-2026/2027    ,   100%  
Larisa Lubimova


     .    

!

      ,  

   ,   

    ,   

.

 ?

 : 15 , -   

  (: I very like  !).

:     10    

    Looking forward to your reply.

 :     ,

    .

 :     

almost right,        

.





Larisa Lubimova

-2026/2027    ,   100%  



Cover designer Roman Lubimov



 Larisa Lubimova, 2026

 Roman Lubimov, cover design, 2026






     .     !

      ,      ,        ,    .

 ?

 : 15 , -      (: I very like  !).

:     10         Looking forward to your reply.

 :     ,     .

 :      almost right,         .




 

 





1. :

     



  



1.  5 :

    ,  !      .

 :   The meeting is postponed to Friday,    When is the meeting?,  Friday  .

2. -:

   water  / ' w?: t?/,   / w?: t?r/.

3.  :

  -: um, like, you know.    , , .

 : So, like, the trip starts on, um, June 5th, right? ? June 5th.

  2026

1.   = :

 Isnt it unlikely that John wont come? ?   :   ,    ? ? : John will come.

2. -:

 Ill write the right answer ? write () vs right ().

 :    : write  , right  .

3.   :

 What time does the registration start if the event begins at 8? ?      (, 7:30).

  2026

  , bare   ,    铻 ? : The room was bare =  .

  flower  flour ?  : I baked a cake with roses  with flour.

:

              !




1.1 

11   :        


1.  5 :  ,   ?

       .  5        :

:     ( ),     ,   .



2.  :   ,  

  Well, actually  But wait!  ,    .

:

I wanted pizza, but then I remembered Im lactose intolerant.

   What did she eat?   ( !).



3. -  

  ?    :

The lecture was utterly boring ?     utterly, ,    .

 2026: I thought fabulous means ,   fabulous monster



4. -: 15  50?

  -teen (15)  -ty (50). :

Fifteen ?    : fif-TEEN.

Fifty ?   : FIF-ty.



5.   NOT:   

    Which is NOT mentioned?   ,   .

:     books, pens, laptops,     pencils ?  pencils.



6.    

,   ,   -:

Write () vs Right (/) ? Write the right answer!.



7. :     

   ! : 1  ? 1 .         .

:   ,         .



8.    

     ,     .



:

 : The party is at 7 PM.

 : But guests should arrive by 6:30.

  When should you come?  6:30.



9. -:  

   : Well, you see, Hmm, let me think.

:   , ,       .



10.     

  ,    .

    ?   /: Are you coming? (?) ? Yes/No.

 ?  : What time is it? (?) ? Its 3 PM.



11. !

    .

: She put the book on the table ?     ?  .



  2026:     The answer is obvious    !   .




1.2   2026

(      -)


1.  :    

           !

 :        .

 : The-deadline-is-tomorrow-but-we-can-extend-it-if-you-ask-now ?  deadline  extend? !



2.  : -

 Effect vs Affect, Accept vs Except     ,    .

 :   :

 Effect (.) ?  (   ).

 Affect () ?   (  ).

  2026:  , except   ,    哅

(        )



3.   

   : Ive lived here since 2020 ? : When did he move?.

  : Present Perfect    . : 2020,   ,     for 5 years.



4. :  

   Oh, brilliant!    = .

 : My phone fell into the toilet. Brilliant! ?   ,  .



 :          .



5. -

 Its raining cats and dogs ?     ,  .

    2026:

 Break a leg (!),

 Hit the books (),

 Spill the tea ( ).

(        )



6.  :   

 The event starts on June 5th no, wait, June 6th! ?     .

 :    .



7.   

     (,  ),    .

 :

  1: Lets meet at the caf.

  2 ( ): Actually, lets go to the park.

?    park.

  2026:  ,   



8.  :

   lit (), sus (), ghosting ().

 :  Gen Z slang 2026  .

(        )



9.  :    

      ,       .

 :The concert was amazing!      ?  ,     amazing.



10.  :    

 : What color is the sky? ?  : The sky is blue, but artists sometimes paint it pink.

  :  ,     , ,   .



11.  :  can ? can

 You can go now () vs You could go earlier ().

 :       .



12.  :  

  : Yes, I like apples, especially red ones with a slight tartness ?   Do you like apples?  Yes,   .

 :      .



13.   or:   

 : Is it A or B? ?  : Neither A nor B, but C.

  :            .



14.  :  

 Im going to Edinburgh ?    ,  : , .

 :         .



15. :    

     Monday,   : No, Tuesday.

 :     .



16.  :    

 If I were you, I would study more ? : What does the speaker suggest? ? Study more,      .

 :   /,     .



17. :   

 NASA announced ?    ,   (, ).

 :   : NASA, UN, EU.

(        )




1.3     


-:

(    !)



1. Than () vs. Then ()

 Better than ever (,  -).

 First coffee, then work ( ,  ).

: Than ?  (  A), Then ?  ( E).



2. Desert () vs. Dessert ()

 Sahara is a desert (  ).

 I love chocolate dessert (  ).

:  dessert  S ?    .



3. Effect (, .) vs. Affect (, )

 The effect was amazing (  ).

