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       ,    XIX . ,                  .

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  .., 2026.



Walter Scott  

IVANHOE 



Chapter I  I

They talked that night,    ,

When the flocks from the fields trudged home,      ,

When, having eaten, but not being subdued, , ,   ,

The pigs went squealing reluctantly to their stable.        .Pop, The Odyssey , 

In that beautiful part of merry England watered by the River Don, there were once vast forests that covered most of the beautiful rolling valleys that lie between Sheffield and Doncaster.      ,    ,      ,      ,     . The remains of these great forests are still visible around the noble castles of Wentworth, Wharncliffe Park, and near Rotherham.           , -   . It is said to have once been the home of the fabulous dragon of Wantley; it was the scene of fierce battles during the civil wars of the White Rose and the Scarlet Rose; and it was also the site of the ancient bands of those brave bandits whose exploits and deeds are celebrated in folk songs.  ,      ;            ;          ,        .

This is the main setting of our story, and the events described in it date back to the end of the reign of Richard I, when the return of the king from a long captivity seemed a desirable but no longer possible event to desperate subjects who were subjected to endless oppression of the nobility.      ,              I,        ,      ,     . The feudal lords, who had obtained an exorbitant power in the reign of Stephen, but had been forced to submit to the royal authority of the prudent Henry II., were now again acting in the same way as in former times; and, disregarding the feeble attempts of the English Council of State to restrain their arbitrary power, they strengthened their castles, increased the number of their vassals, and forced the whole district he sought to gather and lead an army that would enable him to become an influential person in the upcoming state upheavals. ,      ,        II,   ,    ;         ,    ,   ,        ;        ,            .

The position of the small nobles, or, as they were then called, the Franklins, who, according to the letter and spirit of English law, should have maintained their independence from the tyranny of the great feudal lords, was extremely precarious at that time.         , ,    , , ,      ,          . The Franklins might secure a quiet existence for a time, if, as for the most part happened, they had recourse to the protection of one of the leading nobles of their district, or were part of his retinue, or were bound by mutual aid and protection agreements to support the feudal lord in his military enterprises; but in this case they were forced to sacrifice their freedom, which is so dear to the heart of every true Englishman, and were in danger of being involved in any rash scheme of their ambitious patron.         ,  ,      ,         ,     ,                ;          ,       ,            . On the other hand, the great barons, who had at their disposal powerful and varied means of oppression and oppression, always found a pretext for hounding, persecuting, and driving to utter ruin any of their less powerful neighbors who tried not to recognize their authority and live independently, thinking that their safety was guaranteed by loyalty and loyalty. strict compliance with the laws of the country.   ,  ,        ,     ,  ,            ,          , ,          .

The conquest of England by the Norman Duke William greatly increased the tyranny of the feudal lords and deepened the suffering of the lower classes.              . Four generations had failed to blend the hostile blood of the Normans and Anglo-Saxons, or to reconcile by common language and mutual interests the hated peoples, one of whom still reveled in victory and the other suffered the consequences of defeat.                     ,       ,       . After the Battle of Hastings, power passed entirely into the hands of the Norman nobles, who were by no means moderate.           ,     . Almost all the Saxon princes and nobles, without exception, were either exterminated or deprived of their possessions, and the number of small Saxon proprietors who retained the lands of their fathers was small.            ,    ;       ,      . The kings were constantly striving, by legal and illegal measures, to weaken that part of the population which had an innate hatred of the conquerors.           ,      .         ;     ,         ,    ,         .

At court and in the castles of the noblest nobles, who were trying to introduce the splendor of court life, they spoke exclusively Norman-French; the same language was used in all places where justice was administered.       ,       ,   --;         ,   . In a word, French was the language of the nobility, of chivalry, and even of justice, while the incomparably more manly and expressive Anglo-Saxon language was left to the peasants and household people who knew no other language. ,     ,    ,               ,    .

However, the need for communication between landowners and the enslaved people who worked their land served as the basis for the gradual formation of an adverb from a mixture of French and Anglo-Saxon, speaking which they could understand each other.        ,    ,            ,   ,     . Thus gradually arose the English language of the present day, which contains a happy mixture of the language of the victors with the dialect of the vanquished, and which has since been so enriched by borrowing from the classical and so-called Southern European languages.  -     ,                        .

I have thought it necessary to give the reader this information in order to remind him that although the history of the Anglo-Saxon people after the reign of William II is not marked by any significant events such as wars or rebellions, yet the wounds inflicted by the conquest did not heal until the reign of Edward III.       ,   ,         II         ,   ,  ,       III. The national differences between the Anglo-Saxons and their conquerors were great; memories of the past and thoughts of the present rekindled these wounds and helped to preserve the border between the descendants of the victorious Normans and the defeated Saxons.        ;              ,       .

