   .    
 


     ,    軠  ,       .

 ,   ,              ,     .                    .

     ,      ,     (-, ).       ໠       XX,                 ,        ,     .   ,     ,         ( ,  .   ),  .    ,                .





 

   .    



Carol Duncan

Civilizing Rituals: Inside Public Art Museums



All Rights Reserved

Authorised translation from the English language edition published by Routledge, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group



 



 :

 .   








    , 2025

 Artguide s.r.o., 2025

  , , 1995

  , , 2024




  


     .  1976        ,           -,    .       ,            ,       ,        .   ,   ,    [1 - ,              (-, 1977).     P. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . ʸ, . , . , . , .  , . , . , . , .   . .    . .,    .],        .

         .            -   ,  .      ,       .   ,        ,        . ,       ,        .

    ,          ,  ,     ,      .      ,      ,  ,    ,  ,    .

                  .  ,        ,  ʸ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,  ,     .       ,     .     ,  ,  ,  ,     .

         .             .    1988     1993-      .       .           ,        .            .

 ,      ,        ,   ,        .



-,

 1994







 [2 -          ;    :   ,        .      ,    ,      .]    XVIII      , ,     ,     .         [3 -   (19011990)   ,  . . .] ,    ,   ,        .

      ,   ,    ,      .  ,   ,      ,     . ,   ,  ,    .      ,        .  ,    ,    :    ,          .      ,           ,          [4 - ., .,   .   (  ),  : Hoving T. The Chase, The Capture // The Chase, The Capture: Collecting at the Metropolitan / ed. T. Hoving. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975. P.1106.].   ,   ,                 ,          . ,       ,     ,       .   ,    ,   :           .

              .     ,     ,     ,          .           ,         .  ,        ,            ,           (      ).       ,      ,      .

             ,      .       ,        ,      ,     .   ,          ,          .          ,   ,  :   ,        .

              ,            ,      .            ,         ,    .           ,    ,       .   (  )         .

           .           [5 -  ,             ().          ,  ,     .    .  2. . .]    ,        ,    .

        XIX   XX      ,   -,               .

     ,        (    , , , ,      ).             ,                .

 ,         ,   .         ,       .     ,          .        ,        , ,         ,          .

   ,               -     .   ,        ,    .        ,                        .          ,       [6 -          : Bazin G. The Museum Age / trans. J. van Nuis Cahill. New York: Universe Books, 1967; Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors, and Connoisseurs / trans. B. Battershaw. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1967.].            ,          .

   :  , , .                   .             .     ,                  . ,   , ,         ,      .        ,      .     ,           ()  (,  ,         ).  ,       ,     ,       ,             ,         [7 -    ,              (Anderson B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1991).].        .            ,  ,    , -   .

  ,         :    ,        .  ,  ,                        . ,               ,   ,          ,          . ,        ,      ,      :          ?             ,  ,          .        :        ,     [8 - .: Clifford J. On Collecting Art and Culture // The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, 1988. P.215251.].

    ,       ,   . -,       ,     . ,  ,     :       [9 -     .: Zeller T. The Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Art Museum Education in America // Museum Education: History, Theory, and Practice / eds. N. B. Mayer, S. Mayer. Reston, Va: National Art Education Association, 1989. P.1089; Shapiro M. S. The Public and the Museum // Museums: A Reference Guide / eds. M. S. Shapiro, L. W. Kemp. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. P.231261; Edith A. Tonelli. The Art Museum //  . P.3158.      .].          - ,         ,      ,     .  (  )    ,        ,        ,    ,    .      ,             ,    .   ,       ,               ,    .   ,             ,   ,        [10 -     ,  -     ,      (,  -).   : Dana J. C. The Gloom of the Museum; The New Museum.    1917  Elm Tree Press  ,  .  ,       . : Gra?a C. The Private Lives of Public Museums // Trans-Action. 1967. Vol. 4. 5. P.2025.].   , ,    ,    ,    .  ,   ,        .       ,      ,      ,  ,    ,    [11 -      :   (Wittlin . S. The Museum: Its History and Its Tasks in Education. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949)                 .].            ,       . ,   ,              ,             . ,   ,    ,           ,   ,        ,          .