 Music affects mood (   ).

: Affect ? Action (), Effect ?  (.).



4. Accept () vs. Except ()

 I accept your offer (  ).

 Everyone came except John ( ,  ).

: Except ?  (  ex).



5. Lose () vs. Loose ()

 Dont lose your keys (  ).

 These jeans are loose (  ).

: Loss ?  ( O), Loose ?  ( O).



6. Quiet () vs. Quite ()

 The library is quiet (  ).

 Its quite interesting (  ).

: Quiet ?  (  -et).



7. Weather () vs. Whether ()

 The weather is nice ( ).

 I wonder whether hell come (,   ).

: Weather ?  (   ea ? rain).



8. Passed () vs. Past ()

 He passed the exam (  ).

 In the past ( ).

: Passed ?   Past Simple, Past ? .



9. Bear () vs. Bare ()

 A brown bear ( ).

 Bare feet ( ).

: Bare ?   ( barefoot).



10. Break () vs. Brake ()

 Dont break the vase! (  !).

 Use the brake ( ).

: Brake ?  (   a).



11. Here () vs. Hear ()

 Come here ( ).

 Can you hear me? (  ?).

: Hear ?  (ear).



12. Peace () vs. Piece ()

 World peace ( ).

 A piece of cake ( ).

: Piece ?  ( pie ? ).



13. Principal () vs. Principle ()

 The school principal ( ).

 Moral principles ( ).

: Principal ?  (pal), Principle ?  (rule).



14. Stationary () vs. Stationery ()

 The car was stationary (   ).

 Buy stationery ( ).

: Stationery ?  (   e ? envelope).



15. Advice (, .) vs. Advise (, )

 Give me advice ( ).

 I advise you to study (  ).

: Advice ?  ( -ice), Advise ?  ( -ise).



16. Practice (, .) vs. Practise (, )

 Daily practice ( ).

 Practise English ( ).

:    practice (.), practise ().



17. Compliment () vs. Complement ()

 She gave me a compliment (  ).

 The wine complements the dish (  ).

: Compliment ?  (I)  .



 ,    -   ,    -  ,     .   :

  ( ):

         !

Your vs. Youre ? /j?:/

: Your idea vs. Youre right     .

There vs. Their vs. Theyre ? /?e?/

 : Theyre going there with their friends ?      !

Peace vs. Piece ? /pi: s/

: A piece of cake () vs. World peace ().

Weather vs. Whether ? /we??/

:      / ? weather.

Buy vs. By vs. Bye ? /ba?/

: Buy a book by tomorrow. Bye!    .



  :

  :     ,    .

 : She ate a ___ of pizza ? ,   piece (),   peace ().

    :    desert/dessert  affect/effect   .

    :             .

  :          .

 :  /?e?/ ? : there (), their (-), theyre ()



  -  :

    !       .








!          .     ,    -. !

  2026:     I could care less     !       (    I couldnt care less).





      (20232024)

(   !)



1. Piece of cake

:  .

: The test was a piece of cake!

:  ,    .

 :     / ?  .



2. Hit the books

:  .

: I need to hit the books before the exam.

:  ,   .

:   : hit =   .



3. Break a leg

:   (  ).

: Break a leg at the concert!

:  :  .

 :     ,   .



4. Let the cat out of the bag

:  .

: He let the cat out of the bag about the surprise party.

:  ,     .

:  = ,    .



5. Cost an arm and a leg

:  .

: This phone costs an arm and a leg!

:     .

:        .



6. Spill the beans

:  .

: She spilled the beans about their engagement.

: ,    .

:  = ,  .



7. Hit the sack

:  .

: Im tired, Ill hit the sack.

:    .

 :    ?   .



8. Under the weather

:   .

: Im under the weather today.

: ,    .

:   :   = .



9. Burn the midnight oil

:   .

: Hes burning the midnight oil before the deadline.

: ,    .

:    ? /   .



10. Once in a blue moon

:  .

: He visits us once in a blue moon.

:     .

 :      .



11. Cry over spilled milk

:   ,   .

: Dont cry over spilled milk, just fix it!

: ,     .

:     / ?  .



12. The ball is in your court

:    .

: Ive done my part, the ball is in your court.

: ,    .

: :     ?  .



13. Barking up the wrong tree

:    /.

: If you think I stole your pen, youre barking up the wrong tree.

:     .

 :      .



14. Beat around the bush

:    .

: Stop beating around the bush and tell me the truth!

: ,    .

:    =    .



15. Get cold feet

: / - .

: She got cold feet before the speech.

:   .

:     +  ? /.



16. Kill two birds with one stone

:     .

: Cycling to work kills two birds with one stone: exercise and saving money.

:   .

 :     .



17. On the same page

:   .

: Lets discuss this to be on the same page.

: ,    .

:   =  .



18. Pull someones leg

: ,   .

: Dont worry, Im just pulling your leg!

: ,     .

 :     ?  .



19. Sit on the fence

:  .

: Stop sitting on the fence, choose a side!

: ,    .

:  / ? .



20. Throw in the towel

: .

: After failing three times, he threw in the towel.

:     .

:      ?  .



