyqtyru aralasuy /   / Health-promoting intervention

kk. ?   ? ? ?ii ?? ?? ?? ?.

ru.          .

en. A planned action intended to improve health outcomes in an individual, group or population.



218. Betterdi juptap salystyru /    / Paired surface comparison

kk. ?ii i i  i i ?,  ?  ?ii.

ru.           .

en. The simultaneous measurement of the same variable on two adjacent surfaces to allow a valid comparison.



219. ?lseulerdi? qaitalanu sany /   / Measurement replication

kk. ?? iiii  ?i ? i  ?i ? ? .

ru.      ,     .

en. The number of independent replicate measurements of the same quantity used to improve the reliability of an estimate.



220. Baqylau hattamasy /   / Observation protocol

kk. i? ? ? ? i ? i?? ?ii.

ru.     ,     .

en. A standardised procedure for collecting data that all participants in a study are expected to follow.



221. Ekinsilik profilaktika /   / Secondary prevention

kk. ? ? ?  ? ? ?  ?i   .

ru.         .

en. The early detection of health problems that have begun and the prevention of their progression.



222. Birinsilik profilaktika /   / Primary prevention

kk.   ?  ?  .

ru.       .

en. Preventing the very onset of disease in healthy people.



223. ?sinsilik profilaktika /   / Tertiary prevention

kk.  ?  ?  iii ?i ii?  .

ru.        .

en. Preventing complications and limitations on life in those who are already ill.



224. O?altu /  / Rehabilitation

kk.   ?  ??  ?i ? ii,  ? ?i ?.

ru.  ,            ,     .

en. A set of interventions designed to optimise functioning and reduce disability in people with health conditions, injuries or impairments.



225. J?ieli qatelik /   / Systematic measurement error

kk. ?i, ?  ??  ? ? i ?? ?  ? ? ?i ? ?iii? ??.

ru.   ,           - ,   .

en. A component of measurement error that remains constant or varies predictably across repeated measurements because of the method, instrument or conditions.



226. Jagdailardy standarttau /   / Standardization of conditions

kk. ?i? ? ?  ?i  i?? ? ?i.

ru.        .

en. The use of uniform measurement conditions and procedures to make results comparable.



227. ?lseu n?ktesi /   / Measurement point

kk. ? ? ?iii ?? i .

ru.   ,    .

en. A permanently fixed place where repeated measurements are taken.




VIII. Biosferany? uiymdasu de?geileri /    / Levels of Biosphere Organisation


228. Biogendi zat /   / Biogenic matter

kk. ii  ? ? ii ? ?i, ?, ? ?  ? .

ru. ,      ,  , , , .

en. Matter created by living organisms over geological time  coal, oil, limestone, and peat.



229. Biogeosfera /  / Biogeosphere

kk.  ii    ?  ? ?  ?.

ru.  ,         .

en. The part of the Earth in which living matter interacts most intensively with the abiotic environment.



230. Biologialyq enjar zat /   / Bioinert matter

kk. ii   ? ?ii? i ?i ?i ? ? ? ?iii ? .

ru. ,        ,  ,  .

en. Matter formed through the joint action of living organisms and abiotic processes, such as soil or river sediment.



231. Biosfera /  / Biosphere

kk. ii  i ?  ?  ??; ? ? ii ?i.

ru.        ;   .

en. The part of the Earth inhabited and transformed by living organisms; the planets largest ecological system.



232. Su ortasy /   / Aquatic environment

kk. i? ?, ?, ?i ? ? ? ?? ?? iii .

ru.       , ,   .

en. The environment within the water column of rivers, lakes, seas and oceans in which aquatic organisms live.



233. Tiri zat /   / Living matter

kk. ?-? ? i? ? ? i ?i i ? ii  ii? ?.

ru.      ,   -     .

en. The total mass of living organisms on Earth, considered as a physicochemically unified planetary force that transforms the planet.



234. Enjar zat /   / Abiogenic matter

kk. ii i? ? ?ii ?    ?  ??? .

ru.   ,     ,   , .

en. Matter formed without the participation of living organisms, such as igneous rocks and minerals.



235. Qurlyq-aua ortasy / -  / Terrestrialaerial environment

kk. i? ??? i ? ?  ?  ? iii  .

ru.           .

en. The environment occupied by organisms on the land surface and in the adjacent layer of air.



236. Noosfera /  / Noosphere

kk.  ?  ?-   ?i  ?i ?  ?i.

ru.   ,         .

en. A proposed stage in the development of the biosphere in which the rational and scientific activity of humankind becomes a major transforming force.



237. Organizmdik orta /   / Organismal environment

kk. ? ,    ?, iii   ii i? i.

ru.   ,          .

en. The body of a living organism considered as the habitat of another organism, such as a parasite or symbiont.



238. Pedosfera /  / Pedosphere

kk. i? ? ??, ? ? iiii ?? ???? ?? i ?.

ru.        ,    .

en. The soil layer of the Earth  the thin surface zone of land in which soil formation and soil life are concentrated.



239. Topyraq ortasy /   / Soil environment

kk. i? ? ii iii  .

ru.     .

en. The habitat of organisms within the soil.