-,     .      ,       .    ,            . ,    ,  ,  ,     . ,           ,       (  ).  1960-         ,  ,     ,  :               ,         [12 - Bourdieu P., Darbel A. L'Amour de I'art: Les Muses d'art europens et leur public. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1969. P.165  .         , ,          ,     (Bourdieu P. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979) / trans. R. Nice. London; New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984).].      ,        .   ,       ,        .    ,     ,     ,        ,    .          ,          ,    ,    ,             .  ,             ,    - ,       .   ,             ,    ,              .

       ,      ,    .           ,    .        ,          .      ,        .     .           ,     [13 -       .: Williams R. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976 ( Art, Civilization, Culture); ART/artifact: African Art in Anthropology Collections. New York: The Center for African Art and Prestel Verlag, 1988.          ,      ; : Clifford J. On Collecting Art and Culture // The Predicament of Culture (  ).].            :    ,      .                ,     (   )     ,    ,    .     ,           ,     ,   ,       ,     .    , ,           ,      ,   - ,      ,   .         ,      .        ,         .      ,   ,      ,     .        ,    ,    -     ,             ,       .

 ,   ,      .             ,         ,        . ,             (  )   (,    ,       ).   ,   ,     .              , ,      . ,    ,    ,      -  ,   軠         [14 -        : Bell C. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practic. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. P.4754.        ,      ;     ,         , , ,         .].

       ,         .              . ,   ,      ,      ,     . ,  ,          - ,      .        ,      ,    ,  ,   ,       - .   ,              .         ,               , ,  . ,  ,           .    ?             ,     ,     ,      .

  .    .     ,       ,   ,  ,    ,  ,     .            .      ,     .              ,            .             .




 1

   


     ,    ,     ,        .     ,           ,         ,    ,   .      ,     ,  ,      ,  ,               .

            .  , XVIII   XX      .  ,          ,       ,      ,     .        , ,    ,           ,   ,            ?    ,     (   ),         ,        ,       ,    .   ,    ,    ,        .

   ,                   , ,  .            ,        .          .                .   XVIII ,    ,           ,      ,    .          .   ,  :      ; ,           , -  ,     .            .        ,    ,   ,               .  ,   ,       ,    ,          ,  , ,          .

 ,      / ,      .        , ,    ,      .         ,        .            ,     .      ,                 ,     ,    [15 -   (19252007)   ,      . . .],    [16 - Douglas M. Purity and Danger. London; Boston; Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. P.68.].  , ,     ,  ,         ,    ,      [17 -       .: Cohen A. Two-Dimensional Man: An Essay on the Anthropology of Power and Symbolism in Complex Society. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1974; Lukes S. Political Ritual and Social Integration // Essays in Social Theory. New York; London: Columbia University Press, 1977. P.5273; Moore S. F., Myerhoff B. Secular Ritual: Forms and Meanings // Secular Ritual / eds. Moore, Myerhoff. Assen; Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1977. P.324; Turner V. Frame, Flow, and Reflection: Ritual and Drama as Public Liminality // Performance in Postmodern Culture / eds. M. Benamou, Ch. Caramello; Center for Twentieth Century Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 1977. P.3355; Turner V. Variations on a Theme of Liminality // Secular Ritual. Assen; Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1977. P.3652. . : Yamaguchi M. The Poetics of Exhibition in Japanese Culture // Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display / eds. I. Karp, S. Levine. Washington; London: Smithsonian Institution, 1991. P.5767.               ,      .       : Douglas M. Natural Symbols (1973). New York: Pantheon Books, 1982. P.14,             .].       ,               [18 -       ,     ,        (Douglas M., Isherwood B. The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption (1979). New York; London: W. W. Norton, 1982. P.65).]:           ,        .                   ,     ,     - ,     ,  ,     .






1.1. , . :  



           ,        .        ,     .          . ,             ,    ,   (, ,   .)      .              . ,                        ,        ,         .

                (.1.1, 1.2, 4.13).






1.2.     , . :  



,   , , ,       ,       ,       . ,  ,           [19 - .: Pevsner N. A History of Building Types. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976. P.118 ff.; Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors and Connoisseurs. P.228 ff.; Bazin G. The Museum Age. P.197202; MacDonald W. L. The Parthenon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard: University Press, 1976. P.125132.],        ,    .  ,       ,  ,     -        .         ,    : ,    , ,    ,     .

