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           ,         20- ,   ,            ,      .            ,        .       .

  .    ,   ,                .                  ,       ,            ,       .   ,              ,    .         ,   ,       .    ,    ,     , .       120 , ,     .      2020   110 .

     2019 . :   -72.,   -84.,  -83., - 80., -72., - 71.  ,           1516  ,   ,    ,      50-60 . ,  ,   ,   ,    ,    ,    .    ,      ,   ,       ,    .       , ,  ,  , ,    ,      .

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         ,                , ,  , , , , , ,   . .       .   Forbes   2018      10  .

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  ,     IQ,   , ,      .  IQ  100 ,   IQ  - 110,    IQ 140      ,    .               1954    -   28   IQ  - 170  ,   24  .     ?     ?

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      ()

18481879

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18521879

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1855 -1882



      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C), (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8C)  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9). Ÿ   ,     .             .          . 1871 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1871_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  , (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2)     .          , (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE)   1874 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4). (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1874_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)        .       ,     -.     ,  ,      . 9  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F)1875    .         -. 1877  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1877_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)           .     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA) -.         (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87).   ,14  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0)1879 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1879_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)       (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0),         -      .    ,       ,  , ,   .  1881 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1881_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)      ,       ,       .  1  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0)1881         ,      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0_II_1_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_1881_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0)    .  2  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0) ,          ,   .     . (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)    ,     ,         .         , (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5)        . (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C)          ,               .  , ,          .           . (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8E%D0%B3%D0%BE,_%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80)    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8C)     .    .    .     .     ,        (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82)





  

1855 -1880










 ,    ,   .         9  1879 .      . .. .      1879 .              .      .   

      ,      ,      .       ,   150   .     : ,         ,     .   

:   ,   ,      ,  .   1880 .        ,    ,             .

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18551885



   70-       ,   1879 .    .            .  1882 .          .    1882 .,    ,   .      .

   








18591888

,    ,      .       .    ,       ,      .   1879 .   .     .     1879 .      .      ,           1880.                .      ,   ,   ,    .   1884 .     .       :  .      1885     .             ,       2  1888 . .

   






18631891

   1880- .

         , (http://www.rujen.ru/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1)      .  1885.   ,    -,      .  1887.   .  -      .  1888           ,      ,      III.  31.5.1889 , (http://www.rujen.ru/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1)   (http://www.rujen.ru/index.php?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3&action=edit&redlink=1)     .

 1890.      .      17  1890.       .   1890.    ,  7 1891   ,   .

 

                1886   -       .    1889   .           ,   ,      . 


                .          34  (29   5 ),    ,    ,      .         ,   ,      100   .    ,  ,    .     ,      

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            ,   ,     1897 .      ,   ,   1902     -    .     ,         :    28   - 22   6  -   .      : .   .  , .   .            ,    .      ,     - (),    20- .          .         : . -  ,  X. ,  , .    .

   






18691918

    , 

    .    --.    , .    ,   1892  , (http://hrono.ru/1900ge.php)        -.  ,   -    1893     .  1899     -. 1901 (http://hrono.ru/1901_.php)  . .          . 1903 (http://hrono.ru/1903_.php), (http://hrono.ru/1903_.php)   ,    ,        ,    (http://hrono.ru/dokum/terr11_10.html)  .. , (http://hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/pleve_vk.php)    , (http://hrono.ru/biograf/bio_g/gapon.php),     .           .  1905          17 ,    ,  (http://hrono.ru/biograf/bio_n/nikolai2a.php) .    ,    ,       . 1908 (http://hrono.ru/1908_.php)        ,   . 1910 (http://hrono.ru/1910_.php)     ,        .    . 1915 (http://hrono.ru/1915_.php) (http://hrono.ru/1915_.php).         .       .  1917 (http://hrono.ru/1917_.php), (http://hrono.ru/1917_.php)     ,   .       .





   










18791909



    1879      -.    .   -    1902 .     ,              .   ,   ,     , ,           1905 .          .         1909 .



  

           .  ,   ,      ,      ,             .        ,   , ϸ ,    ,  ,       .



   (   ) 










18981929

 

           ,     .        .         ,   ,   .       ,    .