   :

1.  :      (break a leg ?  ).

2.   : ,  :

 Why are you so tired?

 I was burning the midnight oil.

      ,      .

3.  :

 Hit the books () vs. Hit the road (  ).



 :

1.     : , , .

2.  :       .

3.        .



  2026:     Its a piece of cake      !    .

    Its raining cats and dogs      ,  !



 :

1. Ghosting

:     -  .

:She ghosted me after the party (    ).

:    ?    .

 :  / +  .



2. Salty

:  , .

: Hes so salty because I won the game ( ,   ).

:    ().

:       ?  .



3. Flex

: ,  - .

:Stop flexing your new phone! (   !).

:     ().

:  ? -  .



4. Clout

: ,  (  ).

: Shes only doing it for clout (    ).

:   cloud ().

:  ?  (  ).



5. Vibe

: , .

:This caf has good vibes (  ).

:   virus () - .

:    / ?  .



6. Cap / No cap

:  /   ( no caption).

: Hes capping about his grades (   ).

:    .



7. FOMO

:   -  (Fear Of Missing Out).

:I stayed only because of FOMO (  -  - ).

:     .

:    / ?  .



8. Go viral

:        .

: That cat video went viral in hours (      ).

:  viral     ().

:    / ?   .



9. Cram

:    .

: I crammed all night for the test (     ).

:     (crab),    .

:  exam  test ?  .



10. Glitch

:  ,   .

: The game has a glitch  characters are flying! (     !).

:   glitter ()  glue ().

:   / ?  .







1. BTW (By The Way)

: .

:BTW, did you call Anna? (,   ?).

:   Be there with - .

:      ?  BTW.



2. DIY (Do It Yourself)

:  .

:I love DIY projects ( ).

: ,      .

: DIY ? , , .



3. FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)

:   .

:Check the FAQ section (  FAQ).

:    ,   Fake.

:  ,  ?  FAQ.



4. FYI (For Your Information)

:   .

:FYI, the meeting is postponed ( :  ).

:  Why I? ( ?).

: FYI ?  , .



5. IDK (I Dont Know)

:   .

:IDK where she is ( ,  ).

:   ID ()  Ikea.

 :  /.



6. IMO (In My Opinion)

:   .

:IMO, this book is boring (  ,  ).

:  Im O (  ).

:      ? IMO.



7. LOL (Laughing Out Loud)

:  .

:That joke was LOL! (   !).

: ,    ()  Lot of Love.

: LOL ?   , .



8. NP (No Problem)

:  .

:Can you help me?  NP! (  ?   !).

:   North Pole ( )  Nepal.

 :   /.



9. OMG (Oh My God)

:  !

: OMG, I forgot my keys! (,   !).

:  OM ()  Oh Emma Gee.

:  / ? OMG.



10. BRB (Be Right Back)

:  .

:BRB, need to grab water (  ,  ).

:   BRB  .

 : ,    .



  :

1.   :

: OMG, LOL, TMI.

/: ASAP, ETA, BRB.



2.    :

    ? RSVP, TBA.

   ? IDK, LMK.

P.S.   TTYL (Talk To You Later)     ,   !




2. :   ,      



              .        ,      .           ,       .  ,        ,   .   !         .     ,        -2026.

1.  

Text 1: Why Do Students Love Extracurricular Activities? Clubs, sports, and creative workshops help teenagers develop new skills and make friends.

Text 2: How to Prepare for Exams: Tips from a British Teacher. Time management and regular breaks are key to success.

2.   

Text 1: The Benefits of Morning Exercises. A 20-minute workout can boost your energy and improve concentration.



Text 2: Junk Food vs. Healthy Snacks: Whats Better for Teenagers? Experts explain why fruits and nuts are the best choice.

3.     

Text 1: Plastic Pollution: Small Changes That Save the Planet. Recycling and reusable bags matter!

Text 2: Why Should We Protect Endangered Animals? Tigers, pandas, and whales need our help.

4.   

Text 1: Social Media: Pros and Cons for Teenagers. Staying connected vs. wasting time.

Text 2: How AI Is Changing Our Lives. From smart homes to online education.

5.   

Text 1: The Most Unusual Festivals in the World. Tomato fights in Spain and ice swimming in Russia.

Text 2: Why Traveling Broadens Your Mind. Learning languages and trying new foods.

6.    

Text 1: Extreme Sports: Fun or Danger? Skateboarding, rock climbing, and safety rules.

Text 2: Team Sports vs. Individual Sports: Whats Better for Shy Teens? Football, tennis, or swimming?

7.   

Text 1: Jobs of the Future: What Skills Will Be Important? Coding, creativity, and teamwork.

Text 2: How to Choose a Career: Advice from a Career Coach. Follow your passion or think about salary?

8.   

Text 1: Christmas Traditions Around the World. Germanys markets, Mexicos pi?atas, and Japans KFC dinners.

Text 2: Why Do We Celebrate Birthdays? History of cakes, candles, and wishes.



9.   

Text 1: Harry Potter: How a Book Changed the World. From rejected manuscript to global phenomenon.

Text 2: Street Art: Vandalism or Masterpiece? Banksy and the power of graffiti.

