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 .. ( ; ., III; .VI  . ..)

 .. (.XXI 15)

 .. (.XX 1, 3, 5)

 .. (.II 3  . .. , VII, X 1)

 .. (.XVII)

 .. (.II 1, 2)

 .. (.X 14)

 .. (.XX 2, 4)

 .. (.VIII)

 .. (.V, .X 5)

 .. (.XVIII)

 .. (.XII)

 .. (.XI)

 .. (.V, X 2)

 .. (.VI  . .. )

 .. (.XVI)

 .. (.II 3  . .. , 4)

 .. (.XIII)

 .. (.XIX, XXI 6)

 .. (.XIV)

 .. (.XV)







         ,    .               .                 ,     .

    ,                   .      ,      ,     .       ,  ,    ,      .          ,    ,    .

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 I

 . 





1. :   


      (),     .  - [2 - .  :  ..   :  : . ., 2021. 336 .]   ,   -     .    .. ,                 ,          [3 -  ..   . .28.].

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1)  ,   ,   [7 - .:  ., ʸ .        . .1. ., 2000. .429.] ( )         ,      ,     [8 -     -     .: De Cruz P. Comparative law in a changing world. L.; Sydney, 1999. P. 186189.];

2)      ,   [9 - Kischel U. Rechtsvergleichung. M?nchen, 2015. S.577580.].     ,       [10 -  ..  . .: , 2005. .50507.],   :        .             ,      :       ,     ..

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2.   


         ,   .         , ,  , ..     ( . integratio  , ;     ).   -  ,   ,          ,     .

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2)          (     ,      [16 - .:  .  . ., 2019.]);

3)      ,         (        ).

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1.     ,        (   [17 -        527565. Corpus Iuris Civilis.])  ,    , .  ,          ,       ,     .

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3.    .    , ,     ,  :       ,   ,  ,   ,   ..       ,   ,      (),    (, ).

   -         1991.,      .

,   ,  ,  ,      () ,           ,            (). ,          .




1. ..   :  . .: , -, 2021.

2. . .   . ., 2013.

3. .  . ., 2019.

4. .  . ., 2017.




 II

   





1.    



1.1.     :     

          ,   , -,      ,   ; -,     , ,  ,              ,   :        .  ,                .       ,         ,    - ,         [19 -  ,       .   ,       , ,           . ,    (. , . bahatyr)                        (   ,   ..) ( . .    //  . , , / . . . . . .: . . ., 2003. .13, 14).       ,  ,   ,   III.  ..           (  / . . .. . .: . ., 1990. .609).]. ,      ,        ,        .

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1.2.       

     :         .   ,  ,    (),    .     ,   VI. ..              -      .                ,          ,             . ,     VI.  ..             ,          . , 499.  ..       ,         .   ,             340.  ..,     ,     ,    .           .  ,      , .  ,   ,    ,      .     ,     ,     ,      ,        ,           .     ,       ,      . ,    171.  ..     ,           .

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1.3.           

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1.4.                     XIIXV.

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    1453.          .  ,            ,        - .

,      ,     XIXVI.    ,     . ,     ,          . ,  ,     ,      , , ,    ,   .       ,    .  .    ,        , ,    ,  ,   .  ,   .  ,     .   .  .          ,   ,  .    ecclesia mercatorum        . ,  ,         ,                   ,   .          .

    ,           ,      ,    .        ,     -     ,          ,       ,     , -   -     .                  (),                ,      , ,     .                  .    ,          - ,         .       ,   ,         .




2.    


               ,           .  VIIX.    ,     ,   - .               .               ,       .

,          300 .     , ,   .       .         ,    ,    , , , , ,  .       - ,  ()       -   ,    .

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          ,    -  ,    .      (  XIV.          ),                .  ,    ,   ,     .       ,   -  .

 XIVXV.      ,            XIVXV.               III (14621505)  III (15051533).      XVI.    IV  (15331584).

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       I.          ,   -     .

 I  ,          ,         -            ,       ,      .             .        ,     ,    ,   ,   .

    XVIII.        .        ,      .        ,  , ,   .          .

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 II          .     17701780-     , ,        ,       : , , ,   .    -        ,         .

  XIX.         .         .        74 .     ,    ,        .

 18011804.           ,     .  18041813.   , , , ,          .   1812.         .     (18261828)     .       18081809.     (  )  .         :  ,  ,    .

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     1850-        ,   .           ,       .  1867.    -   ,    ,  1873. .      ,     ( 1885 ).

 1860-      ,      .             , ,   ,  1867.     (  ,      )   1,5 .   7,2 .,  14 .

       ,   ,        .    - .      1913.  7%.   ,          XX.       ,    .




3.  


25 1917.      .             1917   1918.   1918.       .

        .         .       , ,  ,   ,       ,   .

 ,   1920-           .     -  , , , ,     ,         .

  ()         .

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        -       ,      .

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  ,    ,      ,     ,           ,       ,     ,   蠫     [21 - . :  ..     . .: -, 2009. .158.]        ,     ,        ,   .

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            ,      ,       .    .. :  ,  ,    ,  .  :   ,  , -     [23 -  ..   :  30. .27. .33.].

     : 1.      2.      .   ,     ,            ,          [24 - . :  .. . . .159.]. ,                  ,    .       ,     .

       .            .              .  19411942.  , ,      2000  11 .         1941.    1942.       (, , ,  ),        .  1942.       1941. 1,5 .

 ,                 ,       ,               .   ,   .   1970-     ,                 .          .

  1980-      15  : , , , , , , , , , , , , ,  .      270        .     ,               , -   .          ,     .          .

12 1990. I          .         .                .  1922    .         ,     .

 ,     , -     -.

  1991.   ()         (.. ),  (.. )  (..). 8        1922.       .            .        .                 (- ).




4.  


                 8 1991.,    21 1991.            , , , , , , , , ,   ( 1993.   ,      2009.).

   8 1991.    ,            ,   (  . 1)     .

     :       ;        , , , , ,   , , ,     ;   ,      ;        (.26).

 7             ,        ,    ,    ,       ,      ,        ,   ,    .

   ,        ,    ,   ,       ()  .

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    ,     (   ),        ,     ,     ,         ,  ,    .     ,          ,    ,      ,   .

       . ,           .            (,  ,   ),        (  ,    ),  ,   .

               -   21 1991.  ,       22 1993.  ,    ,      ,   ,    ,        ,    .        ,   ,      .

        :   ,    .    .

,                    ()    ().      1994      .. .  ,    (2009)     ,     .  ,              ,      .

 2012.      ().    (2014)            ,         ()   ,  .        ,    .   2010  2014. -,   2015.     .

 2014.         ()     .     1 2015.   : , , , , . ,      .               : , , , .

   2024.  30                 ..     ,        ,  - .   ,     ,  ,    ,             ,      .

              .           .   1995   ,        ,            ,      .     ,         .   1990-            2010 ,         ,   .

 1996.                 .         ,   .           , ,         .

 1998.    .                         2000.        (). Ѡ2003.            .      .           .

 2006.             ,    ,          .     ,              .

  ,   2007.,            .                -.          -  2008.                 ,    .      .

   ,         2010.,        2011.    :         .        ,    ,      ,       .

18 2011.       .       ,   ,        ,    ,           ,    ,          ,       .                ().

 1 2012.         170 ,  ,   , ,    .           : ,  ,      , , ,   .    -    .          ,   ,        ,            ,      ..                        .