-             .         -.        ,          .   1918 .     ,       .   1918 .                             .  .                  . 6  1918 .          ,        .           .   ,   ,    ,     ,       .    ,         .   1919        .      .  1919 .      ,        .       ,      .  ,   ,  , , ,    .    ,          .

 1919 .              ,      13-     .               .   1919-,     ,         .    192021 .         .          ,    , ,  .      ,    .         .          ,      .         ,    :           ,         ,    ,    .  1921 .      ().        (   ).                    1924 .       ,              ,  ,    ,     .          ,   ,        .               ,       .   1928 .             .          1928 .        ,              .    -         .  1929 .   .      . ,  ,     ,      . ,                 .            .         ,    1929            .     .     .      ,    .      ?












 ϸ ()  










18781942

 ,          



        

  .         .             ,        .     ,     ,   .  1899       ,  ,           .      .             .    ,   . 9  1905                         .             .    .   ,            .      ,            .   1906 .    ,   190715 .   .           .      ,        .       ,      ,         .

           ,       .     ,                ,       .       -       .

             .        .              1917             .      7  1917       .              ,    .   1918       .   . .    ,             .      .        ,            ,  .   1919     .         ,     .             ,       .      1921           -.                 .  1923 ,   ,      ,           .       ,        -,    ,    .

 1930           .         .           1948 .               -  .        ,         ,       .     ,     ,       ,   .             .   ,   1942   .    ,   .



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAUeFOB5f7c (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZAUeFOB5f7c)







   



18801920

 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9)      

   1880       (-) ,    ,     25 .         1902        .    -     ,     ,      .   1904         ,        .                    .   ,     ,    ,          4-      .    1904             .       ,    1700 .      ,      ,    , , ,  , ,  .           -.                .       .        -,       :

             .                    -  - .        ,       ,    .  ,    ,   ,   - ,      .            ,    . ,   ,     ,        ,       1911 .        ,    .                   .         ,    ,   ,    ,   ,   ,        .      ,    ,     ,     .   11         . ,       .          ,   ,       -    ,      -  ,        - .        1915 .               .    ,        .  -       .           ,   ,  .     .     .         ,    .     ,   ,    .                 .      ,         ,     1917 ,    ,     ,       ,        - ,  ,   ,    - .     .        -,        .  ,    ,     -  .          .      ,    - .    1918   .        .           -,             -.       1919     .   1919 .    ,    - -.     .     ,          ,               ,  .    ,         ,         - .   ,        .     ,   ,            .      (   1919 .).           -       .            ( )    .   ,        ,     ,       .   ,                    -    1  1920 .          .

    .      ,  .                 ,       ,  .        .      .              .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKOzKWJWpp4&t=83s (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKOzKWJWpp4&t=83s)

    

(  )








18671924

    -







   ,    ,      .  19   (http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/parvus_frojanov.php), (http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/parvus_frojanov.php)             .  1891        ,    - .     .  1895-1898            1898     (http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/biograf2/9867) (http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/biograf2/9867)   ,                    .    1905-1907                       .   1905  -       ,    .         .  1906    ,      ,      ,     -  ().      500      ,    .   ,       ,  1908     .  1910     ,      .  ,   1911         .     1912-1913     ,       ,    .  1913    ,         .       (https://www.litmir.co/br/?b=86946&p=45)  (https://www.litmir.co/br/?b=86946&p=45)   -   .   1915         .      -     ,         -,    .   - , ,  ,      ,      ,  ,   .

 1916           .       .   1917                 -    .    1917          ,   ,   .  1919   (http://www.k2x2.info/politika/kuplennaja_revolyucija_tainoe_delo_parvusa/p3.php) , (http://www.k2x2.info/politika/kuplennaja_revolyucija_tainoe_delo_parvusa/p3.php)   ,           .12  1924       .