240. Tirsilik ortasy /   / Environment

kk. i ?, ? iiii ? i ?  ? ?i ?.

ru.    ,       ,   .

en. The set of conditions and factors surrounding an organism and affecting its survival, development and reproduction.



241. Ekosfera /  / Ecosphere

kk.  ii  i ? iii ? ?.

ru.        .

en. The totality of the planets environments that are inhabited by living organisms.




IX. Ekoj?ie j?ne ony? qyzmet etui /     / Ecosystems and Their Functioning


242. Avtotroftar /  / Autotrophs

kk. ?  ?  ?i ?i ; ?   ?ii.

ru. ,             .

en. Organisms that synthesise organic compounds from inorganic substances using energy from light or chemical reactions.



243. Geterotroftar /  / Heterotrophs

kk.  ? ? i iii i   , ???? ? ? ?iii.

ru. ,      : , ,  .

en. Organisms that obtain carbon and energy by consuming organic matter produced by other organisms.



244. Ortany? syiymdylygy /   / Carrying capacity

kk.  ?? ?  ? ?  ? ? ? .

ru.   ,          .

en. The maximum population size that an environment can sustain over the long term.



245. Konsumentter /  / Consumers

kk.  ?  ?   ?ii?i ? ? .

ru.  ,            .

en. Heterotrophic organisms that obtain energy and matter by consuming other organisms or the organic material they produce.



246. Zattar ainalymy /   / Biogeochemical cycling

kk. ? i?   ?i?   ? ?ii  ??.

ru.           .

en. The continuous movement and transformation of chemical elements between organisms and the abiotic components of an ecosystem.



247. Miksotroftar /  / Mixotrophs

kk. i ? ?i,     ?  ?i, iiii .

ru. ,    , ,  ,    .

en. Organisms capable of combining different nutritional strategies, such as photosynthesis and the uptake or ingestion of organic matter.



248. Sekteusi faktor /   / Limiting factor

kk. i? iii i  ?i iii  i  ?.

ru.  ,         .

en. An environmental condition or resource that primarily restricts an organisms survival, growth, reproduction or distribution.



249. Qorektik tor /   / Food web

kk. ??? ? ? ? ?i ii? ?.

ru.        .

en. A network of interconnected feeding relationships among organisms in a community.



250. Qorektik tizbek (trofikalyq tizbek) /   ( ) / Food chain (trophic chain)

kk. ?i ??  ii ?   ?.

ru.  ,       .

en. A sequence of organisms through which matter and energy pass as each organism is consumed by the next.



251. Produsentter /  / Producers

kk. ?i? ? ?  ?i ; ?   ?ii.

ru. ,     ,     .

en. Autotrophic organisms that produce the organic matter forming the base of an ecosystems food web, especially plants and algae.



252. Redusentter /  / Decomposers

kk. ?i ?  ? ? i ,    ? .

ru. ,           .

en. Organisms, chiefly microorganisms and fungi, that break down dead organic matter and release mineral nutrients back into ecological cycles.



253. Trofikalyq de?gei /   / Trophic level

kk. i? ?i ii   , ?ii?i ? ? ?i.

ru.       , , .

en. An organisms position in a food chain or food web, such as producer, primary consumer or secondary consumer.



254. Fotosintez /  / Photosynthesis

kk.  ?iii? ?  , ?i??    i ?  ?  ?i.

ru.                .

en. The process by which photosynthetic organisms use light energy to produce organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water, usually releasing oxygen.



255. Fototroftar /  / Phototrophs

kk. ? ?ii?     ?ii,  ? i .

ru. ,     : , ,  .

en. Organisms that use light as their primary energy source, including plants, algae and many microorganisms.



256. Hemotroftar /  / Chemotrophs

kk. ? ? ?     i   .

ru. ,           .

en. Organisms that obtain energy from chemical reactions; chemolithotrophs use the oxidation of inorganic compounds.



257. Ekologialyq piramida /   / Ecological pyramid

kk. ?i? ? ?i ? ? ,   ??   ?? i.

ru.    ,        .

en. A graphical representation of organism numbers, biomass or energy at successive trophic levels in an ecosystem.



258. Ekologialyq tepe-te?dik /   / Ecological balance

kk.  ?   ?i ?i? ?? ?i.

ru.         .

en. A relatively stable state in which ecosystem structure and flows of matter and energy remain within a sustainable range.



259. Ekoj?ie /  / Ecosystem

kk.     ? ? ii  ?? ? ?  ? .

ru.       ,      .

en. A community of organisms and its abiotic environment linked by flows of energy and cycles of matter.




X. Popul?sialar, qauymdastyqtar j?ne bioaluant?rlilik / ,    / Populations, Communities and Biodiversity


260. Agrobioaluant?rlilik /  / Agrobiodiversity

kk.  ?    ?   ?i? ?iii.

ru.  ,    ,      .

en. The diversity of crops, livestock, associated microorganisms and wild species that support agricultural systems.



261. Bioaluant?rlilik /  / Biodiversity

kk. ii i? ? ?i ?iii  ? iii   ?  ? ? i.

ru.     ,    .

en. The diversity of living organisms at genetic, species and ecosystem levels.



