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  . -, ,     ,   .     (  ,    - ),  (, ,      ),   (,   )            ,   ,   ,        .[3 - Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T. B., Baker M., Harris T., Stephenson D. Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review // Perspectives on Psychological Science.  2015.  Vol. 10,  2.  P. 227237.]

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            ,   ,  ,    .[5 - Perlman D., Peplau L. A. Toward a Social Psychology of Loneliness // Personal Relationships in Disorder / Eds. R. Gilmour, S. Duck.  London: Academic Press, 1981.  P. 3156.]    .                          .      ,        ,    ,         ,           .

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 .     ,  ,                         .[6 - Holt-Lunstad J. et al., op. cit.; . : Holt-Lunstad J., Smith T. B., Layton J. B. Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review // PLoS Medicine.  2010.  Vol. 7,  7.  e1000316.]  ,      ,          ,   .

 .    2018       ,        2021-.[7 - HM Government. A Connected Society: A Strategy for Tackling Loneliness.  London, 2018; Cabinet Office of Japan. Announcement on the Appointment of the Minister in Charge of Loneliness and Isolation Measures, February 2021.] :       .    .          , ,        ,  ,   .

 .          ,  Cigna Loneliness Index           ,      ,    ,     18  25     .[8 - Cigna. Loneliness and the Workplace: 2020 U.S. Report; Bruce L. D. et al. Loneliness in the United States: A 2018 National Panel Survey of Demographic, Structural, Cognitive, and Behavioral Characteristics // American Journal of Health Promotion.  2019.  Vol. 33,  8.  P. 11231133.]   ,      ,      ,     ,        .      .

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 ,         -  ()     ,            ,          .    ,  ,       ;       ,  ,       ,       .  ,   :  ,  ,   .[12 - ,       : Poldrack R. The New Mind Readers: What Neuroimaging Can and Cannot Reveal about Our Thoughts.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2018.]

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  dACC      anterior insula,             .          :  ,  ,   .      ,  , , .[13 - Craig A. D. How Do You Feel? An Interoceptive Moment with Your Neurobiological Self.  Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2015.]

 .     ,     ,    Science  2003 ,   :  ,   Cyberball    ,  dACC    .       ,    ,     ,         .[14 - Eisenberger N. I., Lieberman M. D., Williams K. D. Does Rejection Hurt? An fMRI Study of Social Exclusion // Science.  2003.  Vol. 302,  5643.  P. 290292.]

            .   ,     , ,          ,  ;          ,         ;      .[15 - Cacioppo S. et al. A Quantitative Meta-Analysis of Functional Imaging Studies of Social Rejection // Scientific Reports.  2013.  Vol. 3.  Article 2027; Wager T. D. et al. An fMRI-Based Neurologic Signature of Physical Pain // New England Journal of Medicine.  2013.  Vol. 368.  P. 13881397.]  , , .       ,   .             .

         .  ,   .         ,  ,              ,   :             .  , ,    ()       ,    .  ,          1000   ,     dACC     ,   ,  ,       .[16 - DeWall C. N. et al. Acetaminophen Reduces Social Pain: Behavioral and Neural Evidence // Psychological Science.  2010.  Vol. 21,  7.  P. 931937.]             ;   ,         ,    .

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           :  .  ,        ,       .    : ,    ,    ,      .    ,         ,     .        ,     .         ,   dACC       .   .      -.[17 - Eisenberger N. I., Lieberman M. D. Why Rejection Hurts: A Common Neural Alarm System for Physical and Social Pain // Trends in Cognitive Sciences.  2004.  Vol. 8,  7.  P. 294300.]

     ,     .       ,       .    ,       .            .        ,    ;         ;        ,      ,    ,   .   ,             .    : -  ,  , .       ,         ,  ,   .

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 dACC    ,         .      (ventral prefrontal cortex, vPFC),     .      :     ,       ,        ,     .[18 - Onoda K. et al. Does Low Self-Esteem Enhance Social Pain? The Relationship between Trait Self-Esteem and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activation Induced by Ostracism // Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.  2010.  Vol. 5,  4.  P. 385391.]  , dACC    ,  vPFC   ,         : , ,    .     ,       ,        ,     ,       .

