  
 


      ,    .     ,    ,      ,       .           ?

    1969-1970    ,          .          .       :  :    , / , ,     , /       .     ,          ,        .     ,      ,    ,   ,        .               ,   .             ,      .





 

  



Lionel Trilling

Sincerity and Authenticity



 Lionel Trilling, 1971

   , 2026


* * *


   . 










     1970            .             ,         ,          .         .           ,     ,   :  ,         , ,        ,      ,      .       ,         ,     ,     ,     ,     ,        ,           ,   .



..

-

 1972




I.:    





I


    ,      :    ,          ,              ,         .

           . , ,     ,          ,    ,      .     ,       ,    .              .             ,  :         ,     ?              ,       -   .     ,                  ,     .   ,    ,         ,           ,      .   ,    ,    ,    ,         -  .

 ,     ,     ,   ,        ,   ,      ;   ,                .

     ,      ,                   ,    .

      ,   ,    (avowal)   .       ,  ,   ,         ?         ?

    , ,           .   ,  ,    ,     .     .      :    ,     .     ,      ,     ,      ,   ,     ,            .

   ,     .         ,          .                  ,   .      :

		 :    ,
		, ,     ,
		      .[1 -  , ,  1,  3.  ...]

, ,       ,         :          ,     ,      ,        ,      ,        .      .                   ,    .   ,      ,    .            .

,       ,      .      ,           , ,     .          ,     ,    ,   , ,    ,   :    ,  ,    ; ,   , ,  .      ,       ,          ,  ,    ,      : ,   , /    . , , :      ,  ,   ,      ;      ,     : ,       ,   .

     (  ,   ),     ,   ,  ,  , ,     .    ,         !       ,         ,   ,      .            :   -  ,    ?         ?     ,    .     :       .     ,        :    .   . ,         ,   ,     ,   ,      - ,      ,      ?[2 - The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. W.Dexter (London: Nonesuch Press, 1938), vol. ii, p. 620621.]  ,      .      ,     ,       .

		  ,   ,
		,   ,  ;  ,
		  , ,   ,  , 
		  ,   ,
		  ,    .[3 - The Poetical Works of Matthew Arnold, ed. C.B.Tinker and H.F.Lowry (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 483.]

         ,        ,          ,  ,     .          ,     ,     ,    ,    .  :    ,    ,    ,       ,         .[4 - Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, ed. and trans. E.M.Wilkinson and L.A.Willoughby (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), p. 17;  ,     , :  ,  . . 6 (:    , 1957), . 258.]  :       ? ,  ,      ,     ?          ,    ?        -  (    ,       ), , ,     ,     (    )   .  ,      ,       ,  ,     ,         .   :  !  !  !     ,    ,    ,   ,     ![5 - Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, ch. XXIV, Conclusion;  ,  , :  ,  . . 1 (:  , 1982), . 228.  ..]

    ,    ,    ,   ,           .               ,          ;   ,      ,  , ,          .




II


               ,     ,    ,    .         .    ,    ,      .    , ,  ,   ,   .           ,      ,    :      ,   ;          ,   .    ,   , ,   , , ,       ,   ,  ,   ,   .  ..          ..,  ,  ,  ,            .

  ,            ,     ,                 ,  .    ,       ,       :  ,   .                 .  ,       ,     .[6 - ..,    , : ..,   (: , 2014), . 198.]  ,          ,  ,  .[7 -  ,    , :  ,  (: , 2000), . 241.]    -,  ! ,           .[8 -  , -,      ,        : Jean Hytier, Andr Gide, trans. R.Howard (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1962).] ,     ,   ,     ,   ,   ,                    . ,      , , ,  ,                  .        ,     :            ,     ,   ,     ,     ,        ,   .[9 - Lionel Trilling, On the Teaching of Modern Literature, in Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture (New York: Viking, 1965), p. 8.]       (      ),             ,          .      ,        ,   ,  ,     ,          ,      .              ,     ; ,  ,        :  ,  ,    .

     ,        .          ,   .               (, ,   ,    ,     ),          ,       (person),    (persona), ;           .