10.  

Text 1: Peer Pressure: How to Say No and Stay Confident. Real stories from teenagers.

Text 2: Bullying at School: What Can Students Do? Tips from psychologists and successful cases.

    :

!     :

? 90%       (  ).

?         :




2.1 


         (Reading,  1 )



1.  

   ,   ,     (in 1990s, by the 18th century)  -  (first, then, finally).

: The project began in 2005 Later, in 2010



2.      

    this idea, these problems, the scientist  ,    .

:     (a new discovery)   ,    (the discovery).



3.   

 however, therefore, in addition     :

However ?   .

For example ?    .



4.    

:  ,  (Climate change is a global issue).

: ,   ,  (In conclusion, we must act now).



5.    

      .     ,   solution, solve, address.



3 ,   :



6.  

     ,     .  :    !



7.  

 but  although      ,      .



8.  

         (,  ),   :    ,   .



: The Discovery of Penicillin

  (AG):

A. In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed that mold in his lab had killed bacteria in a petri dish. He called the substance penicillin, but couldnt purify it.

B. Today, penicillin saves millions of lives annually. However, overuse has led to antibiotic-resistant bacteria, a major medical challenge.

C. By the 1940s, scientists Howard Florey and Ernst Chain developed a method to mass-produce penicillin, enabling its use in World War II.

D. The discovery of antibiotics revolutionized medicine, turning once-deadly infections into treatable conditions.

E. Flemings initial research was largely ignored until the 1930s, when other scientists began studying antibacterial substances.

F. Penicillin works by breaking down the cell walls of bacteria, effectively stopping their growth.

G. Before antibiotics, even minor wounds could lead to fatal infections. Surgeons had limited tools to fight sepsis.

   G.    (A, B, C, D, E, F).



 :

1.   G      (Before antibiotics).

2. :

A (1928:  ) ? E (1930s:  ) ? C (1940s:  ) ? D (  ) ? F (  ) ? B ( + ).

3.  :

E (was ignored until)    (A)   .

D (revolutionized medicine)        .

B (However)      .

 :

G ? A ? E ? C ? D ? F ? B

:

1. G (  ).

2. A (   1928).

3. E (1930s:   ).

4. C (1940s: ).

5. D (  ).

6. F ( ).

7. B ( + ).



    :

 F (Penicillin works)   .        (D),       (B).

 B   Today     .

:       ( , )      .



: The Life of William Shakespeare

  (AG):

A. By 1594, Shakespeare had become a leading member of the Lord Chamberlains Men, a popular acting company in London. His early plays, like Romeo and Juliet and A Midsummer Nights Dream, showcased his talent for blending comedy and tragedy. Despite his success, little is known about his personal life during this period.

B. Shakespeare was born in 1564 in Stratford-upon-Avon, a small market town in England. His father, John Shakespeare, was a glove-maker and local politician. Young William likely attended the local grammar school, where he studied Latin and classical literature. These early years shaped his love for language and storytelling.

C. In 1613, Shakespeare retired to Stratford, where he focused on writing his final plays, including The Tempest. He died three years later, on April 23, 1616. Though his works were admired during his lifetime, his global fame grew centuries later. Today, he is considered the greatest playwright in the English language.

D. Between 1599 and 1608, Shakespeare wrote his greatest tragedies: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. These plays explored themes of power, madness, and human morality. Critics believe this period marked the peak of his artistic genius.

E. Shakespeares legacy extends beyond plays. He coined over 1,700 English words, such as eyeball and fashionable. His phrases, like break the ice and wild-goose chase, are still used today. This linguistic creativity cemented his influence on modern English.

F. In 1582, at age 18, Shakespeare married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years his senior. They had three children, but by the late 1580s, Shakespeare left Stratford for London. The reasons for his departure remain a mystery, though some speculate he sought opportunities in the thriving theater scene.

G. The Globe Theatre, built in 1599, became the main stage for Shakespeares plays. Its open-air design allowed audiences from all social classes to enjoy performances. The theatre burned down in 1613 during a production of Henry VIII but was rebuilt a year later.

   B.    (A, C, D, E, F, G).



 :

1.    B (, , ).

2.  :

F (1582: ,   ).

A (1594:   ,  ).

G (1599:  ).

D (15991608:  ).

C (1613:   , ).

E (:   ).

3.  :

F      .

G       (A).

E   ,   .



 :

B ? F ? A ? G ? D ? C ? E

:

1. B (   ).

2. F (,   ).

3. A (  ).

4. G ( ).

5. D (  ).

6. C (    ).

7. E (  ).



 :

: 1564 (B) ? 1582 (F) ? 1594 (A) ? 1599 (G) ? 15991608 (D) ? 1613  ?   (E).

:

 E     C,         .

 G ( )  ,      .

:

   ,     .

      ( ?  ? ).



         17   AF



1.     

    .    ,    ,  ,  .

2.     

    -: discovered, prohibited, ingredients.        .



3.     

   (A-F)      .    , :   ?     .



4.     

     : 17th century, France, USA. ,  7 (What helped coffee conquer the USA?)    D  1776 .



5.   

         .  ,   ,    .   ,   .