           ,  ,        (      ,     ).  ,     ,      , ,               .  ,        . ,     ,     ,  ,          (.1.3).






1.3.     , [20 -   :    , , 


, , , 


, , 


, , 


, , ,  


,  . .]. :  



,  ,            .    ,    ,    .         ,     ,   .             .            :                  5[21 -               ,     -     ;               -     .].

 XIX            :



   ,                  : ,    ,    []     ,     ,    ?


  XIX,   [22 - Ewart W. MP. Report from the Select Committee on the National Gallery // House of Commons: Reports. 1853. Vol. XXXV. P.505.],           (     )    .      .   :



  .          ,      - -腻     [23 - Douglas M. Purity and Danger. P.63.].


 ,   ,     ,      .       [24 -    (18731957)      ,    ,    .         . . .],[25 - Gennep A. van. The Rites of Passage (1908) / trans. M. B. Vizedom, G. L. Caffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.],           Ҹ[26 -  Ҹ (19201983)     .         ,      . . .],         ,              [27 - Turner V. Frame, Flow, and Reflection: Ritual and Drama as Public Liminality. P.33. . : Turner's Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 1974.  c. 1315  231232.]. Ҹ   ,               :         . Ҹ        ,    ,      .   ,          (      ),     ,   Ҹ,    ,                        -  , -    .  Ҹ  ,         ,        ,            .      ,        ,     ,          [28 -    Ҹ        . : Deegan M. Jo. American Ritual Dramas: Social Rules and Cultural Meanings. New York, Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press, 1988. P.712.               .: Mead M. Art and Reality from the Standpoint of Cultural Anthropology // College Art Journal. 1943. Vol. 2. 4. P.119121. ,  , ,        ,    ,      .].

, , ,   Ҹ      .     ,   ,     . ,     ,      ,   ;         ,            [29 - Bazin G. The Museum Age. P.7.].       ,              ,            .      XIX,      ,  [30 - Schildt G. The Idea of the Museum // The Idea of the Museum: Philosophical, Artistic, and Political Questions, Problems in Contemporary Philosophy / ed. L. Aagaard-Mogensen. Vol. 6. Lewiston; New York; Quenstron, Ontario: Edwin Mellen Press, 1988. P.89.].   ,        ,              ,         ,   .

             ,               .  ,       .        .      .        ,     .           ,        .         .           :  ,  ,   -   ,       (   /,    ).         ,     ,     .          ,  - .              .

     [31 -   ,            .].    ,       ,            .        ,         ,         . ,   ,     ,         .         ,     - ,      .        ,              .

   ,            . ,   ,     ,       (       ,  ):



  ,  , ,      :     ,  -,   ,     ,            .          :             ,     ,  ,    [32 - Adams Ph. R. Towards a Strategy of Presentation // Museum. 1954. Vol. 7. 1. P.4.].


     ;      .    ,   ,          . ,   ,       .       , ,   ; ,            ,        .      ,        [33 -    ,        , .  : Beard M. Souvenirs of Culture: Deciphering (in) the Museum // Art History. 1992. Vol. 15. P.505532.             ,     .].

, ,        ,  .    :    ,            ,   .  ,     ,        . ,    , ,               .     :



 ,          ,           .      :    ,          [34 - Clark K. The Ideal Museum // ArtNews. 1954. January. Vol. 52. P.29.].


      .     .         ,         ,    BBC 1970- .       ,       ,   .  ,      ,      ,    .  ,    ,      .

        .    ,            .     ,      ,       ,   ,        ,     .           .      ,   ,     ,  ,   .    XVIII,        ,       ,     .              .         ,        ,  ,                .  ,    ,    ,         .  ,              :            , ,      ,           .

  ,     ,      ,     .                 (    )[35 - Kant I. Critique of Judgment (1790) / trans. by J. H. Bernard. New York: Hafner Publishing, 1951.].         , ,             ,      [36 -       : Abrams M. H. The Mirror and the Lamp. New York: W. W. Norton, 1958; Bate W. J. From Classic to Romantic: Premises of Taste in Eighteenth-Century England. New York: Harper & Bros., 1946.     .: Beardsley M. C. Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present: A Short History. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1975. hs. 8,9.].  XVIII                        .                   .  ,       ,     ,     ,     .      ,     ,        .                  .