262. Genetikalyq aluant?rlilik /   / Genetic diversity

kk. ? iii ?? ? ii? ?iii;  ?i? i ?ii ? i.

ru.     ,   .

en. Variation in genes and heritable traits within and among populations of a species, supporting evolutionary potential and adaptation.



263. Defaunizasia /  / Defaunation

kk. ?  i  ??? i.

ru.       .

en. The loss or severe decline of animal populations and species from ecological communities.



264. T?rlerdi? moldygy /   / Species abundance

kk. ??  i ?i ?  ?? .

ru.      ,     .

en. The number of individuals of a particular species in a community, sample or defined area.



265. Bioaluant?rlilik osagy /   / Biodiversity hotspot

kk.    i  ?i? ? ? ?  ?  ?i ? ?.

ru.       ,     .

en. An area with exceptionally high endemism that has experienced substantial loss of natural habitat.



266. Popul?sia tygyzdygy /   / Population density

kk. ? ??  ? ? ?  ?ii? iii ??? .

ru.          .

en. The number of individuals of a species per unit of area or volume of the territory it occupies.



267. Popul?sialyq tolqyndar /   / Population fluctuations

kk.  ? ?  ? ? ?.

ru.      .

en. The regular fluctuations in the size of a population over time.



268. Popul?sia /  / Population

kk. i ? iii i, ? i ?  i ? ?? ?.

ru.    ,    ,        .

en. A group of individuals of the same species occupying a common area, potentially interbreeding and sharing a gene pool.



269. Bioaluant?rlilikti? jogaluy /   / Biodiversity loss

kk.  ?i ? ?  ? ? ? ?iiii? i.

ru.           .

en. The decline in the number of species and the impoverishment of their genetic diversity under human impact.



270. Popul?siany? tiimdi m?lseri /    / Effective population size

kk. ? ? ?, i ??? i  ?? .

ru.   ,            .

en. The size of an idealised population that would experience the same rate of genetic drift or inbreeding as the actual population.




XI. Organizmderdi? ?zara qatynastary /   / Interactions Between Organisms


271. Allelopatia /  / Allelopathy

kk. ?iii? ? ?i  ? i-ii ? ? i.

ru.           .

en. The chemical effects of one plant on another through biologically active compounds released into the environment.



272. Amensalizm /  / Amensalism

kk. i ? ? ?  i ? i,  ii ? ? ? ? i.

ru.   ,    ,    .

en. An interaction in which one species is harmed or inhibited while the other is essentially unaffected.



273. Gildia /  / Guild

kk. i  ??   ?? ?ii? .

ru.   ,       .

en. A group of species in a community that exploit the same class of resources in a similar way.



274. Kommensalizm /  / Commensalism

kk. i ?i? i iii i  i ?  ?i,  iii  ,   i.

ru.   ,    ,    ,  .

en. An interaction in which one species benefits while the other is neither significantly helped nor harmed.



275. B?sekelestik /  / Competition

kk. i? ?, ?, ? ? ?ii ? ? i  ?i ?i.

ru.        , , , .

en. The struggle of organisms for shared limited resources  food, light, moisture, and space.



276. Mutualizm /  / Mutualism

kk. ? i ?    ?i.

ru.   ,      .

en. An interaction between species in which both partners benefit.



277. Neitralizm /  / Neutralism

kk. i iii i ?i? i-ii ? i ?ii? .

ru.          .

en. A theoretical interaction in which coexisting species have no measurable direct effect on one another.



278. Parazitizm /  / Parasitism

kk. i  iiii? i iii i, ?  ii i iii  ?i.

ru. ,        ,   .

en. A coexistence in which one organism lives at the expense of another, causing it harm.



279. Simbioz /  / Symbiosis

kk. ??i i ? ii? ? ? ?? ? i iii i.

ru.       ,    ,      .

en. A close and persistent interaction between organisms of different species that may be mutualistic, commensal or parasitic.



280. Forezia /  / Phoresy

kk. i ? ?? ii ? ?, ? i ?,  ? .

ru.       ,     .

en. The transport of one organism by another for dispersal, without the transported organism feeding on the carrier.



281. Jyrtqystyq /  / Predation

kk. i ? ii? ii ?i? ii ? , i i ? ?ii.

ru.  ,           .

en. A mode of feeding in which organisms of one species catch and eat living individuals of another.




XII. ?simdik jamylgysy j?ne topyraq /    / Vegetation and Soil


282. Abiotikalyq faktorlar /   / Abiotic factors

kk.  ??  ? i ?, , ?, , ?   ?? ? .

ru.      ,   ,  , , ,      .

en. The physical and chemical components of the non-living environment that affect organisms, including light, temperature, moisture, wind, and soil and air composition.



283. Aborigendi t?rler /   / Native species

kk.  ?  ?  ? ? ?  ? ?ii   ?i.

ru.    ,          ,   .

en. Species that originated in an area or reached it through natural dispersal without human introduction.



284. Adventivti t?rler /   / Adventive species

kk. ? ?i  ?   ?ii, ? ?  ? ?ii ?i.

ru.  ,            .

en. Non-native plant species that have arrived from outside an area through human activity or natural dispersal and were previously absent there.