    .        , ,    ,     .     .     ,              ,     ,      .               .[19 - LeDoux J. Anxious: Using the Brain to Understand and Treat Fear and Anxiety.  New York: Viking, 2015.]

   .  ,       (    )    :  -- ,  ,     .       ,  ,    ,  ,       ,   ,  , .           ,        ,     ,    .

,     ,           (nucleus accumbens).     ,       ;  ,    - , , .  :          ,     ,     ,     ,    ,    .[20 - Somerville L. H., Heatherton T. F., Kelley W. M. Anterior Cingulate Cortex Responds Differentially to Expectancy Violation and Social Rejection // Nature Neuroscience.  2006.  Vol. 9,  8.  P. 10071008.]  ,          ,     . , ,             .

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 ,       UCLA ( ,   ,    ,      ),        : - , -6, .    :    ,  ,      .      :      ,                  .[21 - Cacioppo J. T., Hawkley L. C. Perceived Social Isolation and Cognition // Trends in Cognitive Sciences.  2009.  Vol. 13,  10.  P. 447454; Hawkley L. C., Cacioppo J. T. Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms // Annals of Behavioral Medicine.  2010.  Vol. 40,  2.  P. 218227.]

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-, Cyberball         , ,  ,   .  ,         .  ,   .[22 - Zadro L., Williams K. D., Richardson R., op. cit.]  ,          (, --).  :   ,      ?  dACC  .[23 - Gonsalkorale K., Williams K. D. The KKK Wont Let Me Play: Ostracism Even by a Despised Outgroup Hurts // European Journal of Social Psychology.  2007.  Vol. 37,  6.  P. 11761186.]        ,      .

-, Cyberball    .        (rejection sensitivity,      )  dACC      .[24 - Downey G., Feldman S. I. Implications of Rejection Sensitivity for Intimate Relationships // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.  1996.  Vol. 70,  6.  P. 13271343.]       .  ,          ,  .          :             ,      .           .

-, Cyberball     . ,  ,      ,     .      .      ,   Cyberball      .       .  , ,       ,   ,     .    :    ,      ,         .[25 - Williams K. D. Ostracism: The Power of Silence.  New York: Guilford Press, 2001.]

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    ,         .    ,      ,    .    ,  ,   ,     .     ,     ,    ,    .     -- , ,     , .[27 - Neigh G. N., Nemeroff C. B. The HPA Axis // Handbook of Behavioral Neurobiology of Stress and the Brain / Ed. G. Fink.  San Diego: Elsevier, 2016.  P. 235252.]

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       ,   , , ,          .  ,       ,     .            ,            ,     .     , -,               . -,      :     ,    ,         ,    ,    .[28 - Hawkley L. C., Cacioppo J. T. Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms // Annals of Behavioral Medicine.  2010.  Vol. 40,  2.  P. 218227; Doane L. D., Adam E. K. Loneliness and Cortisol: Momentary, Day-to-Day, and Trait Associations // Psychoneuroendocrinology.  2010.  Vol. 35,  3.  P. 430441.]

 ,       ,       .  ,   - ,  ,     ,    .               ,      .

,  ,      .     .   ,   ,   ,          .   ,   ,      .      ,       (     ),  ,            ,        ,    .

       .          .     .      ( ,  ),      (   ),  ,   ,         ,       ,  ,        .[29 - McEwen B. S. Stress, Adaptation, and Disease: Allostasis and Allostatic Load // Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.  1998.  Vol. 840.  P. 3344.]      :     ,    ,     ,    ,     .             ,      .  ,   ,         .

CTRA,       

    ,      .    UCLA         . ,        ,   ,    ,     ,   ,    ,       ,    .    Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity      , CTRA.[30 - Cole S. W. Human Social Genomics // PLoS Genetics.  2014.  Vol. 10,  8.  e1004601; Cole S. W. Social Regulation of Human Gene Expression: Mechanisms and Implications for Public Health // American Journal of Public Health.  2013.  Vol. 103, Suppl. 1.  S84S92.]