6.  

   social life activity,    people played chess and gossiped.     !       .



7.  ,  

   ,   .   .



8.  

     ,      . ,   ,    .



9.   

   ,    .      (, charity),   :    .



10.    

  :       1520 .          .



11.    

     ,     .  :     .



12. ,  !

      



 :    



1.   ?  

         (, ),      ! ,    .



2.       

      ,      ?. ,    ,     (,   ).



3. -

   social activity,    people gathered to chat.     !   .



4.  

        (, ?,   ?)     .   .



5. -

       .   :   ?



6.  ,      

        ,     .     .



7.   

     ,      ?,   .    (,   ).



8. -

   rarely, never, except     .    .



9.  

  ,    , ,  .      .



10.    

     ,    ,       Not Stated,    .



11.  ? 

      .  : , goats became active ?     .



12.       

    ,   .        .



13. -

       2   .     .



14.     

          .  ,     .



15.    

   ,       .   ,   . :    ,     !



         :



 1: History of Printing

Texts A-F:

A. The first printed books appeared in China in the 9th century, using woodblock printing. However, mass production became feasible only after Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with movable metal type in 1440. This innovation revolutionized the spread of knowledge in Europe, making books accessible beyond the elite. The Gutenberg Bible, printed around 1455, demonstrated the presss potential by producing 180 copies  a feat unimaginable with hand-copied manuscripts. By the 16th century, over 20 million books had been printed, transforming literacy rates and scholarly communication.

B. In the 16th century, the Church viewed printed books as a threat. Many texts, including Bible translations into vernacular languages, were banned. The Inquisition burned heretical publications, and authors/publishers risked execution. Despite bans, urban interest in reading surged. For example, Martin Luthers 95 Theses (1517), printed in German, sparked the Protestant Reformation. Books became weapons in religious and political conflicts, with rulers like Henry VIII using them to legitimize power.

C. By the 18th century, books symbolized the Enlightenment. Philosophers like Voltaire and Rousseau published tracts criticizing absolutism and religious dogma. Their ideas spread via underground presses, while Parisian salons became hubs for intellectual debates. The Encyclopdie (17511772), edited by Diderot, compiled scientific and philosophical knowledge, challenging traditional authority. This era saw the rise of public libraries and lending systems, democratizing access to ideas.

D. Modern e-books (e.g., Kindle) transformed reading. They store thousands of texts, allow font/brightness adjustments, and enable instant purchases. However, studies show screen reading reduces concentration and deep comprehension. A 2014 Stanford University study found students retained 23% less information from digital texts than print. Additionally, e-books contribute to ephemeral reading, where users skim rather than engage deeply.

E. Childrens literature emerged as a distinct genre in the 19th century. Writers like Lewis Carroll and Hans Christian Andersen created moral tales with whimsical illustrations. Schools began using picture books to teach literacy, with series like Little Women (1869) promoting empathy and resilience. The genre evolved from cautionary fables to imaginative worlds, shaping modern storytelling conventions.

F. Today, 3D printing technology enables printing physical objects layer-by-layer. While unrelated to traditional publishing, it reflects the broader evolution of printing as a concept. Innovations like 3D-printed prosthetics and edible food printers showcase its potential. This convergence highlights how printing now encompasses both text and tangible goods.



Questions 17:

1. How did the printing press change book accessibility?

2. Why were printed books banned in the 16th century?

3. What role did books play in the Enlightenment?

4. What are the drawbacks of e-books?

5. When did childrens literature become a separate genre?

6. How did 3D printing impact traditional publishing?

7. Who invented the first printing press?



 17:

1. How did the printing press change book accessibility?

 : printing press, accessibility.

 A: making books accessible beyond the elite.

: A

:     .

 :     B ( ).



2. Why were printed books banned in the 16th century?

 : banned, 16th century.

 B: The Church viewed printed books as a threat banned Bible translations.

: B

:  (XVI )   .

 :     C ().



3. What role did books play in the Enlightenment?

 : Enlightenment, role.

 C: Books symbolized the Enlightenment challenged traditional authority.

: C

:   (, )  .



4. What are the drawbacks of e-books?

 : drawbacks, e-books.

 D: Screen reading reduces concentration 23% less information retained.

: D

:    (reduces, less).

 :     F (3D-).



5. When did childrens literature become a separate genre?

 : childrens literature, separate genre.

 E: Emerged in the 19th century Lewis Carroll, Hans Christian Andersen.

: E

:   (XIX )   .



6. How did 3D printing impact traditional publishing?

 : 3D printing, impact.

 F: 3D printing technology enables printing physical objects unrelated to traditional publishing.

: F

:      .

 :        .



7. Who invented the first printing press?

 : invented, printing press.

 A: Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press with movable metal type in 1440.

: A

:     .

 :     B ()  C ().



 2: Internet Development

Texts A-F:

A. The internet originated as ARPANET in 1969, funded by the U.S. Department of Defense. Its initial purpose was to enable secure communication between research institutions during the Cold War. The first message, sent from UCLA to Stanford in 1969, crashed after typing login. By 1983, TCP/IP protocols standardized data transmission, laying the foundation for global connectivity.