ø        .        XVIII,             .  1768,      ,      [37 -    .: Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors, and Connoisseurs. P.121123.],    , ,         :



       .      , : ,   ,    .    ,        ,  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,   ,          ,    ,       ,    ,    ,    ,     [38 - ø . .    / . .  // ø . .  : 10. . 3. .:  , 1976. .270.].


              XVIII. ,  [39 -    (17731798)   , ,     ,        -. . .],     1797, , ,    ,      軠     ,   [40 - Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors, and Connoisseurs. P.216.].               1816,  ,      :



   ,     :     ,      . <..>       ,   ,    ,     [41 - Hazlitt W. The Elgin Marbles (1816) // The Complete Works / ed. P. P. Howe. New York: AMS Press, 1967. Vol. 18. P.101.   ,    .].


  , 1824-,        ,       -.         (   ,             -),    ,      ,    , , ,   ,      .   ,  ,   ,        !.



   (  ,  )      .     :   ,    , , , ,     ;          .  ,    ,    .      ,  , -, ,       , ,  ,  ?    .         ,             [42 - Hazlitt W. Sketches of the Principal Picture-Galleries in England. London: Taylor & Hessey, 1824. P.26.]





  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74397121)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


,              (-, 1977).     P. , . , . , . , . , . , . , . ʸ, . , . , . , .  , . , . , . , .   . .    . .,    .




2


         ;    :   ,        .      ,    ,      .




3


  (19011990)   ,  . . .




4


., .,   .   (  ),  : Hoving T. The Chase, The Capture // The Chase, The Capture: Collecting at the Metropolitan / ed. T. Hoving. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1975. P.1106.




5


 ,             ().          ,  ,     .    .  2. . .




6


         : Bazin G. The Museum Age / trans. J. van Nuis Cahill. New York: Universe Books, 1967; Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors, and Connoisseurs / trans. B. Battershaw. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1967.




7


   ,              (Anderson B. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism. London: Verso, 1991).




8


.: Clifford J. On Collecting Art and Culture // The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art. Cambridge, Mass.; London: Harvard University Press, 1988. P.215251.




9


    .: Zeller T. The Historical and Philosophical Foundations of Art Museum Education in America // Museum Education: History, Theory, and Practice / eds. N. B. Mayer, S. Mayer. Reston, Va: National Art Education Association, 1989. P.1089; Shapiro M. S. The Public and the Museum // Museums: A Reference Guide / eds. M. S. Shapiro, L. W. Kemp. New York: Greenwood Press, 1990. P.231261; Edith A. Tonelli. The Art Museum //  . P.3158.      .




10


    ,  -     ,      (,  -).   : Dana J. C. The Gloom of the Museum; The New Museum.    1917  Elm Tree Press  ,  .  ,       . : Gra?a C. The Private Lives of Public Museums // Trans-Action. 1967. Vol. 4. 5. P.2025.




11


     :   (Wittlin . S. The Museum: Its History and Its Tasks in Education. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1949)                 .




12


Bourdieu P., Darbel A. L'Amour de I'art: Les Muses d'art europens et leur public. Paris: Editions de minuit, 1969. P.165  .         , ,          ,     (Bourdieu P. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste (1979) / trans. R. Nice. London; New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1984).




13


      .: Williams R. Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society. New York: Oxford University Press, 1976 ( Art, Civilization, Culture); ART/artifact: African Art in Anthropology Collections. New York: The Center for African Art and Prestel Verlag, 1988.          ,      ; : Clifford J. On Collecting Art and Culture // The Predicament of Culture (  ).




14


       : Bell C. Ritual Theory, Ritual Practic. New York; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. P.4754.        ,      ;     ,         , , ,         .




15


  (19252007)   ,      . . .




16


Douglas M. Purity and Danger. London; Boston; Henley: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. P.68.