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    .  XXI   .    , -,   ,  -,     ,      .             ,       .        .        ,    : ,  ,    ,  .[31 - Cole S. W. et al. Loneliness, Eudaimonia, and the Human Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity // Psychoneuroendocrinology.  2015.  Vol. 62.  P. 1117.]

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    ,          .    .          .             .         (, ),   , ,        ,   ,     .        ;       ,      ,    ,   ,     .[32 - Bartz J. A. et al. Social Effects of Oxytocin in Humans: Context and Person Matter // Trends in Cognitive Sciences.  2011.  Vol. 15,  7.  P. 301309.]

   :          .             .  ,      ;   .      ,   ,           .[33 - Grewen K. M. et al. Warm Partner Contact Is Related to Lower Cardiovascular Reactivity // Behavioral Medicine.  2003.  Vol. 29,  3.  P. 123130.]    ,            .  ,    ,  ,  ,  .

      ,      .     . ,   . ,    . ,      ,      .   ,      .

      ,       .   ,  .          ,      .    ,    :      .           ;  ,  .[34 - Cardoso C. et al. Intranasal Oxytocin Attenuates the Cortisol Response to Physical Stress // Psychoneuroendocrinology.  2013.  Vol. 38,  3.  P. 399407.]

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,        ,           .    ,                     1942 .[35 - Cannon W. B. Voodoo Death // American Anthropologist.  1942.  Vol. 44,  2.  P. 169181.]

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  .  ,         (,   bone-pointing): ,   ,  ,   ,            .[36 - Basedow H. The Australian Aboriginal.  Adelaide: F. W. Preece and Sons, 1925.  . IX;         .]  ,         ,     .       .   ,     .      , susto.          ,         ,    ,   .

,    ,      ,       .     .        :  ,  ,    .             .   , ,          ,    .   .   .   ,  ,   (        ),   ,       .   -          .  ,          .

    1957            .      (,     , , ,    , ,  )  ,  ,        ,      ,    .   ,   ,    .    ,   ,       ,      ,  . ,  ,    ,        : ,      ,  ,     .[37 - Richter C. P. On the Phenomenon of Sudden Death in Animals and Man // Psychosomatic Medicine.  1957.  Vol. 19,  3.  P. 191198.]            ,   ,                 ,  ,     ,     .         ,       .      ,  ,   ,       ,  -      .[38 - Akashi Y. J., Nef H. M., Lyon A. R. Epidemiology and Pathophysiology of Takotsubo Syndrome // Nature Reviews Cardiology.  2015.  Vol. 12,  7.  P. 387397.]

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    ,       , , , , ,               ,    , , , ,      .[39 - Steptoe A. et al. Social Isolation, Loneliness, and All-Cause Mortality in Older Men and Women // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.  2013.  Vol. 110,  15.  P. 57975801; Luo Y. et al. Loneliness, Health, and Mortality in Old Age: A National Longitudinal Study // Social Science & Medicine.  2012.  Vol. 74,  6.  P. 907914.]    ,     ,     .

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     ,   ,   ,    ,     . ,     ,      ,     ,    ,   ,          ,       .          ,         ,   . , ,  ,    ,      , :            ,     .[40 - Rosenblatt P. C., Walsh R. P., Jackson D. A. Grief and Mourning in Cross-Cultural Perspective.  New Haven: HRAF Press, 1976.]

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     - ,   :   ,             .  ,  .  ,  .              .   ,               ,       ,        . .  .   .        CTRA .  ,  .[41 - Creswell J. D. et al. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training Reduces Loneliness and Pro-inflammatory Gene Expression in Older Adults: A Small Randomized Controlled Trial // Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.  2012.  Vol. 26,  7.  P. 10951101.]     .