2 2012.       ()             ,        .           ,      .       .

 20132014.      ,                 ().       ,  -   . 29 2014.              .            - .. .  [25 -       ...]         ,  .. .     ..  ..       -    (   2016.)[26 -                    29 2016.       ..  .. .].

              ,        .     -   :               , , ,  .           .

10 2014.        . 23 2014.               . 12 2015.     .

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               ,     ,      -  .

           ,  . ,               .          ( ).        .   ,       ,         ,     , ,   . ,  ,     ,  ,      .

               ,    .          ,              .  ,         .




1. ..,  ..,  ..,  ..,  ..,  ..    X   XX. ( . . ). .: , 1995.

2. :  /  . ..., . .. . .: , 2015.

3.  ..    :  ,         . .: , 2015. 192 .

4. ..    X.     ໠//  .   N4(94), 2023. .721.

5. ..,  ..     (  XIII.)//  . 1967. 3. .81108.

6. ..    . .:    , 1958.

7. ..    XIXV. .: , 1976.

8.Pardessus J.M. Collection de lois maritimes antrieures au XVIII e si?cle. T.I. Paris, 1828.




 III

     





1.      


         ( ,    )  , ,   ,   ,     ,     ,    .       (, ) .

 ,     ,                 .

       ,  .

         .     ,       ,      ,  , , , ,   ..              .    ,     , ,    ,  - .

              ,     -     ,              .                    - .

   ,     ,      ,  .  ,  -         [27 - Schmidt S., Sch?nemann W.J. Europ?ische Union. Baden-Baden, 2009. S.399;  ..  :   (- ). ., 2016.].          ,  - .  ,      ,  - .

        :

1.   (  ,     ),     , , ,  .

2. -    ,      .

3.     ,          ,    ..

4.          .

                    ,      ,     .  ,        .

                 ,   ,  ,      .          () ,   .  ,   ,   ,   - . ,                ,    .

 ,   ,       ,        ,   ,       (   ),  ,      jus gentium.            (  )         ,      ().

     . ,    ,          .     ,       ..

   ,    ,                  ,       .  ,      ,             , ,      (  ).                       ,   ,     () .            (   )         .

,        -,                    ,    (      ).

  ,   ,      ,    ,  ,            20.   ,  ,   ,             ,  ,   -.

             ,  .

     ,          (   ).         . ,  ,       ,           ,     .       ,  ,    .                       ,         .               .  ,   ,       ,         .          [28 - .:  ..  :   (- ). ., 2016; Lenaerts K., Van Nuffel P. Constitutional Law of the European Union/ Ed. by R. Bray. London, 2005. P. 1118.].

    ,           - ,   ,  ,    .

      ,      .    -   ,      .  ,         .

 ,            .      ,   ,         .         ,         ,   ..

     :  (usage)    (opinio juris).

 ,      ,       .

   (   )          ,         .

      ,     ()          .            .              .

     ,       .      - ,     (usage)     (opinio juris).        ,       .

        (),         .           (hard law)    (soft law)[29 - .  :  ..    (  -   ): . . . . ., 1986.].         : ,     ( ),     [30 -      7 2018    -3/18.],   ,         .      ,  ;     ( ),     ,          ( ).                    (,        ).                  .

 ,            .              ,    .        ( ius cogens)    .        .   ,         ,    . ,                  [31 -           29 2014. (  10 2014.),           29 2014. (  23 2014.).].            ,   ,   ,       ( 53        23 1969.).

 ,            -     () .     ,     (  ),     .  ,      .         : 1)           ; 2)        ; 3)    (); 4)         [32 - .:  .. -    :  . . . ., 1985. 201 .].

       ,                ,             ,     ,       .




2.    


              ,   -        ,  ,   ,   .

 ,            .        (,   ( ),  , ,   ( )).

  ,          ( ).              ,       .

   -      ,        ,          [33 - .:  . .   . ., 1986.].                         [34 - .:  . .    . .:].                        ,     ,  .

         ,        XX.       1920-     ,                蠫[35 - Mitrani D. The functional theory of politics. L., 1975; Mitrani D. A working peace system. L., 1943.].       ,          .        :    (      ),    (   ,     ),   (    ) ..           ,   ,  ,       .          ,     .

                   .           ,    -,         .          .

 ,         () , , ,           ,       .                . ,      ,  ,           ,       ,       .

  -     ,   .                 ,        - . ,        , , ,           .        ,    ,          .   ,        (    -)     ,     ,       ,     .

        ,  ,              ,  ,    ,      ,         .        ,      ,     .

,     ,    ,        ,        [36 -             (.:  .. . ., 1948).]. ,      :    ,          ;           ,   ,        ;   ,        ;      ,        ;      (, ) ..

    . ,      ,            ,      [37 - Weiler J.J.H. The community system: the dual character of supranationalism// Yearbook of European law. 1981. No. 1. P. 267281.].

  ,        ,         :   .               [38 - .:  .   . ., 1976. .1415.].     ,                          (,  ),                     ,        -.

 ,     ,  ,    -              ,   .          [39 -  ..       :  //   . 2000. 7. .9.].

      (      )    .     ,        ,   ,  ,  ,      . ,               ;   ,      ,       .           .

    ,     (,   ..)          , ,        ,      ,      ,     .         , .     :             ,        -.

 -,           ..            ,     ,  , [40 - Tunkin G. International law in international system// RCADI. 1978.]. ,           .

,          ,  ,        [41 -  ,  .].    , , ,   ,       ,    ,  ,     ..,      ,      ,        (,  ..)   .

           ,     .          ( ,    ),            .

        ,    ,    ,   ,       [42 - Pollac M.A. The engines of European integration: delegation, agency and algela setting in the EU. Oxford, 2003.],         ,    : 1952.        (), 1958.    ( )      ().            ,    , ,     ,   - ,        .          ,     (. )[43 - .: Steiner J., Woods L. EU Law. Oxford, 2009;   /  . .. . ., 2010.].      ( )   ,             .

 ,      ,       ,        [44 -     /  . .., .. . ., 2019. .24.],            -.

        ( ,      ,  ,   ..).     ,         ,    [45 -  ..        . ., 2015. .8182.],      ,    ,            , ,      .      ,          (   ).

 ,  -            ,  .                      ,        ,        ,           ,     ,             [46 - .:  .. . ., 1948.].

  ,             ,      .        ,         [47 - .:  .   . ., 1980.].

     : ,  ,                        [48 - .:  ..   :  12. ., 18161829;  ..   . . .:  9. ., 19871990.].       70  .  ,          ,      ,       .   ,         ,           . ,    ,        ,    ,     ,        .

      .       () ,       :     ,         :       ,     .

 ,     , : 1)        ; 2)               -; 3)     ; 4)       ; 5)        .        :           [49 - Seidl-Hohenveldern V. International economic law. Collected courses of Hague Academy of international law. The Hague, 1986. P. 2122.].          ,         .

,                ,           ,        ,      .

      :                          .   ,  ,           .

         ,          ,       ,       [50 - .:  . -      //  . 2016. 2. .30;  ..   -     //   . 2013. 1. .45;  ..  :   // . 2012. 9. .152161.].  ,    ,     ,      ,      :      ,       ,       ,      [51 - .:  ..   -    //   . 2013. 1. .4346.].

              ,   ,       (, , )      ,            ,     .