    , ,    . , ,   ,                ,                  .          ,      .                  ,                 ,  ,   ,      .              .     , ,        ,          ,      ,   .[10 - Donald Davie, On Sincerity: From Wordsworth to Ginsberg, Encounter, vol. 31, no. 4, October 1968, p. 6166.]            ; ,     :  :    .

              ,      .     ,       ,       .     (     ),         ,       ,        ,        : ,  ,       .      .   ,            ,   ,         .      ,               ,   ,         ,    .      ,     ,     -?         ,         ,       .

      .      .    ,       :    ,      ,       .              ,      ,  -      ,     , ,     ,   : , !    ![11 -  ,  ,  3,  4.  ...]       ,    .

, ,               ,    ,      .[12 -  .: Eric Bentley, Theatre and Therapy, New American Review, No. 8 (1970), p. 133134.   ,     , /   ,    ,     ,     ,     .  ,             ,  : Totus mundus facit histrionem [  ].             ,     ,     . ,    , ,     ., ,  . 86           .   ,    ,   ,          .      ,      . ,  ,      ;   .      ,      .        .        :      ,          ,  ,   ,       .]            ,[13 - Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Doubleday, 1959);  ,       (: --;  , 2000).]    ,      : ,   ,  .      ,      ,      .    ,     ,           ,      ,       ,       .  ,     ,          ,       :   .

           ,        ,     . , ,     ,       ,  :       ,     ;         ;          .       ,      ,      ,    .  :   ,       ,           , , , .      ,           :     ,          ,   ,                .

		 ?   
		  .    ?
		 ,  ,
		 , ,  ,
		 , , ,
		 .    
		      ,
		   .[14 - W. B.Yeats, The Circus Animals Desertion, in W.B.Yeats, Collected Poems (London and New York: Macmillan, 1956), p. 336.  ..]

       ,         ,      ,         ,      .     ,[15 -  ..]       .            !     .    .

  ,    ,             ,               ,    .




III


          XVI    ,     .[16 -    1549         ,       ,   1475   sinc?re  1237   sincrit: Dictionnaire alphabtique et analogique de la langue fran?aise (Paris: Socit du Nouveau Littr, 19601964).       : Frdric Eug?ne Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue fran?aise et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe si?cles (Paris: F.Vieweg, 1892).]     sincerus      ,       : , , .       sine cera,      ,        ;     ,           ,   ,  ,   .               ,     ,    ,      ,  -   ,  (sophisticated).       ,       .    ,   ,     ,     ,   .           ,   ,    .   XVI            :        ,   ;      .        ,   .        , -,  ,   -  .

XVI       ,   .   ,    ,   ,    ,         ,    ,     .          ,    ,    .            ,       .     [17 -  , ,  I,  1.  ..]      ,        -    .   ,    ,    , .    ,     ,    ,     ,      ,       .    ,    ;  ,            ,          ,   ,         .

       ,             .   (villain)                  ,       .     ,            , ,         ,     ,    ,      .

          .     -   ,  ,  , ,         .    ,                .    , ,       ,        ,          ,    .   :       ,  ,  ,       ,   ? ,     ,      ,    .   ,      ,   .      ,          ,   ,    ,              ,   . , ,  ,  ,  , ,            ,      .       .

    ,    XVI      ,   ,     .        ,   .   ,            ,            .     :   ,        ,       .      ,       XIX .    ,            ,      ;        ,     ,        ,    ,       .               ,        .  ,   ,      ;         .              .     villain[18 -  ,    , , .    . ..]        .      ,      ;    ,  , ,     ,   .    :    ,          ,  ,         , .     ,   ,   .  ,               .

-,  ,   ,       . ,         ,    ,            . ,            ,   ,     .              ,      XIX ;   , ,         ,     ,  ,      .    ,     ,   ,   , ,   ,       ,    ,  .    :    ,  .[19 - , ,  III,  7.  ..-. ..]        ,   . Dont son ?me se pique [   ][20 -   ..-   . ..]      .          :     ,     ,      ,    .      ,      .          ,         .   ,         ,    .

            ,     ,    . , -,   ,            . ,  ,                 ,   ,   ,     ,      ,   .  ,    ,      ,        ,        ,      .     ,  ,      ,    , ;     ,   ,  ,     ,             . ,  ,  ,   ;     ,    ,               -     .[21 - Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. d'Alembert on the Theatre (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960), p. 34, 47; - ,     , : - ,  . . 1 (:    , 1961), . 93, 100.  ...]