285. Biotikalyq faktorlar /   / Biotic factors

kk. ? ii i? iii ?i  ?, ? ? ?i ? ?.

ru.   ,     ,  , , .

en. Effects on an organism arising from the activities of other organisms, including herbivory, pollination, parasitism and competition.



286. Introduksia /  / Introduction

kk. ?ii   ?i ?  ?  ? ?? ?i.

ru.             .

en. The deliberate or accidental movement of a species beyond its natural range into a new area.



287. Meken etu orny /  / Habitat

kk.   ? iii i ii ?   ii.

ru.     ,     .

en. An area of the environment with particular conditions where a population or species lives.



288. Naturalizasia /  / Naturalization

kk. ?i ?i? ?  ?, iii ?  ? i.

ru.             .

en. The establishment of an introduced species in a new area as a self-sustaining population.



289. Pioner t?rler /   / Pioneer species

kk. ?  ?? ii ? i, ? ? ?i ? ?  ?ii.

ru. ,            .

en. Species that are among the first to colonise bare or disturbed sites and initiate ecological succession.



290. Plakor /  / Plakor (zonal upland)

kk. ? ?? ?, ? ? ,    ?  i ? ii.

ru.         ,     .

en. A level, well-drained watershed site with zonal soil and vegetation and neither excessive nor deficient moisture.



291. ?simdik formasiasy /   / Plant formation

kk.  ?i   ?ii ?? ii iii,  ??    .

ru.   ,    ,   ,  .

en. A major vegetation unit characterised by a dominant growth form or edificator species, such as pine forest or feather-grass steppe.



292. ?simdik jamylgysy /  / Vegetation

kk. ii i ?  ? ? ?ii ??? ?.

ru.    ,   .

en. The collective plant communities covering a particular area.



293. Stasia /  / Functional habitat site (station)

kk. ? ii i ?i ?, ?, ?  ? ? iii ii? ? ?i  ?i ?i  ?  i.

ru.   ,             , ,   .

en. A site used by a particular animal species for a specific life-cycle function, such as feeding, breeding, resting or overwintering.



294. Flora /  / Flora

kk. ii i ?  ?? ?ii ?ii? ??.

ru.       .

en. The historically formed composition of plant species in a particular region.



295. Edafon /  / Edaphon

kk. ? iii i   ????  ??  ?i ii ?  ?.

ru.    ,   ,         .

en. The community of organisms living in soil, from bacteria and fungi to protozoa, worms and arthropods.



296. Ekobiomorfa /  / Ecobiomorph (life form)

kk. i? ? ii iii ?, ?  ? ? iii .

ru.     , ,        .

en. The life form of an organism  such as a tree, shrub or herb  considered as an expression of adaptation to environmental conditions.



297. Ekotip /  / Ecotype

kk. ?i? ? iii   ? ?? ? i ? .

ru.      ,     .

en. A genetically distinct group or population within a species adapted to particular local environmental conditions.




XIII. Bioindikasia j?ne ortany bagalau /     / Bioindication and Environmental Assessment


298. Bioakkumul?sia /  / Bioaccumulation

kk. ??  ?,  ?  ?i ?  i .

ru.     ,     ,   .

en. The accumulation of a substance in an organism when uptake from food, water or air exceeds elimination.



299. Bioindikatorlar /  / Bioindicators

kk.   ?i ? ??   ?  ?i.

ru.  ,          .

en. Organisms or biological responses whose presence, abundance or condition is used to assess environmental quality.



300. Bioindikasia /  / Bioindication

kk. ? ?i  iii i i? , ? ? ?i ??  ?.

ru.     ,        .

en. The assessment of environmental conditions using the responses, condition, composition or distribution of living organisms.



301. Biotestileu /  / Bioassay (biological testing)

kk. ? ? ?  ?? -i?   ?   ? ?.

ru.        -   .

en. The assessment of environmental quality or toxicity from the response of selected test organisms under controlled conditions.



302. Stenobionttar /  / Stenobionts

kk.  ??  ? ? iii i, ? ?i i ?.

ru. ,            .

en. Species able to survive only within a narrow range of environmental conditions and therefore sensitive to change.



303. Evribionttar /  / Eurybionts

kk.  ?? ? ? ?i ? ? ? ? ?.

ru. ,         .

en. Species able to tolerate a broad range of environmental conditions and therefore often widely distributed.



304. Evtrofikasia /  / Eutrophication

kk.  ? ?i    ;  ? ?? ?i, i ? ? ?i? ? ?i.

ru.    ,     ,      .

en. The enrichment of a water body with nutrients, often causing excessive algal growth, oxygen depletion and disruption of the aquatic ecosystem.



305. Ekologialyq valenttilik /   / Ecological valence (tolerance range)

kk. ? iii    ?? ?.

ru.   ,      .

en. The range of environmental conditions within which a species can survive and reproduce.




XIV. Agroekoj?ieler j?ne tabigatty qorgau /     / Agroecosystems and Nature Conservation


306. Agrobiosenoz /  / Agrobiocenosis

kk. ii, ? ?  ?  ? ii  ??.

ru.      , , .

en. The community of organisms inhabiting agricultural land such as fields, orchards and pastures.