     








18861938

 , , 

   .                . (https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/10386/)       ,   .      . (https://eleven.co.il/judaism/traditional-education/14491/)        ,      .    ,    1905 .   (https://eleven.co.il/jews-of-russia/government-society-jews/13251/)      (https://eleven.co.il/jews-of-russia/movements-parties/13678/) .       ,    -     .       .     ,    .     .         ,    (https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/10878/)         .       ,    ,   1910 .   (https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/13151/). (https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/13151/)             .    1917 .           , (https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/communities/13047/)        .   1917 .   1918 .       , ,    ,     .    1919 .     ,     .       , (https://eleven.co.il/diaspora/regions-and-countries/10588/)          .  ,          ,  15     1920 .    ,    .      1926 .           . .      ,           191820 .  .       .        . (https://eleven.co.il/jewish-art/visual-architecture/14709/), (https://eleven.co.il/jewish-art/visual-architecture/14709/)          .    .      ,          ,         . 3  1938              .  30 ,  1967 ,      ,         .     ,   -   .





   

( - )








18841966



        ..    (1942-2021),          .

  16  1884 .         .           .      .   ,    : , , , ,  (  ),    ( ).          , ,      ,     .       ,     .  1901 .     1902 .      ,    .           .       . -            .      ,      .        .          .       ,         ,  .          .  , ,   .       ,     , ,  .          .  ,    ,      .        ,    ,     -         .         .     ,      ,      .        ,      ,    , ,   .          .   ,    ,       ,    .                  .   ,    .        ,       .   ,    ,   .        . 28  1906   -      .. .             ,  , , ,  .                      .        ,        ,  ,      .          ,       .        ,    ,     .  1907 .      ,        .           ,      (),     ,           .      , ,     ,   .     ,       ,   .       ,    ,  - ,  ,  ,   -  ,  .           ,    .      -     ,      .      1914   .     ,      .    ,     ,   .     ,     .    , ,   ,        ,       - ,             .    ,  ,        ,       .    ,      ,     ,  , ,     .      ,  ,   .     ,         ,  ,    .    ,        ,   ,         .          ,       .   , ,    .            .  1916 .    ,   ,  ,  ,          .     1917 .                         .      ,       ,             .            .    .          ,   ,          .           , , , .             ,   1921 .             .         , ,            .     ,      .            ,     .   -,  ,     ,   .          1921  1926 . ,      ,   , ,     .       , ,     .         .      ,    .      ,    ,   .       ,    .     (19261930  .),   19301937  .     ,         .           , ,   1937  1940 .          .             ,      .          ,     ,   .      ,      ,    1943 .    .     ,         (1943 1946 .)   (19481949  .).     ,  ,   .  1950 .       .  1964 .              .        ,        .

 ,      27  1966    82 .    -  .  ,     :  ,     ,     (   50  )    .          ,  .       ,     .          .      ,   ,            -   ,  ,              .       .          ,            ,    1937   .  1938    .    ,  ,        .  1948  -          ,          1990 .     .       ,        1968 .        ,    .     ,   .

       ,  ,    .    ,     .      .       .    ,   ,   .      ,     .  ,    ,   ,    ,     .     ,    .       ,      , ,   .    ,    ,    , ,   ,  ,        .       ,   , .      , ,              ,        .



 

 1917   ,   240 ,     .        -         5% ( 375,9 ,  19,6 ).      ,   VI c ( 1917 )   16%,    ,    ,   7  24  (29%).   : , , , , , , .             ,      .       ,      ,          .    -                     ,    ,         .         ,     .

  

(    ) 






18791940

 ,   

            .  1889        .           . ,         .               .        ,    .          ,      .      -  ,      .  1898            ,      .          ,  1902          .         ,        .        ,        .  1902 ,     ,    ,          .   ,      - ,       .  1903      .  1905     ,               .         .        ,      .       ,       ,       .  1907 .            . ,            ,     .  1908     ,     ,    ,     ,     .   1916 .  ,    -,    .                1917.   .   1917    - ,  25            ,       .        ,   . ,             ..    , ,         .        ,    ,    .   , , ,    ,      ,       .