17


      .: Cohen A. Two-Dimensional Man: An Essay on the Anthropology of Power and Symbolism in Complex Society. Berkeley, Cal.: University of California Press, 1974; Lukes S. Political Ritual and Social Integration // Essays in Social Theory. New York; London: Columbia University Press, 1977. P.5273; Moore S. F., Myerhoff B. Secular Ritual: Forms and Meanings // Secular Ritual / eds. Moore, Myerhoff. Assen; Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1977. P.324; Turner V. Frame, Flow, and Reflection: Ritual and Drama as Public Liminality // Performance in Postmodern Culture / eds. M. Benamou, Ch. Caramello; Center for Twentieth Century Studies, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. 1977. P.3355; Turner V. Variations on a Theme of Liminality // Secular Ritual. Assen; Amsterdam: Van Gorcum, 1977. P.3652. . : Yamaguchi M. The Poetics of Exhibition in Japanese Culture // Exhibiting Cultures: The Poetics and Politics of Museum Display / eds. I. Karp, S. Levine. Washington; London: Smithsonian Institution, 1991. P.5767.               ,      .       : Douglas M. Natural Symbols (1973). New York: Pantheon Books, 1982. P.14,             .




18


      ,     ,        (Douglas M., Isherwood B. The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption (1979). New York; London: W. W. Norton, 1982. P.65).




19


.: Pevsner N. A History of Building Types. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976. P.118 ff.; Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors and Connoisseurs. P.228 ff.; Bazin G. The Museum Age. P.197202; MacDonald W. L. The Parthenon: Design, Meaning, and Progeny. Cambridge, Mass.; Harvard: University Press, 1976. P.125132.




20


  :    , , 


, , , 


, , 


, , 


, , ,  


,  . .




21


              ,     -     ;               -     .




22


Ewart W. MP. Report from the Select Committee on the National Gallery // House of Commons: Reports. 1853. Vol. XXXV. P.505.




23


Douglas M. Purity and Danger. P.63.




24


   (18731957)      ,    ,    .         . . .




25


Gennep A. van. The Rites of Passage (1908) / trans. M. B. Vizedom, G. L. Caffee. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960.




26


 Ҹ (19201983)     .         ,      . . .




27


Turner V. Frame, Flow, and Reflection: Ritual and Drama as Public Liminality. P.33. . : Turner's Dramas, Fields, and Metaphors: Symbolic Action in Human Society. Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press, 1974.  c. 1315  231232.




28


   Ҹ        . : Deegan M. Jo. American Ritual Dramas: Social Rules and Cultural Meanings. New York, Westport, Conn.; London: Greenwood Press, 1988. P.712.               .: Mead M. Art and Reality from the Standpoint of Cultural Anthropology // College Art Journal. 1943. Vol. 2. 4. P.119121. ,  , ,        ,    ,      .




29


Bazin G. The Museum Age. P.7.




30


Schildt G. The Idea of the Museum // The Idea of the Museum: Philosophical, Artistic, and Political Questions, Problems in Contemporary Philosophy / ed. L. Aagaard-Mogensen. Vol. 6. Lewiston; New York; Quenstron, Ontario: Edwin Mellen Press, 1988. P.89.




31


  ,            .




32


Adams Ph. R. Towards a Strategy of Presentation // Museum. 1954. Vol. 7. 1. P.4.




33


   ,        , .  : Beard M. Souvenirs of Culture: Deciphering (in) the Museum // Art History. 1992. Vol. 15. P.505532.             ,     .




34


Clark K. The Ideal Museum // ArtNews. 1954. January. Vol. 52. P.29.




35


Kant I. Critique of Judgment (1790) / trans. by J. H. Bernard. New York: Hafner Publishing, 1951.




36


      : Abrams M. H. The Mirror and the Lamp. New York: W. W. Norton, 1958; Bate W. J. From Classic to Romantic: Premises of Taste in Eighteenth-Century England. New York: Harper & Bros., 1946.     .: Beardsley M. C. Aesthetics from Classical Greece to the Present: A Short History. University, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 1975. hs. 8,9.




37


   .: Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors, and Connoisseurs. P.121123.




38


ø . .    / . .  // ø . .  : 10. . 3. .:  , 1976. .270.




39


   (17731798)   , ,     ,        -. . .




40


Holst N. von. Creators, Collectors, and Connoisseurs. P.216.




41


Hazlitt W. The Elgin Marbles (1816) // The Complete Works / ed. P. P. Howe. New York: AMS Press, 1967. Vol. 18. P.101.   ,    .




42


Hazlitt W. Sketches of the Principal Picture-Galleries in England. London: Taylor & Hessey, 1824. P.26.