307. Agrofitosenoz /  / Agrophytocenosis

kk. ? ?ii ?ii  ??i ii ? ? ? ?iiii? ?.

ru.           .

en. The plant component of an agrocoenosis, including cultivated plants and associated weeds in a managed site.



308. Agrosenoz /  / Agrocenosis

kk. ? ?i i   ? ?    ??.

ru.   ,       .

en. A community of organisms created and maintained by people through the cultivation of crops.



309. Agroekoj?ie /  / Agroecosystem

kk.  ? ?ii  ?i   ii, ?  ??i ? ? ?.

ru. ,     ,  , , .

en. An ecosystem managed by people to produce agricultural goods, such as a field, orchard or vegetable garden.



310. Biosferalyq rezervat /   / Biosphere reserve

kk. ?i ? ?? , ? ,  ? ? ? ? ?? ?.

ru.  ,        ,  ,    .

en. A protected area that combines ecosystem conservation with sustainable development, research, monitoring and environmental education.



311. Biosferalyq rezervattardy? d?niej?zilik jelisi /     / World Network of Biosphere Reserves

kk. -?  ?  ? ii ?? ?? ? ?i.

ru.         .

en. The international network of sites recognised under UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Programme.



312. Jabaiy tabigat /   / Wilderness

kk. ? ? ?i ?i ii   ?.

ru.     ,       .

en. Natural areas and living organisms not substantially transformed by human land use or other activities.



313. Biologialyq aluant?rlilik turaly konvensia /     / Convention on Biological Diversity

kk. ? ?iii ?, ? ???ii ??  ? ?    ?i ?  ?? .

ru.      ,           .

en. An international treaty on the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair sharing of benefits arising from genetic resources.



314. ?li s?rek / ̸  / Deadwood

kk. ? ?ii    ?i ? ?? i?  ? ??.

ru.              .

en. Dead standing or fallen trunks, branches and other woody material that support biodiversity, nutrient cycling and habitat formation in forests.



315. Organikalyq auyl saruasylygy /    / Organic farming

kk. ? ??  ? i ?, ? ?i ?i  ?.

ru.    ,           .

en. A farming system based on ecological processes and restricted use of synthetic fertilisers and pesticides.



316. Qorgalatyn tabigi aumaq /    / Protected natural area

kk. ? ? ?i   i i ??, ??   ?? ? ?.

ru.   ,             .

en. A clearly defined geographical area managed under a special regime for the long-term conservation of nature and associated values.



317. Tabigi landsaft /   / Natural landscape

kk. ? ? ?i ?i   ? ?i ?.

ru. ,         .

en. A territory unchanged or only slightly changed by human economic activity.



318. Ekologialyq iz /   / Ecological footprint

kk.   ?  ? ?  ? ?ii ? ?? ?ii ?? ?i.

ru.     ,       ,       .

en. A measure of human demand on nature expressed as the biologically productive land and water area needed to provide resources and absorb wastes.




XV. Eldi mekenderdi k?galdandyru (normativtik ugymdar) /    ( ) / Urban Greening (Regulatory Concepts)


319. Jasyl ekpelerdi? jersinu aktisi /     / Plant establishment certificate

kk. ?? ?iii ?i- ii ?? i ? -?i  ii ii ??.

ru. ,          .

en. A document recording the condition and survival of planted vegetation at the end of the prescribed maintenance period.



320. Abattandyru /  / Urban improvement and landscaping

kk. ?  , ?ii ? ?? ?  ??, ?,   ?  ?? ? ?  ? i.

ru.       ,     ,  ,      .

en. A set of works and services intended to create a comfortable, safe and healthy urban environment, including greening, noise reduction and pollution control.



321. Amalsyz kesu /   / Emergency tree removal

kk.   i  ? ?  ?i ?i ?i ?   ii ?  .

ru.        ,      .

en. Tree removal without prior approval during emergency response when trees pose an immediate threat to people or property.



322. Agastardy kesu /   / Authorised tree removal

kk. ?ii iii ? ??  ?  .

ru.         .

en. The removal of trees under a permit issued by the authorised local authority.



323. Dendrologialyq jospar /   / Dendrological plan

kk.  ? ? ? ?iii?   ?i ?? ?i i  .

ru.             .

en. A planting plan showing the location, number and species composition of existing and proposed vegetation.



324. Tiri qorsau /   / Hedge

kk. ??? i, ?  ?? ? ?i ? ?? ? ?? i.

ru.    ,        .

en. A dense linear planting of shrubs that can be trimmed and serves as a fence or protective strip.



325. Jasyl ekpeler /   / Urban vegetation (green plantings)

kk. i  ??, ?, ?i ? ? ? ? ?, ? ? ?i ?ii i.

ru.  ,      ,  , ,    .

en. Trees, shrubs and herbaceous vegetation in a settlement that perform protective, sanitary, social and aesthetic functions.



326. Jasyl alqap /   / Large green area

kk.  i 0,125 , ?i ??  , i 50 ?  ?? i.

ru.     0,125 ,      50    .

en. A green area of at least 0.125 hectares containing at least 50 trees, irrespective of species composition.



327. Eldi mekenni? jasyl qory /     / Municipal green-space system

kk. i  i ?,  ? ? ?-?? ? ? ?   ?i.

ru.        ,  ,   - .

en. The complete system of green spaces within a settlement, providing recreational, environmental-regulating and sanitary-protective functions.