B. The World Wide Web (WWW) was invented by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. He developed HTML and HTTP protocols, allowing hyperlinked documents to be shared globally. His original browser, WorldWideWeb, ran on a NeXT computer. By 1993, the web had 623 websites, growing to billions today.

C. Email transformed business communication. Before 1971, messages were handwritten or sent via telegraph. Ray Tomlinsons @ symbol in 1972 standardized email addresses. By 2023, over 300 billion emails are sent daily, with 45% used for work. Features like attachments and folders streamlined workflows.

D. Social media platforms face criticism for misinformation spread and mental health impacts. Studies link excessive use to anxiety in teens. A 2021 Oxford University report found 40% of users experience FOMO (Fear of Missing Out). Algorithms prioritize engagement, often amplifying polarizing content.

E. Online education exploded post-2020. Platforms like Coursera and edX offer MOOCs (Massive Open Online Courses) with university-level content. MITs OpenCourseWare provides free access to 2,400 courses. Virtual labs and AI tutors simulate hands-on learning, bridging geographic gaps.

F. Fiber-optic cables, deployed since the 1980s, increased internet speeds to gigabits per second. This enabled streaming and cloud computing. The Trans-Pacific Express cable (2022) spans 15,000 km, carrying 1.2 petabits/sec. Undersea cables now handle 99% of international data traffic.

Questions 17:

1. What was the original purpose of the internet?

2. How did email change communication?

3. Why are social media criticized?

4. What technology made the internet faster?

5. How has the internet impacted education?

6. What are the risks of online shopping?

7. Who created the World Wide Web?



 17:

1. What was the original purpose of the internet?

 : original purpose.

 A: ARPANET in 1969, funded by the U.S. Department of Defense secure communication during the Cold War.

: A

:      .

 :     B (WWW).

How did email change communication?

 : email, change.

 C: Email transformed business communication standardized email addresses.

: C

:   @    (300  ).

2. Why are social media criticized?

 : criticized.

 D: Misinformation spread, mental health impacts, FOMO.

: D

:      (anxiety, polarizing content).

3. What technology made the internet faster?

 : technology, faster.

 F: Fiber-optic cables increased speeds to gigabits per second.

: F

:    (gigabits, undersea cables).

4. How has the internet impacted education?

 : impacted education.

 E: Online education exploded post-2020 MOOCs, virtual labs.

: E

:   (Coursera)   (2,400 ).

5. What are the risks of online shopping?

 : risks.

:     .

: Not Stated

:   ,  Not Stated.

6. Who created the World Wide Web?

 : created, World Wide Web.

 B: Tim Berners-Lee in 1989 developed HTML and HTTP.

: B

:      .



 3: Environmental Issues

Texts A-F:

A. Ocean plastic pollution stems from single-use items (bags, straws). 40% of ocean waste originates from just 10 rivers, mostly in Asia. Microplastics now contaminate 83% of tap water globally. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, twice the size of Texas, contains 1.8 trillion pieces of plastic. Marine animals ingest microplastics, transferring toxins up the food chain.

B. Bees pollinate 75% of global crops. Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD), linked to pesticides, threatens food security. Neonicotinoid insecticides, used on 85% of U.S. corn, impair bee navigation. Wild bee populations declined 23% between 20082013. Solutions include planting bee-friendly flowers and banning toxic pesticides.

C. Renewable energy (solar, wind) reduced Germanys carbon emissions by 30% by 2025. Wind turbines now power 25% of Denmark. Solar panels generate 1.3 million jobs worldwide. Offshore wind farms, like the UKs Hornsea Project, produce 1.4 GW  enough for 1.4 million homes.

D. Fast fashion contributes 10% of global CO? emissions. Synthetic fabrics release microplastics into water systems. A single polyester garment sheds 350,000 microfibers per wash. Brands like H&M now offer recycling programs, but 85% of textiles still end up in landfills annually.

E. Deforestation releases stored CO? and reduces oxygen production. The Amazon, nicknamed Earths lungs, loses 1.5 million hectares annually. Logging for cattle ranching accounts for 80% of deforestation. Reforestation projects like Brazils Atlantic Forest Restoration Pact aim to restore 15 million hectares by 2030.

F. Air pollution causes 7 million premature deaths yearly. Children and the elderly are most vulnerable to asthma and lung cancer. Delhis 2019 air quality index reached 999 (hazardous), exceeding WHO limits by 20x. Electric vehicles (EVs) reduce particulate matter by 90%, but adoption remains slow in low-income regions.



Questions 17:

1. What causes ocean plastic pollution?

2. How does deforestation affect climate?

3. Why are bees crucial for ecosystems?

4. What are the health effects of air pollution?

5. How can renewable energy reduce emissions?

6. Why is fast fashion problematic?

7. What solutions exist for water scarcity?



Answers:








10   2     

( ,       )



1.     

 :

   ,       .       .

 1:

: What is the main advantage of cycling?

: Cycling improves health and saves money on transport.

: Improves health and saves money.



 2 ():

: Why do some people avoid social media?

: Many users quit platforms like Vkontakte due to anxiety.

: Avoid ? quit.



2.       

 :

         .     ,     50% .