     ,        [52 - .:  ..  //   . 2013. 8.],    ,            .           , ..         (    ),                    ,    ,       .

,         ,     .       ,              .

     :         , ;       -       . ,            ,             - .

,         ,            ,          ,     ,     ,           ,      .  ,                    (      ).

         ,    .3 5    ,            .  ,    ,         ,           ,        .

        ,         ,       ,       ,    .

   -         ,           .

         ,      ,     .          (,     ).   ,      (    ,     ,   ,  ,     ,    )      ,        ,      ,          ,       ,      .

,                   ,      (,      .)      . ,        . .   ,             :     ,        .

 ,            .                     .

,          ,      .    2015.   ,              (. )         (. )  .




1. ..  :   (- ). ., 2016.

2. .   . ., 1976.

3. ..    :    - . .: , 1999.

4. ..   //  . 2014. 9. .511.

5. ..   :  . .: , -, 2021.




 IV

   





1. -     



1.1.   


 

     .          .       ,    ,  [53 - .:  ..   . ., 1970.].              .             :   .

,          ,    [54 - Hoffmann St. The European Process at Atlantic Cross-purposes// Journal of Common Market Studies. Vol.3. 1964. P. 85101; Hoffmann St. Obstinate or Obsolete? The Fate of the Nation-State and the Case of Western Europe// Daedalus. 95. 1964. P. 862915.].       -   .         ()   , ,   ,         ,         .   ,            .     ,      , ,                 [55 - Ibid.].

         .  1998.[56 - Moravcsik A., Schimmelfennig F. Liberal Intergovernmentalism//   . URL: http://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/intergovernmentalism.pdf (http://www.princeton.edu/~amoravcs/library/intergovernmentalism.pdf).]    ,                .        ,        ,      .    ,        ,             ,   ,       [57 - Moravcsik A. Taking Preferences Seriously: A Liberal Theory of International Politics// International Organization. 1997. 51 (4). P.516518; Moravcsik A. The Choice for Europe. Social Purpose and State Power from Messina to Maastricht. Cornell University Press. 1998. P. 24.].

      19201940- .        [58 - Mitrany D. A Working Peace System. London: Quadrangle Books, 1943. P.5.].   ,        ,      ( ),       ,     .

     . :    ,               . ,     ,        (     ),             ,         ,    .           (           ),    ,    [59 - Lodge J. The European Community and the Challenge of the Future. London: Pinter, 1993. P.19.].

, ,               .          .

       :        ,   ,  , ,  . ,    ,       ,       ,     .    ,        :         ,             ,     .


1.2.   ,  

        ,     ,              [60 - Schermers H.G., Blokker N.M. International Institutional Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2003. P. 45; Klabbers J. An Introduction to International Institutional Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 57.].

            .               ,     .  ,     ,        ,           ,    ,    [61 - Bedjaoui M. International law: Achievements and Prospects. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1991. P. 71.].      ,   ,         ,     [62 - Ibidem.].           ,    [63 - .:  ..   :  3. ., 19801989.]:          .        .

           ,   ,      .

        ,       ,   [64 - Hay P. Federalism and Supranational Organizations. Patterns for New Legal Structures// American Journal of Comparative Law. 1966. Vol. 15. P. 1228.].

        ,   ,       - [65 -  ..    (- ). : - , 1992. .214.].

.  .         ,    :

-,    ,     ;

-, ,  ,           .        . -,               - . -,            .

-,       ,      .                    .

-,        .          ,         .  ,              . ,                ,      .

-,      .    ,     ,    ,   . ,              .

-,        .                      .      ,          [66 - Schermers H.G., Blokker N.M. International Institutional Law: Unity without Diversity. Leiden: Brill, 2011. P.5657.].

 ,   ,         ,       ,      ;   ,   ,    ,     ;        ,  ,     .




2.   



2.1.     

  ,             .          . , , ..        ,    ,    .      :   ;   ;   ;   ,     .     : , , , , , .

             .    (      ,    ) ,  ,             : ,     ( )      (.1 .52 ).

 , ..        ,     .  ,    ,     ,         ,     .

     ,         .          ,       (.1 .42 ).           (.72  ).

 ,        - . ,        ,    ,   ,           (. 4.43  ).   ,      ,                 (.9        ( 19 )).

                  .

 :            ,       .

       ,  .           (.2 )        .     ,            . ,         [67 -      4 2017.].

      . 2. ,       ,        ,  ,      ,            .            ,      .

              ,                ,       .  ,            , - ,   ,    ,     ,  .          . ,        ,      - .

           ,      :   蠫 .             .

 .2             ,     ,     ,  .  ,   ,   ,       ,    ,        ,   ,      ,  .

 ,            ,    ,     ,   .

  ,     ,          ,        (  ),    ,         :     .       ,     .


2.2.       :    

 ,  蠫 ,                , ..      ,      ,     (),     [68 -  ..       . ., 2004. Ѡ3132.].

               ..            ,   ,               [69 -   ..      16/1-2013  10 2013 . URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eurazes/1-6.1-2013/.].  ,    ,  ,  ,          ,    .   ()           ,       (      ).

 ,      ()    ,        ,    . ,        ,      (      ).




3.    


           .    ,          ,   .  , ,    ,      c    :    .

 .1 .8  ,       : 1)    ; 2)   ; 3)   ; 4)    .


3.1.    


3.1.1.    :   

  10, 11       ,       .         ,      .         .

        . ,    .12 ,  ,     ,  ,        ,     ,    ,      ,   ,      .

,          ,     .

 ,          ,         ,     ,         .7 .16 ,          ,         .  ,          .

,   ,    ,  ()     ,      ,     ()      .           .

       ,             .  ,               -   .

  ,       ,    ,       ,   .

 ,                ,  ()            ,         .

        ,   ,       ,    .

          . ,      .           ,           ,        ,       ,     .


3.1.2.   :   

 .14      ,       , ,   .1 .15 ,    ,       .            .

     ,       (.1 .16     ),          .

     ,   . 16 .  ,         ,         .

                   ,          ,   ,          .

     ,          ,            .

      :      -   ,     -   ,      -        .  ,           ,        ,     ,     .

            .

  ,         ,       .          .

        ,          .

   ,      :        .


3.2.        :   

   .18 ,          ( 1 ),   , , ,              .

 .1 .18  ,        .           .

 .1  1          ,           .

         ,        ,    , ,   .

 .18         ,   .           ,     (  )     .

,      ( -       ),  ( - )     .    ,      (     )  .         ,        .

            ,             ;           .

 ,                 (.13  1),          ,       (, ).

  .3  1     ,    ,    : -   ,  ,  , , -    ,      ,       ,     ,  ,  ,    ,  ,        ,  ()  ,     ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ( ,  ,  ,   ),    ,        .

            ,    ,       ,     ,             ,    .        .

       (.8  1). ,         ,        ,      .         ,   ,   ,          .

 -             ,      ,       ( ).

      .16  1,  ,               30       .    30-      10 .

   ,      ,                   .          ,   .

 ,    ,        ,   .

 ,    ()  ,    .    ()       ,     (.1718  1).

    ,         - . ,      ǻ    (     ),    -  (.26       1969.)     [70 -                   24 2013 //     [ ]. URL: http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/Lists/EECDocs/635100981802316833.pdf (http://www.eurasiancommission.org/ru/Lists/EECDocs/635100981802316833.pdf).].

3.2.1.        ,      .

           ,              .

      .24  1.

         (       )   (     ).