  1917   1918.          ,  ,  .        ,      .      ,       .         ,     ,    .              .   1919          ().         .  19201921               .  1922     ,         .        .           (),   ,      ,     .       .         ,     (), , ,   ,      , ,      (),      .      ,                 ,      ,     (    )     ,             .  1923           ,    ,            ,           .      XIII   ()   1924    ,         ,   .    1924       .       .        .   1924      ,     ,          ,         .    ,                     .        1925 .       ,  ,     ,             .  1927  ,   ,     ,     ,       ,     .           ,       .  ,     10-   7  1927  ,            ,       -.       ,            .   1929      ,             .            .  1929-1933              .          ,    ,          ,   1917 .  1933     ,    1935    ,      .       ,          .  1936           ?,        .            ,   1939        .       .      21  1940            .        .      .       20  ,        .  1960        ,        .         .          ,      ,     ,            .       .  1928        ,    ,      ,  1933    ,     .     ,  1938        . Ÿ        .              .  ,        ,      ,  ,         ,     ,      ).        .  1937           ,                    . , ,  ,        -.  ,              .  1937         ,  ,         ,       .        .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RWxg6tForA (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7RWxg6tForA)-        

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tt9Xqx7ouiY







   

( - )










18831936

,   

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      .         ,   .   1901 .   - ,   1903 .   .     .. ,         .    1905 .      .                 .   1917 .                      .   1917     . ,   .            .        .            1918 .           , ,  ,   19191926 .      .                    . .       .      1922            ().     19211926     .   ,   ,     .  1925. ,     ,     ,      ,    14-  .  1926 .      ,           .        ,    .   - .   1932         ,       4      .   ,       .  17-            ,         1934.,   . .              .    1936 .       ,   ,             .              .        25       .

  , ,      ,          .       ..  .    .      ,        .      (19081937)       .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rrntjV0CDp0

   ()






18851919

 

          -,     . ,               ,       .       ,        1900        .       .       . 1901 .    -  ().             .    .             .   -     .       , , , ,    ,    .      ,    ,  ,   .    1906-  1916          ,        ,    .     :      (19061916 .),  ,      .     1917 .        1917 .    ,             ().        .             ,        -    .  2-      .        ,       .      ,       . .               1-   ,        .       ,  ,        .  3                 ,       - ,  .      .     . , ,     .

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18831936

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   , 2  1918 ,      . 6 ,    ,         ,       (       ).             .

 1918  1944      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3)) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3)) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3), (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C_(%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3))    .     , , ,  ,       .





    










18911918



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1890 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1890)- 1918 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918)

.   



   .  1910    ,           .      (1912),      2- .  1914     .   1917 -  ,     ,   () .    1917  ,    .   1917   ,    ().  5-   ,      .       1918.  19      .       .      .        .



     



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18921925

  

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 191718 .             192021 .       .       . ,    ,            ,   ,   ,    ,        .   1924 .        -   . ,           ,                    .   1925 .       ,             -.   ,      . .    .     . ,         .

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18841928

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1928 .   ,    ,     .     ,   .       .             50-     -                  80- .



   










1891 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924)1924 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924)



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           .      .   ,   1911      .          ,    .

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 1921       ,     .         ,     ,     .   1923  ,       ,    ,      .

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  30-        



  1930-        ,  ,     .      ,      .    .

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1885 -1939

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     .  14    -       ,            1902     .         ,   1903.   .  1904 .   ,   ,          - .  1906             .  1907   ,        .        . . .    1917.       .           .      ,           .          .

    1918.     ,         .   ..        ().   1919        .

 1923 .            ,   .  1923     . . .

 19251927                   ,        .  1927           ()        4  .

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        ,     :  ,      ?  ? :     ,     .      1935 .            .        (1936).   1936 .,      ,        .   . .   1936 .   ,       ,  ,   ,    ,              (            . ),    .     ,     ..     10   .   ,        .   19561961            .    ,   ,    . .    ,        ,         .

  1938                   5 .        . .       8      (),   .    1941     ,    ,         ,     ().  ,       1938 .       1988.

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18941940

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          .     ,     .   , ,    .  , ,        .  1916     .             .        . ,        .

  .            ,   .  1920           ,       ,     .    80 ,    ,     ,     .            1926        -.          ,     ,               .        ,         .   1930- ,      ,    ,            ,     .     ,    .      .   15  1939.                .       ,    .      .      ,  , ,        .   ,    ,     ,             - .   27  1940 .

 1939  1955       .  1954     .  1957           ,          ,     .