:

:

 Online education is becoming the new norm.

 [3   Zoom-  ].

 However, face-to-face interaction remains irreplaceable.

:

What is the main trend in education? ? Online education.

What is the drawback of online learning? ? Lack of face-to-face interaction.



3.      

 :

     ,   .

 1:

: The habitat (natural home) of pandas is shrinking.

:       habitat,  .

 2:

: She was resilient  for example, she continued working after failures.

: Resilient = .



4.  

 :

     12 .       .

:

: What is the purpose of recycling?

:

a) To make the sky pink.

b) To reduce pollution.

c) To train parrots.

: b).  a)  c)      .



5.      

 :

    .     .

:

: How many countries signed the Paris Agreement?

: In 2016, 195 countries agreed to fight climate change.

: 195.

:

    :

: When did the first iPhone appear?

: Apple revolutionized phones in 2007 with its iconic device.

: 2007 (  iPhone   ).



6.   

 :

 not, never, rarely    .      .

:

: Solar energy is not suitable for rainy regions.

: Can solar panels work effectively in areas with frequent rains?

: No.

  :   .



7.   

 :

    . :

: Which statement is NOT mentioned in the text?

:          .

:

: Coffee boosts concentration but may cause insomnia.

:

a) Coffee improves focus.

b) Coffee helps sleep.

c) Coffee affects sleep quality.

: b)     .



8.      

 :

 however, therefore, for instance   ,   .

:

: Electric cars are eco-friendly. However, they are expensive.

: What is the disadvantage of electric cars?

: High cost.



9.    

 :

           :

What is the main topic? Are there any recommendations?



 :

Neuroscientists discovered that bilingual brains have more grey matter.

: What was the finding about bilingualism?

: It increases grey matter.

:        .



10.    

 :

    30 .  :

2     .

10     .

5   .

:   ,     ,   80%    .   20%   .     :      ,     . ,   !



 :  , , .



     

    ,   .       .      ,       .   ,       ,    .

,      ,      .      ,      .         :  ,  ,     .



    ?

1..     ,    .

2..       .      1991 ,       1991,     XX .

3.   .       ,       .



  :

:

 1969        .   -11  4 ,    .

:

How long did it take Apollo 11 to reach the Moon?

 :

 ,     ?  4 days ? .

: +1 ,       mission  satellite.



    ?

    ,    .   ,     ,         .  ,           .

,   ,        ,   . :     ,    .



  ?

,       ,     .     ,    ,      30% .



  ?  

1.        :

 :

When was the telephone invented? ?   (1876).

How many people participated in the experiment? ?   (250 volunteers).

Which scientist proposed this theory? ?   (Dr. Smith).



2.    ,   :

 (1995, 75%, 3 million).

 (Marie Curie, Tesla, Mr. Brown).

 (April 12, 1981; the 19th century).



3.   .       ,   .



   

 1: 

:

Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone in 1876, though some argue that Antonio Meucci developed it earlier.

:

When did the telephone become a patented invention?

: 1876 (      patented,    ).



 2: 

:

A recent study involved 2,000 teenagers from 10 countries. 75% of them reported spending over 5 hours daily on social media.



:

What percentage of participants use social media more than 5 hours a day?

: 75% ( 2,000    ).



 3: 

:

According to Dr. Emily Carter, a neuroscientist from Oxford, sleep deprivation affects memory more than stress.

:

Who conducted the research on sleep and memory?

: Dr. Emily Carter (      neuroscientist,   ).



,   

1.     .

 : In 2020, 45% of students chose online courses. By 2024, this number rose to 68%.

 : What percentage preferred online learning in 2024?

 : 68% (      ).

2.    .

 : The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century, changed production forever.

 : When did the Industrial Revolution start?

 : late 18th century (        ).

3.     .

 : While Einstein is famous for relativity, Max Planck laid the foundation for quantum physics.

 : Who is associated with quantum theory?

 : Max Planck (Einstein ,  ).



  ?

  .        1020% .

 .      .

 .           .



  :

 /      .    ,      .



  :

        .        .

P.S.        :     ,      .



     : The gadget was cumbersome ? big and heavy.

 :

   ,    .      : , ,    .       ,  .



  :

The gadget was cumbersome, so she struggled to carry it in her small bag.

? cumbersome = big and heavy.



?

  struggled to carry (  )   .

  small bag ( ) :    - /.



5     ( ):



1.   /

:

Her phobia (extreme fear) of spiders made her scream.

? phobia = extreme fear.

:    ,   .



2.   such as, like, for example

:

Nocturnal animals, such as owls and bats, are active at night.

? Nocturnal = .

:       nocturnal,       .



3.   but, however, unlike

:

John was taciturn, but his sister chatted non-stop.

? taciturn =  (  chatted non-stop).

:      .



4.   

:

The movie was so tedious that half the audience fell asleep.

? tedious = .

:    ?   .



5.  /

:

The aroma of freshly baked bread filled the kitchen.

? aroma =  ().

:  filled () + freshly baked () = -  .

:    

 The vintage car, manufactured in 1920, looked ancient but elegant.

? vintage =  (: manufactured in 1920).