       :

1)       ;

2)          ;

3)     ,   ,     ;

4)       ,    ;

5)             .

     :

1)        ,     ,        ;

2)        ;

3)           ,     ,       ( 32 );

4)   ;

5)      ,     ;

6)      ;

7)         ;

8)                           ;

9) ,      .

                  ,     .

      .2630  1.

 ,      ,          .          ,          .

    ,        .

        ,         .                .

              ,   .

      . 4.8 .

                         .

  :

?     ,        ;

?   ;

? ,      .

       ,    , ..      ,      .

     ,               .

           15                    .

               .

             10  .

       ,                 ,     ,     ,    30         ,                   ()  .

                ,     .16  1,     ()           .

  ,           ,        ,           ()          .

3.2.2.      ,    ,       .             ,           .

     ,       ,      ,        (        ).

         ,   ,     :    (),   ,           7 ,      1          .         4     .

               .              .

     ,               ,      (     ),   .

           ,       ,                                .

                ,      ,         .

 ,                  ,  ,     ,       .

             .

           ,              .   ,                     ,     .

     ,    .

      (       )   (     ).

     :

1)                (      );

2)      ,    ,   ,          ;

3)   ,  ,    ;

4)   (  )       ;

5) ,   ;

6)   ,     ,  ,   ;

7)              ;

8)      ,   ;

9)            ;

10)      ,   ,    ,     ;

11)   ;

12)                 .

     ,   :

1)       -          ,      ;

2)           ,     ;

3)    ,    ,    ,    . 3.5 ;

4)                ;

5)       ,          ,   ;

6)        (    ),   ;

7)          ,        ;

8)         .


3.3.    :    

      (        )    1 2015.           29 2014.,    ,  2012.            .          ,      2014. (        ..).           ,      .

 2015.      ,     , :     ,   ,   ,  ,    ,   ,   ,   ,  ,     .        ,        (.2  )[71 -        . URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#statistics.].

         ,   2 ,     ,        23 2014. 101.

3.3.1.        :  ,  ,  ,  .

       ,   ,     ,      (   ),       .

   . 70, 77, 8C          (    ),   (            ,      )    (      ,      ,      ).

       . ,     :

1),   . 1. 39  , ..     :

?            ;

?       (   ) ,      ()   ,        () ;

?         ,      ()   ;

?    () ;

2)    ;

3) ,  .

       

)           (   ,    );

)      ,      (  ,    ).

 .77  ,        ,   (   ),  .2 .39  :

?        ,               ,  ()     ,            ()           ;

?    () ,               ,    ()     ()           .

       .       (    ).        .

 .77                ,      .

             .          .

3.3.2.    .        .  .9        ,          ,  ,  ,  ,         .           ,  . 12          :   ,    ,      ,      .         ,       .

  . 13 ,         ,  .12  ,     ,  ,    . , 2014.               ,   . 12  ,         .           .

      (.7),           ,               ,       ( 32 ).

                    .      .

       - ,    ,         .                 (.1417).       ,          .

        :  ,     ;             ,  ,    ,   , , ,        (.1821  ).

 ,  .2C    ,          .         ,           . ,        -     (  )    ,    .    .

      ,         .

          .

          .   .2933          .              .

     ,           .        .          ,        -.                        .

   .  .29      -   .       ,        ()   (.3C ).

            ,            .         ,   ,       .          ,     ( )      -    .            .

   .   .33         .          . 17    ,      ,  ,     ,            ,     (.28  ),       ,  .

        [72 -     ( 1      ). URL: https://courteurasian.org/upload/iblock/c39/ . pdf.].   ,               .    ,      (.2 .2 ). ,                  ,         .

       -      - .          ,         (.3, 4   ).   .35                            .       (  5 )        .

  , -          ,     .  ,    -  (   )    ,      ,  ,       : 1)    (,   ); 2)     ( ); 3)   ,      (.3, 4   ).          ,   -    ,              [73 - .:  ..            -//    :  : . . (. , 2527 2020 ): . . : , 2021. .150158;  ..         //      :  : . . (1920 2019., .): . . : , 2020. .161166.].




1. ..    .    - . 2- . ., 1999.

2. .,  ..       :  . 2- ., . . .: - . -, 1988. 192 c.

3. ..   . ., 1970.

4. ..   . ., 1986.

5.Schermers H.G., Blokker N.M. International Institutional Law. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011. XXXVI, 1273 p.




 V

   





1.      


    ,      .   ,       [74 - .  , .: Schermers H.G., Blokker N.M. International Institutional Law. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011. P. 279285;  ..        // . 2023. 1. .176189.].                    .

               .    ,   ,       [75 - . 17    1994.;  .16     , .21 -        ()  .].   [76 -                  (. 2.7    1995.; .5, 8, 9, 13    1997.    );       () ,  ,            (.13    1997.    ; .14       31.10.2015. 377-V; .30 -     04.07.2014. 231-V; .738      . .         22.12.2016. 13       ).]  [77 -           (. 2.13    1993.    2021.; .2      17.07.2023 140     ), .. ,            ,         ,     ,        (.1          29.05.2000 52).           :    (.7, 8          29.05.2000 52).        (.12      2017.).]      ,         .  ,            ,       .

   [78 -       2021. (URL: https://stat.gov.kz/api/iblock/element/100842/file/ru/)  17194712     83,7%.     2009. (URL: https://stat.gov.kz/upload/medialibrary/f97/8ac5e9hxy44slpop0vi8wb6c3a9p9mtp/5-. rar)   12156 705     94,36%.],            [79 -   ,      (Caucasus Barometer  2015),      ,  70%   ( .,  .       //  . 12. 2017. .95). . :  ..     XX  I . .:     , 2012;      :    (-),       (-). . 3/ . . .. , .. , .., .. , .. ;  . .. . .:     . .. , 2023. .29, 33, 35.],  ,               .       ,   ,         .

 ,               :

?       [80 -      . .7.];

?      ,       [81 -  . .10.];

?          [82 -  . .13.].

             ,          [83 - . :  ..        //    :    -      (   , ., 31  3 2017.)/  . ..  .: , 2018. .225228;  ..        // . 2023. 1. .176189.].

         . 110 ,         , ,        ,   ,       .

       . :

1)  ,   ,       , ,    ,       [84 -  8, 249     ,          ( 8 ).];

2)  ,      ,     [85 -  6          ( 9 ).];

3)           [86 -  3 .8   ,       ( 15 ).];

4),       ,                   ,                [87 -  18  1   2    ()   ( 24 ).];

5)         () ,          -       ,   ,          (     )[88 -  29      ( 25 ).].

,  ,        .

,      ,         ( ,   ,             )    [89 -  93, 99, 100, 102     ,        23 2014  98.].                  [90 -   .100     .].

 ,       , ,  ,    ;              ,     ,    - ,     [91 -  1  4           ,      5 2015  46.].

    ,         ,  .2     ,  .1                 . 2 ,        ,  ,        ,          .




2.         


                        ,      [92 -   /  . ..  .: -, 2008. .851.].

            ,      [93 -           .],        ,             [94 - C.:  .  :         (   )// Ab Imperio. 2004. 4. .239262:   , [ ]     .             (.239). .   , .:  .  :      . .:   , 2022;  ..     XX  I . .:     , 2012. .3340.].