  :  , .   ,     .           ,     .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKWY97rxXQc (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKWY97rxXQc)



   










18871938,

,    (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/majakovsky/000f21ab.htm). (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/majakovsky/000f21ab.htm)

     ,       ,   ,    .    ,       .    .      1909 .       ,     ,  ,  .        ,    ,     .

    :     , ,      (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/sablini/0003d02f.htm), (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/sablini/0003d02f.htm)        .      , , , .  1933 .      ,    1910- . 25  1937 .          -   - .      ,  .  21  1938    (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/chertok/005ea255.htm)      , . . ,    . .        (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/majakovsky/000326f5.htm)  (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/majakovsky/000326f5.htm). (http://www.famhist.ru/famhist/majakovsky/000326f5.htm)   ,      ,  ,    .       , ,    ,  .

   ,   12 ,      ,  ,      .  1942       .   18 .

25  2016             -,   ,    .



  





18911938



, (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5), (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA). (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA)



      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0)  . (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/XX_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA)       1891 (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1891_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4)  ,   .  ,     (18561938),      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8), (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B8)       . (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8)  1897     . (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3)     ,      ,           .   1911     -  -    (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82),      1917 .  1911            .      ,   ,   .

1920-          .    : Tristia,  , .     , , .  1925       .       :  ,  (1925),  (1926).  1928         .

     .    ,    ,      .  1930- ,          ,    ,     .       .

 1930    .            .         .  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0) (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0),  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0)),         

  1933     (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84_%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)  ,     ,     .

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     .

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          . 

  (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)   .      ,     13  14  1934   .     ,   , ,   - ,    .    ,   ,   ,  .  ,   .   .      ,   ,  .       ,      (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87)                . (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6)        .

 1937    ,       .        .    1  2  1938    .             . ,       ,      .            8      . , 27  1938       .      ,   .        ,      .            .       .   ,     .        1987 .

         20        .      .

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KT8MIOrdlCc (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KT8MIOrdlCc)









  30- .

        



  ,   ,  ,   ,      ,    ,         ,    . ,         1936       :

       ,   . ,     ,     .   ,  ,   -  .    ,   ,          .  ,   ,         .        ,    .        .   ,    30-             .                      ,        .        30-          .   40- -  50- ,                ,         .  ,        ,  .        .     ,       .       ,       .              . . .     -        , ,  . .      ,    .      ,     ,    .      (19171991)      .

                                         



 ..                        1917, 19211926,                                 

 ..                        1917, 19191926                                  

 ..                    1917,19241925                                         



 ..                         1917, 19191926                                     

 ..                       19261930, 1930-1957                        



   

 ..    19171919         



 ..  19211922                                                                              

 ..     1924                                                                       



    . 

      








          1938 - 1940.

     

.     ,    .  .  1917         .   1917   -.  1918        .  - 1919.- . .   .  1931  1934. .  -  .   1938.     .      ,       1940.      .            .   .  1945-49. - .  ()  .  1949.               .





  






            193738.       

          .    , .        .  1918   ().  1920  1930      - .  19231924 -    - .  1924 1927      .  1930    ,    1932.   1937.  .  ,    - (19361937).   1937    1938      .  1938,   ()      .    .            7  1939 .     .:   ʗ,  ,  ,    ,  .   1957 . 



    






18971939

        1937-38. 

         .  1922     ,    .   1924 ,              .   1930       -.       ,     .    1932      .      1934       ,     .   1936          ,    1937    .      .        .    29  1938  . 7  1939              . .      - .       .      .

   






18971962

               1939-46.

.   1941.

           1946.

     ,      .  1919               .       192026 .       -          .  1926 .       - .     ,        ( ,    ),  1937 .   ,   1939 .    .    1941 .       .   ,         .           ,    1942 .            ,         .  194653 .     ,       ,        ,     .  1953 .        ,    ,           1958 .      -,      ,   ,      . .             .

   






18891938

      193437

 



            .      .    ,     .            .  17    ,   1914      .         18    350 .  1912             .          - .

        ,   ,     .  1919        ,    ,   1922        ,            ().  1924          .  1929      ,   1930-   .,   1926        .   ,     ,       .  1934        ,       .      :  1933      ,   1936-     .         .     , ,    !    ,    ,  ,




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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74356822)  .

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