328. Jalpyga ortaq paidalanylatyn jerler /    / Public land

kk. ?, ?, , ?, ??,     ? ? ? ?ii .

ru.   , , , , ,   ,  .

en. Land occupied by squares, streets, roads, parks, public gardens, boulevards and water bodies and accessible to the public.



329. Jasyl ekpelerdi t?gendeu (tal basyn sanau) /    ( ) / Inventory of urban vegetation (tree-by-tree survey)

kk. ? iii?  i, ?i ?  i ? ?i ? ?iii   .

ru.             .

en. An itemised survey of green-space assets in which the characteristics of each object are recorded and each tree or planting is mapped.



330. ?temdik otyrgyzu /   / Compensatory planting

kk. i ??  ?  i i ? ?ii ?.

ru.       ,   .

en. The planting of new trees or other vegetation to compensate for vegetation removed from sites specified in the dendrological plan.



331. Jasyl ekpelerdi ?temdik qalpyna keltiru /     / Compensatory restoration of urban vegetation

kk. i  ?  ?? i ? i ? ?iii?   i ii ? ?  ? i.

ru.     .

en. The mandatory replacement or restoration of vegetation removed through felling or other authorised works.



332. Usarbasty qyrqu (krondau) /  / Crown pruning

kk. ?? ?i  ? ? ? iii ? ? ? ??.

ru.           .

en. Pruning the crown of a tree as part of maintenance and the formation of its desired shape.



333. Jasyl ekpelerdi orman-patologialyq zertteu /     / Tree-health survey of urban vegetation

kk.    ?, -? i?,  ?i ? ? ???? ?? -? ?.

ru.    ,     ,   .

en. An inspection of trees and plantings for pests, diseases and fungal damage affecting trunks, roots or crowns.



334. Jasyl ekpeler monitoringi /    / Monitoring of green plantings

kk.  i ?i-?  ? -?i ?i ? ?.

ru.         .

en. Systematic observation and recording of the condition of urban vegetation during maintenance.



335. Za?syz agas kesu /   / Unauthorised tree removal

kk. ?ii ? ?? ?  .

ru.      .

en. The removal of trees without permission from the authorised authority.



336. K?galdandyrylgan aumaqtar /   / Green areas

kk. ? ?iii   ?-? ii, ??, ?  ? ? i.

ru.        - , , , .

en. Areas containing natural vegetation or designed green-space features such as parks, public gardens, lawns and flower beds.



337. Jasartu /  / Tree rejuvenation

kk. i ?? ?i ? ?i ii ?? ? ??, ? .

ru.             .

en. Severe shortening of major branches and thinning of the crown of an ageing tree to stimulate renewed growth.



338. Jasartatyn qyrqu /   / Rejuvenation pruning

kk. ?ii    ? ii ???? ?? ?   ? ??.

ru.       ,     .

en. Crown pruning that retains major scaffold branches and is carried out with regard to the biology and regenerative capacity of the plant.



339. K?galdandyru uiymy /    / Greening contractor

kk.   ? ?   i , ?i-? ? ?i- ?  ??  ?.

ru. ,      ,       .

en. A person or organisation contracted to carry out greening, maintenance and care of vegetation in public areas.



340. Agastar men jasyl ekpelerdi qaita otyrgyzu /      / Transplanting of trees and green plantings

kk. ?iii? iii ?iiii ? ,  ?ii  ? i ?i.

ru.           .

en. Moving trees or other plants to sites designated by the authorised authority while preserving their viability.



341. ?temdik otyrgyzu jospary /    / Compensatory planting plan

kk. i ??  ? ?iii? , ?i, ?i ? ? ii ?i .

ru.         , ,   .

en. A plan for replacement planting after tree removal, stating the number, species, scope and timing of the plantings.



342. Jersinu /  / Plant establishment and survival

kk. ?? ?iii? i ?i ii ii ? , iiii ?.

ru.          .

en. The successful rooting and survival of planted vegetation during the prescribed maintenance period.



343. Di? ma?y se?beri /   / Tree pit (unpaved tree surround)

kk. i?  ?    i ?i  ? ? ? ? ii.

ru.      ,          .

en. An open, unpaved area of soil around a tree trunk left within paving to allow water and air to reach the roots.



344. K?tim jumystary /    / Vegetation maintenance work

kk.  i? ?  ?iii ?  ?i, , ? ? ?-? .

ru.        , , , - .

en. Care of the soil and vegetation, including fertilisation, watering, soil loosening and sanitary or preventive measures.



345. Jasyl ekpeler tizilimi /    / Urban vegetation register

kk. i i  i? i, ?i ??, , -?i ?    ?.

ru.    ,  , ,      .

en. A consolidated record of the types, species composition, area, condition and location of vegetation within a settlement.



346. Rekreasialyq aimaq /   / Recreational zone

kk. ??  ? ? ?  ?.

ru.   ,    .

en. A publicly accessible area intended for leisure and recreation.



347. Sanitarialyq kesu /   / Sanitary felling

kk. i ? ? , ??, ? ? ? ?? ?  .

ru.  , ,       .

en. The removal of diseased, damaged, declining or dead-standing trees to protect and improve the condition of a tree stand or planting.