 ,    ,            [95 -  ..,  ..        //    . 2021. 10. .7275;  ..            //   -2010.       :   . .: , 2010. .167170.].         ,  [96 - ,       2021.   1991.    69,5%  31,5%,     15,3%  1,3% (     . .29);     :    93%  65,3%,    90%  30%,    41,5%  6,6% (     . .35). . :  ..     XX  I . .:     , 2012. .40 ( ), 8284 ( ), 98100 ( ), 165 ( ).].

  , ,   ,          ,        ,   ,       :            ,         [97 -   .93    (  ,  . 8    ,          ( 8 )).].               ,     ,       [98 -  95   ; .    .1  4           ,      5 2015  46.].  ,               [99 -  131   .].

       .2 .110 ,            ,       ,       (    [100 -        , ,  .20     28.07.2000     , .18, 20, 31     23.07.2008 421-     , .7 .5 . 3.24     30.05.2005 54     , .2 .4 . 2.26     24.04.2014 64     .])  ,  ,   ,       .

          18 2014. 72                ,                             (    72,   ).

  72     (  )  ,                            [101 -  3  72, .2, 3   .].        (),    [102 -   .3   .].

,      72               .  2018.    -           [103 - URL: https://www.gov.kg/ru/post/s/russkiy-opredelen-pobeditel-konkursa-po-otboru-organizatsii-perevodchika-mezhdunarodnyih-dogovorov-v-ramkah-eaes-na-kyirgyizskiy-yazyik.],  2020.     [104 - URL: https://knews.kg/2020/01/20/itogi-konkursa-dlya-okazaniya-uslug-po-perevodu-na-kyrgyzskij-yazyk-mezhdunarodnyh-dogovorov-v-ramkah-eaes/.].  ,               ()          [105 -  14       ,       09.04.2021. 138 (       07.06.2021. 21).].

      2022.         [106 - URL: https://eec.eaeunion.org/news/eek-nachinaet-sotrudnichestvo-s-natsionalnym-tsentrom-pravovoy-informatsii-respubliki-belarus/; https://pravo.by/novosti/novosti-pravo-by/2022/mart/69130/.].

                        ,            [107 - URL: https://translation-centre.am/ru/statute.html.].

    ,      .2 .110  ,     :        

)     

) ,   ,   ,       .

  ,      ,  ,               (    )[108 -  1   .],          ,       ,               .

                       -  [109 -  5   .].     (docs.eaeunion.org) ,      :         ,      (  , , ,                    ),         .

  ,     72       ,           [110 -  3 .85  :            ,      ,       .].

 ,         ,           ,    . ,     (,    ),         .  ,    .1    ,             ,     ,        (            )      ,  .

              .

    ,        ,    ,      .              [111 -               26.02.1999.        10.10.2000. (    , , ,    ).].

 ,         .1 .33        23 1969.,             ,        ,        ,            -   [112 - . :  ..   . .1. .: , 2009. .109; Aust A. Modern Treaty Law and Practice. Cambridge UP, 2007. P. 253255.].

           .2 .110  ,                ,   .3                .      (   )        ,           ,        .

 2 .33   ,     ,   ,      ,      ,           .         ,      .  ,             ,      .   ,         ,  ,           ,             ,    ,           [113 - .:  ..        // . 2023. 1. .178.].




1.Schermers H.G., Blokker N.M. International Institutional Law. Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2011. XXXVI, 1273 p.

2. ..        //    :    -      (   , ., 31  3 2017.)/  . .. . .: , 2018. .225228.

3. ..        // . 2023. 1. .176189.




 VI

      .    



 .2                   .    ,           .      ,     ,    ,    ,        - ,       .




1.     


1.1.   ѻ   . 1.6 .    :  ;     ;      ;       ,      .

                 ѻ    ѻ.        ,       ,     [114 - .:  ..    . , 2004. .94. . :  ..      //     . 2017. 1 (114). .47.]. ʠ     ,   (, ,   .)    [115 - .:  ..  . 2- ., . . ., 1995. . :  ..      //     . 2017. 1 (114). .47.].

         蠫 ( ),        蠫.         ,   ,     [116 - , ,           9 1996.       344 345             ( 1-I-96) ,  ,           ,     ,      .      . () (b) .1       (    ).            ,        ,          .].

          , ,      ,   , - [117 - .:  ..   :    //  .   . 2000. 2. .118124.].           (    ).       ,      ( )   .                 ,        [118 - .:  ..,  ..  :        //  . 2007.].

 ,    蠫        :        .  ,     ( ) ,      ,   ,  ,    ,   . 6     (, , , ,  ..).

     ( )        蠫 .        ,     ,       (soft law),   .   , ,  ,     () [119 - .:  ..   . ., 2008. .8093.], ,  ,     ,          (-)   ( ,   )                 [120 - .:  ..      - //   . 2012. 2. .3538.].       ,    ,   ,                     [121 - .:  ..,  ..        //   . 2013. 6. .5665.].

  ,              [122 - Beveridge F., Nott S. A Hard Look at Soft Law// Craig P., Harlow C. Lawmaking in the European Union. L., 1998. P. 288.].           ,          ,                  ,     -  - [123 - Jans Y. Quasi-Legislation: Recent Developments in Secondary Legislation. L., 1987. . :  ..      : . .: , 2021. .197198.].            ,                                      ,           ,       [124 - Snyder F. Soft Law and Institutional Practice in the European Community: Beveridge F., Nott S. A Hard Look at Soft Law// Craig P and Harlow C. (eds.). Lawmaking in the European Union. L., 1998. P. 287294. . :  ..      : . . 199.].

   ,         -         ,      (lex mercatoria eurasiatica),        ,           [125 - .:  ..,  ..,  ..         :  //      . 2015. 6. .1039.].

        ,            .             ,      ,   ,      ,  ,      ,         .

       , , ,       .           [126 -           2030      2045      25 2023.],  ,         ,              .

      ,        ,        ,     .18       .

      ,                     ,    .39  ,        (.2  ).  ,            ,         ,         ,       .

1.2.                ,      , ,   .         () ,         .  ,              ,             .             (     ,   ,       ).

       (      )    : - (),  (    ),  (     ),    (  ,                ).

-              . ,  ,             ,       .            ,        .6 ,      ,        .

           [127 -       24 2013. 50 Π   .],          ,                     .

      ,  ,         .   ,      ,      .

           .           ,          ,   ,            .                       ,         .   ,           ,      ,        ,      .

 ,           ,            ,  .       ,   , ,   .  ,     (),   (usage  opinio juris)    ()         (usage).        ,       ,      ( ),               [128 - .:  ..   :   //  . 2024. 6. .4954.].

               ,           [129 - .:  ..   :  . ., 2021. .162163, 164, 260, 318,  .].

          ,  ,    .

,   . 2   蠫         ,           .              ,  ,  ,  .

   .2                ,   .

             : ,   .

    ,    ,        , ,                .

 ,  ໠          ,          ,  .

     ,  ,         (,    ,     ,  ,  .).           ,         [130 -                       23 2014.],    (   ).           ()       [131 - , ,           ,      ,     ,  ;                ,  .].      .

         ,     ()         .

       , ,         (.89 ).             8 2015.                         .  ,      ,        [132 -       17 2016. 13      ,          .],               .

  ,  ,  .79 ,       ,       .                        ,     , ,   [133 - .:  ..,  ..     :   //  . 2022. 2. .1324.].  ,          ,   .                 26 2023. 5           .  ,            .

           , ,             ,      ,   ,    ,  ,  ,     ,  .