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  ,           ,   .                ,   .        , , .       .    ,    ,   .             ,       :       ,           ,      .[42 - Bangee M. et al. Loneliness and Attention to Social Threat in Young Adults: Findings from an Eye Tracker Study // Personality and Individual Differences.  2014.  Vol. 63.  P. 1623; Qualter P. et al. Loneliness Across the Life Span // Perspectives on Psychological Science.  2015.  Vol. 10,  2.  P. 250264.]

   .  ,  ,    ,      .

          

           ,    .       ,          2018 .    1990-    ,             ,  ,      ,   .             ,             .       -    -          ,       .[43 - Cacioppo J. T., Patrick W. Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection.  New York: W. W. Norton, 2008; Cacioppo J. T., Hawkley L. C. Perceived Social Isolation and Cognition // Trends in Cognitive Sciences.  2009.  Vol. 13,  10.  P. 447454.]

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 . ,     ,  . ,     ,     .        .     ,           ,  ,   ,   .    .[44 - Cacioppo S., Cacioppo J. T. Do You Feel Lonely? You Are Not Alone: Lessons from Social Neuroscience // Frontiers for Young Minds.  2014.  Vol. 2.  Article 10; Cacioppo J. T., Norris C. J., Decety J., Monteleone G., Nusbaum H. In the Eye of the Beholder: Individual Differences in Perceived Social Isolation Predict Regional Brain Activation to Social Stimuli // Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.  2009.  Vol. 21,  1.  P. 8392.]

 .        :     ,      .   - ,    -.  ,    ,  ,  ,        .          ,      .   ,    (negativity bias)   ,       .[45 - Spithoven A. W. M. et al. It Is All in Their Mind: A Review on Information Processing Bias in Lonely Individuals // Clinical Psychology Review.  2017.  Vol. 58.  P. 97114.]

 .      .      ,   - .      ,      .      ,  .     ,      .             .         ,       .

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-,        ( ,     ,   ).        .[46 - Cacioppo S. et al. Loneliness and Implicit Attention to Social Threat: A High-Performance Electrical Neuroimaging Study // Cognitive Neuroscience.  2016.  Vol. 7,  14.  P. 138159.]

-,      ( ,  )      .           ,   .         ;     ,     ,          .[47 - Inagaki T. K. et al. Yearning for Connection? Loneliness Is Associated with Increased Ventral Striatum Activity to Close Others // Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience.  2016.  Vol. 11,  7.  P. 10961101.]

-,   ,       ( , mentalizing)        - .  ,        ,      ,       .[48 - Lieberman M. D. Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect.  New York: Crown, 2013.] ,  ,      :     ,      ,    ,      .  ,   ,   ,   ,      ,     .

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.           ,      .  ,    MBSR (Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction)         ,  ,       ,    .[51 - Creswell J. D. et al. Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training Reduces Loneliness and Pro-inflammatory Gene Expression in Older Adults: A Small Randomized Controlled Trial // Brain, Behavior, and Immunity.  2012.  Vol. 26,  7.  P. 10951101.]  ,   ,  ,                    ,  .

. , ,       .     ,     .  .    .      .  ,   ,         - ,       ,    .[52 - Sandstrom G. M., Dunn E. W. Social Interactions and Well-Being: The Surprising Power of Weak Ties // Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.  2014.  Vol. 40,  7.  P. 910922.]                  ;          ,      .

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notes








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52


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53


. . . XV, 6064.




54


 . . IV, 3.




55


   -  .: Robertson D. Stoicism and the Art of Happiness.  London: John Murray Learning, 2018;     : Sellars J. Stoicism.  Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.




56


 .  .  . . :        . . III.  -  , 1903.




57


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58


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59


 . Parerga und Paralipomena.  Bd. II,  396 (  ).




60


 .   . . III,  ; Ecce homo. .    ,  8.




61


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62


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63


Heidegger M. Sein und Zeit.  T?bingen: Max Niemeyer, 1927.   4653 (Sein-zum-Tode).




64


Yalom I. D. Existential Psychotherapy.  New York: Basic Books, 1980.