348. Sanitarialyq qyrqu /   / Sanitary pruning

kk. ? ? ? ?i , ?? ? ?? ??  .

ru.  ,    ,    .

en. The removal of diseased, dead or damaged branches that may endanger people, property or the tree itself.



349. Sanitarlyq-qorganys aimagy / -  / Sanitary protection zone

kk. ?? ?? ?i ??ii ? ? ii ?? ? ?? ? ?i ? ?.

ru. ,           .

en. An area separating industrial or other potentially harmful facilities from residential development in order to protect residents.



350. Jasyl ekpelerdi? sanitarialyq-qorganys qyzmeti / -   / Protective and sanitary function of vegetation

kk.  i?    ,  ? ?  ? ?? ?ii.

ru.        ,    .

en. The capacity of vegetation to protect people and the environment from pollution, noise and other harmful effects.



351. Jasyl ekpelerdi jasau, k?tip-ustau j?ne qorgau / ,      / Establishment, maintenance and protection of urban vegetation

kk.  i ?, ?? ? ? ?i ?? ?????, ?iii, ?? ? ?  ?i.

ru.  ,      ,    .

en. A system of legal, organisational and economic measures for establishing, conserving, maintaining and replacing urban vegetation.



352. Jasyl ekpelerdi saqtau /    / Conservation of urban vegetation

kk.   ?? ?iii ?? ?? ?iii ?? ? .

ru.     ,      .

en. Measures to preserve valuable plants and trees located within areas affected by landscaping, urban improvement or construction work.



353. Jasyl ekpelerdi? orta qalyptastyrusy qyzmeti /    / Environmental-regulating function of vegetation

kk.  i?  , ?? , ??    ? ?  ? ?ii.

ru.        ,  ,  .

en. The capacity of vegetation to create favourable environmental conditions by purifying air, providing shade and regulating humidity and temperature.



354. Jasyl ekpelerdi joiu /    / Destruction of urban vegetation

kk.  i? ?, ?i ? ?.

ru.  ,   .

en. Damage to trees or other vegetation that results in their death.



355. Usarbasty qalyptastyru /   / Crown shaping

kk. ?? ?i ii  ?   ?i ??  ?i ??.

ru.            .

en. Pruning branches and shoots to give a tree the required form, maintain structural safety and, where appropriate, stimulate renewal.




XVI. Antropogendik biosenologia (avtorlyq j?ne sabaqtas ugymdar) /   (   ) / Anthropogenic Biocoenology (Original and Related Concepts)


356. Antropobiogeosenoz /  / Anthropobiogeocenosis

kk.  ?i ?i  , ? ? ? ; ?   ? ?  ?, ? ? ?  ?. ??    ??   i? ii ?i i ?? ii ??.

ru. ,     ,         ,   ;               .

en. A biogeocoenosis created or maintained by human activity in which natural relationships among organisms and their environment are supplemented by economic, cultural and health-related relationships; an original concept for viewing the urban environment as an integrated humancommunityenvironment living system.



357. Antropogendik faktor /   / Anthropogenic factor

kk. ? ? ? ? ?ii? ii   ?? ? ?i.

ru.           .

en. The effects of humans and human activities on living organisms and the environment.



358. Biotehnosfera /  / Biotechnosphere

kk. ii  ??  ? ? ? ? ? .

ru. ,           .

en. A sphere in which communities of living organisms are closely integrated with human-made technological systems.



359. Tabigatpen bailanystan aiyrylu /   / Nature-contact deprivation

kk. ? ? ?  ? ii ? ??   ?iii .

ru.           .

en. The lack of regular contact with living nature experienced by people in highly urbanised environments.



360. Jasyl aimaq /   / Green belt

kk. ??   ii ??  ??, ? ? ? ? ?   i.

ru.        ,  ,    .

en. A belt or network of green spaces around or within a city that provides environmental, sanitary and recreational functions.



361. M?deni biogeosenoz /  / Cultural biogeocenosis

kk.  ? ? , ?  ?, ?, ??   ? .

ru. ,     ,  , , , .

en. A biogeocoenosis deliberately created and maintained by people, such as a park, garden, public garden or boulevard.



362. Ormansaiabaq /  / Forest park

kk.    ? ?? ? , ?  i  ?.

ru.  ,           .

en. A forest area adapted for public recreation while retaining the characteristics and communities of a forest ecosystem.



363. Noobiogeosenoz /  / Noobiogeocenosis

kk.  ? ii   ? ii ?i,  ?  .

ru. ,            .

en. A biogeocoenosis deliberately designed by people on the basis of scientific knowledge of its internal ecological relationships.



364. Parsella /  / Biogeocoenotic parcel

kk.  ??   ? ? ii ? ? ii ??? ?ii.

ru.    ,       .

en. The smallest structural unit of a biogeocoenosis that is relatively uniform in organism composition and environmental conditions.



365. Tabigi-antropogendik j?ie / -  / Coupled humannatural system

kk. ? ?  ? ???i ? ?i, i? ? i ? i ?.

ru. ,            .

en. A system in which natural and human-created components interact and function together as an integrated whole.