      .     ,        ,        ,        .     ,         ,    .

, .86       () .        20 2017.   -4/17        ,      ,           ,     [134 -      20 2017.   -4/17     , . 4.2.IV . URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-4.17/.].        ()      ,        26 2016. 19,   ,      , ,                   ,               ,         ;      ,  .

  ()   .94    ,            ,       ()      ,    ,       , ..       .

 ,                           .             ,  ,   .

1.3.           ,   .

        . 5C ,  ,       :

1)     ;

2) ,         ,       ;

3)    ;

4)     ,     .

   ,                      ,  (jus cogens  - )[135 - .:  ..         //   . 2022. 4 (88). .29.].

          .

,  10   :          ,         [136 -  ..   :  : / .. . .: ; -, 2021. .18.].

 3   ,            ,            .

. 3 :       ,          ,    :     ,           [137 -  .].

 ,             ,     ,         ,      ,   .

         ()      .         ,         ;   ,    ;   ;      jus cogens ().  ,   jus cogens,     (.53        23 1969.).

              .

 ,           ,         ,       ,   ,   . ,         . -     [138 -    . 5 2019. A/CN.4/732.],             [139 - .:  ..       //   . 2023. 3. . 115.]. ,       ,         .

   (   )   ,     (jus cogens),                  .     ()       ,         ,           [140 - .:  ..   :  : . .30.].    ,    ,   ,     ,       ,     lex superior (   ), :  , ,  (, ),   (pacta sunt servanda),   ,  ()   ,  (    )[141 - .:  ..         //   . 2022. 4 (88). .31.].


1.4.     

      .   ,  ,    ,          .

          ,       ,  ,       .

   ,     : , ,  ,    ,  .         ,       ,      , ,  ,    .

    .    .2           ,       ,      .

 3 .6 ,     , ,                 .

       ,     , ,     , , .     ,               .      .  .1 .2        23 1969.,  ,    ,   ,       ,        ,       .

                , : ;  ;   ;   ;  ;  ;     ; ;  ;  ;  ;    ;   , ,    ; ;       ;    , , ; .

     ,    .2 ,    ,    ,      .  ,              ,   ,   ,   ,    ,   .    .6 ,           ,     .                 .

             :

?     ;

?  - .

         ,       ,            -.                       25 2023.,    25 2019.,    1 2019.,     29 2015     -             17 2018.;           ,          6 2019.

         ,                  .                        ,        14 2018. (    14 2018.).

          ,               ,     -   .  1 .99  ,    ,        ,               ,    .

           10 2018,      ,            ,     -   ,           ,              :        , ..  1 2015.;    [142 - .  13 .3        10 2018.   Ж1/18. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/documents/?PAGEN_1=14&SIZEN_1=20.].

 ,  ,  -   :  ,     ,      ,    ,     -   ,            .

          .     ,  .6 ,            .

     .1 .6           ,   ,     ,         .

      .           ,  ,    ,         .         [143 - .:  ..   :  3. ., 19801989.].

,           .1 .6  ,         ,    .  ,                    .

     .13               .  ,           -  .               ,    .




2.   



2.1.    

     29 2014      ,      ,        .    lex superior   c  ,  ,      (.3 .6 ).

       18 2011., ,      1 2015.   ,  -   ,        [144 -       18.11.2011//     .    .].

      ,          ,            .

     , 28  118 .                ,  33 ,       ,    -     .

      ,    ,   ,   ,   ,   , ,   .       ,  ,    .

             8 .          ,    ,      ,     ,       .         ,      ,    ,        .

       14    ,      ,    .  ,     ,     , , ,    ,  ,     ,  ,   .

       ,   , ,   - ,     :  ,     ,    ,   -,   ,    ,  ,    ,         .

           (,  ),    ,     ( ,   ,  ,       ).

   -    :     ,     .         ,      ,        ,          ( , ,    ),      ,         .    ,     ( ),         (., ,      .2  24 ).

 ,      ,        ,            ,          ,         ,         .

      ,               .  ,    ,    ,    ,   .              .

   ,            .            (   ,   )       .

       ,    ,                ,     (    ).


2.2.           

     (  )      . , ,          ,       [145 -        11 2017.].

           ,       ,    .                   ,             [146 -       21 2016. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-6.15/].       ,   - ,      ,   ,  .

  ,             .             (.2 .6, .7).  2018.            ,        14 2018.[147 -          ,        14 2018.//     [ ]. URL: https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/01417799/itia_16052018 (https://docs.eaeunion.org/docs/ru-ru/01417799/itia_16052018).],   lex specialis          23 1969.




3.   : , , 


  .1 .8       :        ,       ,   ,    ,    .

 .1 .13, .1 .17          .    .2 .18    ,   .     ,    .

 4 .6    ,    . ,            ,     .         .

            ,      .  ,       .4 .6             .

         ,                   .  ,             .

              . ,   .1 .6             ,    .

   .13   ,                .

,            .  , ,   ,        ,            .                    [148 - Court of Justice of European Communities. Van Gend en Loos: Case 26/62: Judgment of 5 February 1963// Reports of Cases before the Court. 1963. P.128140.]  [149 - Court of Justice of European Communities. Flaminio Costa v. ENEL: Case 6/64: Judgment of 16 July 1964// Reports of Cases before the Court. 1964. P.130144.]         ,  ,   .  ,              ,            .

    10 2018.            :  ,      ,     [150 -        10 2018.             29 2014 //      [ ]. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-1.18/.].

            .  ,       .

, 2016.          ,        ,     ,  .     ,           ,            ,    [151 -      8 2016. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-1.16/.].

     ,          ,       .   ,          ,     ,          [152 -    ..       8 2016. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-1.16/.].

   

                                      ,    ,     .   ,           ,            ,     ,     .         ,      [153 - Schermers H.G., Blokker N.M. International Institutional Law. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 2011. P. 6.].

 ,                      ,     ,   ,   ,    ,    ,     .

 ,      .  ,          -         ,      [154 -            ,       25 2015. 4. URL: https://courteurasian.org/official_documents/#local_acts.].           [155 -        ,       14 2015. 8. URL: https://courteurasian.org/official_documents/#local_acts.].

 ,        ,         ,    ,       .

,       ,    ,           .                 .         ,  ,       .




4.      


 4 .6       . ,        ,   :

?          ;

?        .

 .10        .              ,              ,     .

   .13       .

      ,          ,     ,   .    -   .

       ( ,         ,  ..).  ,        ,         ,        .

 .21       23 2014  96 Π                  ,          .  ,    ,     ,   .        ,   .

   .14      ,       .

  .17       .

           ,         ,    ,         [156 - .:  .. :    Ѡ/    . 2019. ., 2019. .126127;  .. -         : . . . . . ., 2015.].

      .

  . 21       21 2014. 89 Π                 ,           .   ,    ,     ,   .        ,   .

 .18          ,   .

 13         . ,      

? ,  -       ;

? ,  - ;

? ,    .

  .14   ,             .       ,     [157 -        23 2014. 98.].           .

,       .

,          .      ,       .     ,           .

  . 16    ,            ,           30       .     ,    ()  ,    ,    ,   ,       ,    10       .  ,    ,     ,   .       ,   .

      . , .17  ,   ,    ()  ,    .   ,    ()  ,   18 ,    ,    .

          ,  .111 . , .1 .111   ,      ,                     ,   .                  .