  ,     .          ,       ,            .           ,     ,            ;      , ,       ;         ,          ,     ,       .

       ,        ,   ,       ,     ,   ,      .       ,   ,      ,     ,       ,      ,    ,    ;    ,           .        ,          ,        ,          .

     [22 - Raymond Williams, Culture and Society (London and New York: Doubleday, 1958).]     ,       ,             XVIII     XIX : , , ,   .        .   -     ,       .     ,   ,            XVI ,          ,       .    ,   : ,    , ,         .     ,      ,    ;  ,     ,     ,    ,         .     ,     ;    (commonwealth),     ,     ,     .

       ,    XVI   XVII        .            XVII ,            .[23 - Frances Yates, Bacon and the Menace of English Lit., New York Review of Books, 27 March 1969, p. 37.]       ,     ,      ,           .[24 - Zevedei Barbu, Problems of Historical Psychology (New York: Grove Press, 1960), p. 146.]                   ,[25 - Paul Delany, British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), p. 19.]




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notes








1


 , ,  1,  3.  ...




2


The Letters of Charles Dickens, ed. W.Dexter (London: Nonesuch Press, 1938), vol. ii, p. 620621.




3


The Poetical Works of Matthew Arnold, ed. C.B.Tinker and H.F.Lowry (London and New York: Oxford University Press, 1950), p. 483.




4


Friedrich Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man, ed. and trans. E.M.Wilkinson and L.A.Willoughby (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967), p. 17;  ,     , :  ,  . . 6 (:    , 1957), . 258.




5


Nathaniel Hawthorne, The Scarlet Letter, ch. XXIV, Conclusion;  ,  , :  ,  . . 1 (:  , 1982), . 228.  ..




6


..,    , : ..,   (: , 2014), . 198.




7


 ,    , :  ,  (: , 2000), . 241.




8


 , -,      ,        : Jean Hytier, Andr Gide, trans. R.Howard (Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1962).




9


Lionel Trilling, On the Teaching of Modern Literature, in Lionel Trilling, Beyond Culture (New York: Viking, 1965), p. 8.




10


Donald Davie, On Sincerity: From Wordsworth to Ginsberg, Encounter, vol. 31, no. 4, October 1968, p. 6166.




11


 ,  ,  3,  4.  ...




12


 .: Eric Bentley, Theatre and Therapy, New American Review, No. 8 (1970), p. 133134.   ,     , /   ,    ,     ,     ,     .  ,             ,  : Totus mundus facit histrionem [  ].             ,     ,     . ,    , ,     ., ,  . 86           .   ,    ,   ,          .      ,      . ,  ,      ;   .      ,      .        .        :      ,          ,  ,   ,       .




13


Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (New York: Doubleday, 1959);  ,       (: --;  , 2000).




14


W. B.Yeats, The Circus Animals Desertion, in W.B.Yeats, Collected Poems (London and New York: Macmillan, 1956), p. 336.  ..




15


 ..




16


   1549         ,       ,   1475   sinc?re  1237   sincrit: Dictionnaire alphabtique et analogique de la langue fran?aise (Paris: Socit du Nouveau Littr, 19601964).       : Frdric Eug?ne Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue fran?aise et de tous ses dialectes du IXe au XVe si?cles (Paris: F.Vieweg, 1892).




17


 , ,  I,  1.  ..




18


 ,    , , .    . ..




19


, ,  III,  7.  ..-. ..




20


  ..-   . ..




21


Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Politics and the Arts: Letter to M. d'Alembert on the Theatre (Glencoe, IL: Free Press, 1960), p. 34, 47; - ,     , : - ,  . . 1 (:    , 1961), . 93, 100.  ...




22


Raymond Williams, Culture and Society (London and New York: Doubleday, 1958).




23


Frances Yates, Bacon and the Menace of English Lit., New York Review of Books, 27 March 1969, p. 37.




24


Zevedei Barbu, Problems of Historical Psychology (New York: Grove Press, 1960), p. 146.




25


Paul Delany, British Autobiography in the Seventeenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1969), p. 19.