366. Sinantropizasia /  / Synanthropization

kk.  ?ii? ?i ???   ?   ? ? ??.

ru.             .

en. The transformation of ecological communities towards dominance by species associated with humans and human-modified environments.



367. Urbobiogeosenoz /  / Urbobiogeocenosis

kk.  ?  ?? ??  ?i ? ? ? ?? .

ru.            .

en. A biogeocoenosis in an urban area whose environmental conditions and community composition have been strongly modified by human activity.



368. Ekoj?ieni? turaqtylygy /   / Ecosystem stability

kk. ?i? ? ??  ?i ?, ? ? i ?  ?ii.

ru.            .

en. The capacity of an ecosystem to retain its essential composition, structure and functions and to recover after disturbance.



369. Fitomassa /  / Phytomass

kk. ii i ii ? ?iii? ? .

ru.    ,    .

en. The total mass of living plant material within a defined area.



370. Aumaqty? ekologialyq qa?qasy /    / Territorial ecological network

kk. ? ???, ? ? ? ?iii? ? ? i ? ? ?? ii? ? ? ii.

ru.      ,      .

en. An interconnected network of natural and green areas that supports environmental stability, ecological connectivity and biodiversity conservation.



371. Ekotopikalyq aluant?rlilik /   / Ecotopic diversity

kk. ??   ?? ?iii;  ? ?i ?  ? ??? ??? ?.

ru.     ,       .

en. The diversity of habitat conditions within an area that supports the richness and stability of its biota and ecological communities.




XVII. P?naralyq ekologialyq psihologia /    / Interdisciplinary Environmental Psychology


372. Qorsagan orta psihologiasy /    / Environmental psychology

kk.   ?  ? ? ? i ?? ; ? ?  ? ?i  i-???? ?i, -? ?  , ?i ?.

ru.  ,                 ,       .

en. An interdisciplinary field that studies reciprocal relations between people and their physical surroundings, including how natural and built environments affect experience and behavior and how people use and change environments.



373. Adam  orta transaksiasy /     / Personenvironment transaction

kk.    i-ii ?ii ? i, i-ii ?i  ? .

ru.  ,                   .

en. A reciprocal process in which a person and an environment continually influence one another rather than acting as independent entities.



374. Orta konteksi /   / Environmental context

kk. i-???   ? ?i ?  i ? ?i ?, ???, ?i ? ? ? ?.

ru.      , ,    ,         .

en. The immediate and broader physical, interpersonal, social and cultural conditions within which behavior and personenvironment relations occur.



375. Ortany tanu /   / Environmental cognition

kk. ?   ?ii  ? ?, ?,  ? ?  i.

ru.  , ,          .

en. The processes by which people acquire, organize, remember and use information about places and spatial environments.



376. Kognitivtik karta /   / Cognitive map

kk. , ?  ? ? ?iii ?? ii i;  ?  ??? ?i.

ru.       ,   ,    .

en. An internal representation of the spatial relations among places, routes and landmarks that supports orientation and navigation.



377. Ortany qabyldau /   / Environmental perception

kk. ?,  ? ?i   ii ? ? ? ?? i ? ??.

ru.      ,         .

en. The psychological processing of sensory information about natural, built and social surroundings as meaningful environmental patterns.



378. Ortany bagalau /   / Environmental assessment

kk. ? , ??, ?iiii, ? ? ? ?i   ? ?? ?.

ru.  , , ,           .

en. The judgment of environmental quality, suitability, safety, attractiveness or other characteristics from the perspective of users or observers.



379. Ortadan tuyndaityn stress /   / Environmental stress

kk. , ?   ?, ?,   ??  ?  ?  ? ? ? ?.

ru.    ,        , , ,    .

en. Psychological and physiological strain associated with environmental demands or conditions such as noise, crowding, heat, pollution or uncontrollability.



380. Samadan tys tygyzdyq sezimi /  / Crowding

kk. ? ? ?   ?? ?i ?i ? ?ii  ?i  ?i  i  ii.

ru.   ,               .

en. The subjective experience that the number or proximity of other people exceeds the amount of space or social contact a person considers acceptable.



381. Jeke ke?istik /   / Personal space

kk. ? ? i ?; ? ? ?  ? ii ? ? ?i ?  ??? ???  ?i.

ru.    ,            .

en. The flexible area around a person within which intrusion by others may produce discomfort and which helps regulate interpersonal distance.



382. Aumaqtylyq /  / Territoriality

kk. ? ii i ?iii ii, , ?? ? ? ?iiii i  i-???  ? .

ru.    ,    , ,        .

en. Behavior and psychological processes through which people claim, mark, defend, personalize or regulate access to a particular space.



383. Jekelik /  / Privacy

kk. ? ?i ?iiii ? ?  ?i ?i ?? ? ? ?i ? i.

ru.          ,       .

en. A dynamic regulation of access to oneself and of contact with others so that actual interaction approaches the level desired by the person.



384. Orynga bailanystylyq /    / Place attachment

kk. ?  ? ?i ?i ?  ? ? ?? .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/raznoe/ekoterapia-jane-medisinalyq-ekologia-sozdigi-ekoterapiia-zh-ne-medi-74341054/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