            .       10 2018.                  [158 - .  3  3        10 2018    -1/18. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-1.18/.].     ()    ()         (       ),        ,                     [159 - .  4  4        10 2018    -1/18. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-1.18/.].   ,   ,   1 2015.    ,    ,                [160 - .  10  5        10 2018    -1/18. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-1.18/.].

 ,    ,    .      ,            ,            .

, ,        (  ),   1      7 2017  21,       ,         .     ,       , ,        ,      ,        ,        ,            .    ,      ,   ,   ,     ,                  .

   .5C    ,      ,          .

         :  ,    ( , usage),         , .. ,    (opinio juris)[161 - ., :  ..   :   . 5- ., . . .: , 2011. .208;  ..,  ..        //       :   ( VII  ,  2012.):  /  . ... .:  ; -, 2013. .3856.].

        ,         , ..    ,               [162 -  .. . . .209.].

             ,   , ,           (),    .

,  ,        .

 ,  . 5C    :      ;      ,     .

    ,     , , ,   . 26        pacta sunt servanda,           [163 - .:  ..           Ѡ//  . 2021. 1. .102130.].

         , , ,     ,  , , non bis in idem,   ,     ,   ,  ,  ,  .

          . ,    (  )         , , ,  [164 - Jessica M. Guevara. Equity in MERCOSUR: The Use of Estoppel in a Customs Union Created for and by Countries of the Civil System of Law// 20 LAW & BUS. REV. AM. 303 (2014). URL: https://scholar.smu.edu/lbra/vol20/iss2/5], pacta sunt servanda, [165 - Olivares Tramn J.M. La evolucin de la solucin de controversias en el MERCOSUR y la aplicacin uniforme de sus normas// Revista De Derecho (Coquimbo. En l?nea), 2006. 13(2), 101147. P. 118119. URL: https://doi.org/10.22199/S07189753.2006.0002.00005],            ,      (buenas costumbres, .,    ,  ,  .)   [166 - ,      12 1988. (Proceso 4-IP-88) ,      ,       ,    ,       .                 .       ,    ,  ,  ,  ,     .    ,   ,           ,        (.:      12 1988. (Proceso 4-IP-88). URL: https://www.comunidadandina.org/DocOficialesFiles/Procesos/4-IP-88.doc (https://www.comunidadandina.org/DocOficialesFiles/Procesos/4-IP-88.doc)).].

          - ,       ,                 (    opinio juris).

  ,         .5C ,  ,      , ,  ,      (, , ,  .).       ,               .   ,   .. ,         ,       .           ,        ,     , ,     ,  ,        [167 - .:  ..   /   . . .. . .: , 2006. .142143.].

       (     ),      ,          ( ) [168 - .:  .,  .   . (. .). ., 2002;  ..   :   . 5- ., . . .: , 2011. .217.].           [169 - .:  ..      //   . 2017. 4. .7278.],     ,   ,   ,      [170 - .:  ..             .. //   : -   / . . .. . .: , 2024. .46.].             ,           ,          -.

                    , ,    [171 - .:  ..      : . .: , 2021. .53.].

        ,           ,            .

     ,          .                 .

        ,            ,                   ,      [172 -  :  /  . .. . .: , 2015. .21.].       ,    .

                         ()      (.111  ). ,               ,        ,   .

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  ,     ,           , ,   ,   .

   ,     ,      [174 - .:  ..    :   //     2023 . ., 2024. .52.].       ,      ,        .        .    ,       ,         .          ,            ( ),           ,        7 2018.[175 - URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-3.18/.]

 ,      ,        ,      ,       ,    ,   ,     ,   ,              .




5.  ,     



5.1. -

       -,    .

              ,   .5C  [176 - .:  ..       //   . 2023. 3. . 123.].      .

.              ( ),        (.3 ),              (.53  ).

                                 ,           ,        [177 -      15 2023    C-4/23 , . 6, 7 10 .. 5.3.1.  5.3. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-4.23./].

                  20 2019.,       , ,   . 1.3                     ()             [178 -      18 2022    -3/22     , .5.1  III  . URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-3.22/.].

.     22 2022.                            .  ,                ,       ,       () [179 -      22 2022    -4/22        , .23 .5  III  . URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/r-4.22/.].

        [180 -      18 2019    -1/19  non bis in idem, . 5.7.III //     ()    31 2023 . URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#publications.]    [181 -      13 2023    C-1/23 /, . 9.5.2//     ()    31 2023 . URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#publications.].

     ,               , .125    , .11 17            .

 .1       .           (  )  ,  ,   ,  ,  ,   .  .   ,                 .   ,               .      .

               ,          .           ,       ,   [182 -       21 2017    -2/16   . URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-2.16/.],          ,       .

 ,  ,     (bona fides),      ,      .      .   ,    ,        [183 - .:  ..       //   . 2023. 3. . 123124.].

.          :   , , [184 -      30 2017    -3/17    ;      15 2018    -2/18    ;      7 2018    -3/18   ;      11 2021    -3/20   .],    ( )[185 -      18 2019    -1/19  non bis in idem.],        ..

     ,  ,    [186 -      20 2018    -5/18        .].             ,       . ,             ,     ().

,       23 2021.           .92    :                , ,     (.1 ),    ,            ,      ,      ,  ,          ,     [187 -      23 2021    -2/21   , . 3 2  II  . . :  ..         //   . 2022. .88. 4. .36.].

.                .

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                    . , .2 .97                 (     ,   )   .             ,    ,   .        , ..         (     ,   )       ,     [189 -      7 2018    -3/18   , . 1.5.III //     ()    31 2023. URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#publications.].

5.2.                  ,              .

    20 2018.                  ,                         ,  ,    ,       [190 -      20 2018    -5/18         , . 5.3.1.III //     ()    31 2023 . URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#publications.].  ,              ,     ,      .

               ,    ,  ,   ,   .

, ,           ,       ,                   [191 -      18 2019    -1/19 , . 1, 2 .5.7. .5  . .        16 2021    -2/21 , .5 .. 4.5//     ()    31 2023 . URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#publications.].

           ,                              .       non bis in idem          ,             [192 -      18 2019    -1/19  non bis in idem, . 4, 5 .7.III . URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-1.19/.].

   ,     ,         .


5.3.           

               .

         ,       , ..             ,     .         ,        , ..                 [193 - .:  ..        : . .:  , 2010.].

           :    ,          ;   ,    ;  (   ) [194 - .:  ..           : . .: ; -, 2011.].

                  ,       .

,     7 2018.   ,   .1 2 .97   ,   ()      ,       ,      ,             [195 -  9 .2  III       7 2018.   -3/18   . URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/P-3.18/.].

       21 2017. ,   .17              21 2010.   ,           [196 - .  4  7       21 2017.   -2/16. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-2.16/.].

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5.4.      ,  () 

  - . 1.39  ,                 ,      ()   ;    () .

   . 2.39         :

?        ,               ,  ()     ,            ()           ;

?    () ,               ,    ()     ()           .

  .43                          ,    ,        ,   ,   .

  , ,         3                 ,        .                 (.4445  ).

    19 2013. 46          ,      () ,          ,     . 43            .

  . 4        ,       ,    ()  ()          ,   ,         ,            .

     , ,  , , ,              ,           (    ) .      ,      ()       .      ,        .

  . 18.1.                     ,           .    ,     ,      .  .18.2.  ,            ,      ,       ,    ,     . ,     ,               .