The sun was setting behind one of the thickly grassy glades of the forest already mentioned at the beginning of this chapter.          ,        . Hundreds of broad, low-trunked, wide-spreading oaks, which may have witnessed the majestic march of the ancient Roman army, stretched out their gnarled arms over the soft carpet of magnificent green turf.  ,        , ,  ,      ,          . Here and there the oaks were mingled with beech, holly, and an undergrowth of various shrubs, so thickly grown that they blocked out the low rays of the setting sun; here and there the trees parted to form long avenues running away into the distance, in the depths of which the admiring eye is lost, and the imagination creates even wilder pictures of the age-old forest.     ,      ,   ,        ;    ,  ,   ,      ,         . The purple rays of the setting sun, breaking through the foliage, now cast a diffused and wavering light on the broken branches and mossy trunks, now lay in bright and glittering spots on the turf.    ,   ,            ,        . A large clearing in the middle of this clearing was probably the place where the druids performed their rites.     , ,  ,     . Here was a hill of such regular shape that it looked as if it had been built by human hands; on the top there was an incomplete circle of huge uncultivated stones.      ,     ;         . Seven of them were standing upright, the rest had been knocked down by the hands of some zealous Christian, and lay partly in the vicinity of the former place, and partly on the side of the hill.    ,     -          ,     . Only one huge stone rolled down to the very bottom of the hill, blocking the flow of a small stream that broke through at the foot of the hill, and it caused its peaceful and quiet streams to rumble faintly.         ,    ,    ,           .

Two men enlivened the scene; they were, judging by their dress and appearance, one of the commoners who had inhabited the woodlands of West Yorkshire in those early days.     ;  ,      ,   ,         . The eldest of them was a sullen and fierce-looking man.          . His clothing consisted of a single leather jacket made from the tanned hide of an animal, with the fur facing up; the fur was so worn from time to time that it was impossible to tell from the few remaining shreds which animal it belonged to.       ,     - ,  ;     ,        ,    .This primitive garment covered its wearer from the neck to the knees, and took the place of all the parts of ordinary clothing.                 .The collar was so wide that the jacket was worn over the head, like our shirts or ancient mail.    ,     ,      . To make the jacket fit snugly to the body, it was tied with a wide leather belt with a copper clasp.      ,        . A bag was attached to his belt on one side, and a ram's horn with a pipe on the other.        ,       . A long, broad knife with a horn handle protruded from his belt; such knives were made right there in the neighborhood, and were already known as the Sheffield knives.         ;     ,  ,        . This man wore sandal-like shoes with bearskin straps, and the thinner and narrower straps were wrapped around his calves, leaving his knees bare, as is customary among the Scots.       ,   ,     ,        ,   ,    . His head was unprotected except for a thick tangle of hair, which had faded from the sun and taken on a dark red, rusty hue and was very different from the light brown, rather amber-colored, large beard.      ,    ,      -,       -,    ,  . We have only to note one very curious feature in his appearance, but it is so remarkable that it cannot be overlooked: it was a brass ring like a dog's collar, sealed tightly around his neck.           ,    ,      :       ,     . It was wide enough not to interfere with breathing, but at the same time so narrow that it was impossible to remove it only by sawing it in half.      ,    ,       ,     ,   . On this peculiar collar was inscribed in Saxon letters:        :

"Gurth, son of Beowulf, born slave of Cedric of Rotherwood." ,  ,    .

Beside the swineherd (for such was Gurth's occupation), on one of the fallen stones of the druids, sat a man who looked ten years younger than the first.   (    )        ,       . His dress resembled that of a swineherd, but it was somewhat quaint and was made of the best material.     ,          . His jacket was painted a bright purple, and on it were daubed some mottled and ugly patterns.      - ,     -    . Over the jacket was thrown an excessively wide and very short cloak of crimson cloth, much soiled, and edged with a bright yellow border.             ,  ,  - . It could be thrown loosely from one shoulder to the other, or completely wrapped up in it, and then it fell in fancy folds, draping his figure.               ,      ,   . This man had silver bracelets on his hands and a silver collar around his neck, with the inscription: "Wamba, son of the Brainless, slave of Cedric of Rotherwood."        ,        : ,  ,   . He wore the same shoes as his companion, but a kind of gaiter, one of which was red and the other yellow, took the place of a wicker belt.     ,    ,       ,     ,   . There were bells attached to his cap, no larger than those that are tied to hunting falcons; they rang every time he turned his head, and as he was almost never at rest for a single minute, they rang almost continuously.          ,    ;  ,    ,  ,            ,     . The hard leather band of this cap was cut into the upper edge with teeth and a cross-cut pattern, which gave it the appearance of a peerage crown; a long bag was sewn on the inside of the band, the tip of which hung over one shoulder, like an old-fashioned nightcap, a triangular sieve, or the headdress of a modern Hussar.              ,       ;       ,      ,    ,       . From the bell-shaped cap, and the very shape of it, as well as from the stupid and at the same time cunning expression on Wamba's face, one could guess that he was one of those domestic clowns or buffoons that rich people kept for fun in their homes, in order to somehow pass the time" out of necessity held within four walls.    ,     ,                ,         ,         ,  -        .




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   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/raznoe/aivengo-na-angliiskom-iazyke-s-parallel-nym-perevodom-na-russkii-74384288/)  .

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