 He abolished the old law and introduced a new one.

? abolished =  (:    ).

 The document was illegible  the handwriting looked like scribbles.

? illegible =  (  ).



 ,    ?



1.   . :

 Aquaphobia ? aqua () + phobia () =  .



2. ,  .

 : The opaque glass didnt let any light through.

?    ,  .



,   :



1.   .

 : She was fabricating a story about aliens.

? fabricating =  (  ! ).



2.    .

    3  ,   ,    .



  :

        . :

The obsolete smartphone (released in 2010) couldnt run new apps.

? obsolete ? released in 2010 + couldnt run new apps = .



  ?

     .  ,    ,      .      :   ,  .     .

P.S.      ,      .     ,    .

      Not Stated (True/False/Not Stated  Yes/No/Not Given)



  False  Not Given?

False (No):   .

:

: The meeting starts at 3 PM.

: The meeting starts at 5 PM ? False.

Not Given:     ,     /.

:

: The meeting starts at 3 PM.

: The meeting will be held online ? Not Given (     ).



5     Not Given



1.   ,    

            ,  Not Given.

:

: Coffee increases productivity.

: Tea reduces stress ? Not Given (     ).



2.    

 all, never, only, every    .

:

: Some birds migrate in winter.

: All birds migrate in winter ? False ( ? ).



3.  

     ,    .

:

: The museum is closed on Mondays.

: The museum is open every Sunday ? Not Given (   ).



4.  

    ,       Not Given.

:

: John loves apples.

: John hates oranges ? Not Given (    ).



5.    

    ,    ,  Not Given.

:

: The festival lasts 3 days.

: The festival attracts 10,000 visitors ? Not Given (   ).



3 ,   



1. -

     ,   .

:

: The device is eco-friendly.

: The device is energy-efficient ? Not Given (- ? ).



2.  

   50%,     .

:

: The book was published in 2020.

: The book was published in 2020 and became a bestseller ? Not Given (   ).



3.  - 

    ,    .

:

: It rained yesterday. The flowers bloomed.

: The flowers bloomed because it rained ? Not Given (  ).



:

The new park in Green City has a playground, a lake, and walking trails. It opens at 8 AM and closes at sunset. Entry is free for children under 12.



:

1. The park has a swimming pool.

2. The park is open until 9 PM in summer.

3. Adults must pay to enter the park.

4. The park is located near a forest.



:

 False (   playground, lake, trails,   ).

 Not Given (  closes at sunset,      ).

 Not Given (    ;   free for children under 12).

 Not Given (      ).



:

In recent years, many schools worldwide have started adopting eco-friendly practices to reduce their environmental impact. For example, Green Valley School in Sweden has installed solar panels on its roof, which provide 80% of the buildings energy. Students there also participate in weekly recycling programs and grow vegetables in a school garden.

Another initiative is the Zero Waste campaign at Oceanview High in California. The school banned single-use plastics in its cafeteria and replaced them with biodegradable containers. Teachers report that students have become more environmentally conscious since the program began.

However, not all schools can afford such changes. Small rural schools often lack funding for solar panels or recycling facilities. Despite this, some organize tree-planting events or eco-clubs to engage students in sustainability.



:

1. Green Valley School uses solar energy for all its electricity needs.

True

False

Not Given

2. Oceanview High students now use metal lunchboxes instead of plastic containers.

True

False

Not Given

3. All schools in rural areas have recycling facilities.

True

False

Not Given

4. Some schools without funding still teach students about ecology.

True

False

Not Given

5. Green Valley Schools garden is managed by professional farmers.

True

False.

Not Given



  :

1. False

: solar panels provide 80% of the buildings energy.

  for all its electricity needs (100%),   .

2. Not Given

: replaced [plastics] with biodegradable containers.

  metal lunchboxes,    .   .

3. False

: Small rural schools often lack funding for recycling facilities.

 all schools have   .

4. True

: some organize tree-planting events or eco-clubs.

  ,       .

5. Not Given

: students grow vegetables in a school garden.

  professional farmers  . ,   .



   :

  2:  biodegradable containers  metal lunchboxes    .

  5:    (professional farmers)    Not Given.

:        



:

The Gothic novel, a literary genre born in 18th-century England, combines elements of horror, romance, and suspense. Its origins are often traced to Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto (1764), which introduced medieval castles, secret passages, and supernatural events. Walpoles work inspired authors like Ann Radcliffe, whose The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) perfected the explained supernatural technique, where eerie phenomena later receive rational explanations.

Mary Shelleys Frankenstein (1818) marked a shift, blending Gothic tropes with science fiction. Unlike earlier novels, Shelleys masterpiece explored ethical dilemmas of human ambition, asking whether science should defy natural limits. Meanwhile, across the Atlantic, Edgar Allan Poes short stories, such as The Fall of the House of Usher (1839), focused on psychological terror, influencing later writers like H.P. Lovecraft.

Despite criticism for being overly dramatic, Gothic fiction never faded. Modern works like Stephen Kings The Shining or Neil Gaimans Coraline prove its adaptability. Themes of isolation, forbidden knowledge, and the sublime continue to resonate, proving that darkness will always fascinate the human mind.



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