5.5.  .95          .   . 96         ,        .

    ,  . 39  ,            ,         ,             ,  ()    ()     .

          :

?  /            ;

?    /     (  )  ,      ()   ,        () ;

?  /         ,      ()   ;

?     () /     ()      (.104109  ).

              .11C      : 1)      ,       ; 2)           ,        . 108 109  .

                   .96    90 .     . 97  , .2 .37       ,       ,     ,   ,    ,   ,     135  .

          15     ,        45 .

  . 116               - .

      ,  ,   ,          ,  . 1.39  ,      .   ,         ,  . 2.39  ,     .

 ,             .

5.6.  46   ,              ,         ,             ,         ,    .

                  .49          ,             .

 48             ,      .

  . 98     ,          .46  ,   .

           ,    ,              .               ,     ,          ,       .2  .

          ,     c       [198 - .:  ..  :      //  . 2017. 9. .521.].

         ,  ,              .

      ,     ,               ,    .                  [199 - Jacob M. Precedents and Case-based Reasoning in the European Court of Justice. Cambridge UP, 2014, 339 p.].  ,   ,     .              ,  [200 - .:  ..         // . 2018. 10. .177.].

5.7.   . 1.79                     .

         .

      ,         ,   ,    ,   .   ,   ,  ,     , , ,       .

  ,         ,        . ,   ,        ,      .

           ()   (  )     .

         ;          .         ,      .                   [201 - .:  ..         // . 2018. 10. .175183.].

5.8.            .

,    .81             ,      .  .82               15      ,        .   .83         ,       ,      .

  . 111        ,      ()     ,   ,    60         ,      ()     ,        .

  .103      .111113            .

 115   ,                    .           15                .

                . ,    13 2023.   C-1/23 /   ,    ,      14 2023.   -6/22  , ,   ,           ,            ,  .                 ,     [202 - .  13  5.4      13 2023    C-1/23 /. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/%D0%A1-1.23/.].          2 2023.   C-1/23 /[203 - .  4  4.1.2       2 2023    C-1/23 /. URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/%D0%A1-1.23/.].

        .      C-1/23     ,       31 2018. 15                 (        28 2020. 20           31 2018. 15)           .     30 2023. 169                  ,     3 2024.

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5.9.    ( ),             ,   .          ,          .

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      4 2017.              ,                  ( ).  ,      ,            : 1)   , 2)              [206 -      4 2017.   -1/17     , . 7, 9-11 .1//     ()    31 2023 . URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#publications.].

            ,         ,           .               ,       .          ,          .  ,                   ,      [207 -      4 2016    -6/15  , . 1, 3 . II. . .        15 2021    -1/21 -, . 2.. 5.1.6//     ()    31 2023 . URL: https://courteurasian.org/analytics/#publications.].

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1. ..   . .:  , 2008. 152 .

2.  ..        //   . 1998. 6.

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6. ..           : . .: ; -, 2011. 288 .

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12. ..  . ., 1996.

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14. ..   /  . . . ... .: , 2006. 416 .




 VII

 





1.     


          ,         [212 - ., .:  .. - //  : :  3. .1/ . . .. , .. . .: ; , 2005. .641.].   ,            - .          ,       ,    ,      [213 -  .:  ..  //  / . . .. , .. . .: ; -, 2010. .284289.].

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  . ,           ,       ,     ,     ,    [215 - Eagleton C. The responsibility of states in international law. N. Y.: University Press, 1928. P. 21.].              pacta sunt servanda,                   (.27       1969.). - ,  .. ,       [216 -  ..   . .: , 2006. .339.].      ,       ad litem ..        :   .        ,     ,           ,      [217 -  .:  ..     . :  ., 1976. .2732.].

         ,       ,  ,     .        ,           ( )  ,        ,     ..[218 -  ..    (- ). .28, 29.]

         ,     .    ⠫     -  (  ),     56/589  12 2001.[219 -  ,          ,      .]  ,  .1 ,   -       [220 -    - //  ..   . .:  , 2004. .381.].     ,  - ,     : a)         b)    -    (.2)[221 -  .].         ,      .       :    ,    ,    ,   ,      ,     ,                ( II ).

,    1979.   ,     ,        .           (.Iran  US Claims Tribunal)      (Yeager)    , ,             ,               [222 - https://jusmundi.com/en/document/decision/pdf/en-kenneth-p-yeager-v-the-islamic-republic-of-iran-award-award-no-324-10199-1-monday-2nd-november-1987.].              , ,     . ,                   1950      [223 - .:  ..   :  //   XXI . ʠ80- ../  . .. . : , 2006. .272.].

    -       :       ,            -,     - , , ,    ,          [224 - .:  ..      //  : / . . .. . .: , 2016. .230.].      .            ,  .40 ,     .29        ,          ,     ,    ..

    ,   , -      :

)            .            ,         ,   .  ,   ,      , ,    ,      .           (, ), , ,              [225 -       .: Ambos K. European criminal law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. 664 p.].              ,   ,    ;

)   ,               .  ,         ( ,  ,   ,     ,  .).     ,              ,     ,           (.2);

)    .          , ,    [226 - .:  ..  .  : . .: , 2001. .321, 322.].           .     ,     ,   ..;

)        ,  -             [227 -             13 1928. :  ,  ,    ,     ,   ,    ,  ,  ,  .   ,     ,          ,        . . : ..   :  , , . .: . , 2023. .407.],     ,     ,  ,             . ,          (   )        .              ,        ,      ,        ,    ,     [228 -   .  / . . .. . .: , 2001. .307.].            . , .   .      (       )                ()     ,       () ,       ()           .




2.    


      -  ().     -   ,            (.3    56/589  12 2001.).        sui generis,       ,      ,      ,     . ,      ,            ,   ,    .        ,      ,  ,     ,          .

           ,  ,        ,       ,       .      ,                    [229 - URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-6.15/.].         ,         1983 ,    ,     -    .

    ()                  (  ),        .   ,         -  (,  ),          ,           .   ,     -   ,         ,    (, , ),            .  ,  ,     ,     (- ,   ,     ,   ..),   ,       ,       [230 -             ,          .         . 42   ,   ,             ,     ()     .  ,           ,    ,       ,  ,    ,       .].

         ,  ,     ,            .    ,            ,      ()        ,    .          ,   . ,                  ,        [231 - URL: https://courteurasian.org/court_cases/eaeu/C-2.16/.].                   .               .            ,    ,       .

        ,        ,     ,         ,              .    ,   ,   ,            1, 3, 4, 25      ⅻ[232 -  .]

  ,   ,  ..        -:   ,          ,   , ,  , .61          ,              ,  -    ,   - ,    . 34       -  2001.,         [233 -  .]              .    ,        .

  ,  .61             ,      [234 - ., .:  ..          21 2017       // Lex Russica. 2017. 12. .138, 139.],        -      : a)     ( )     (.30); b)     (   ,   ),   (.31),  ,   ,        (.34).  ,                         .

 ,                    . , . 7.93         ,                ,    ,  ,    -,       28 (      ),  -     .  . 94  ,   ,               ,        ,       .             ,    ,       ,     ,       -  (       ).        -    ,  ,   ,       ,    ,         .

        ( 29 ) . 40 ( VII    )  ,         . 68          ()   ,        ,  ,          , ()        ,   ,        ,   ,     ,   .      .                 .




3.   


            : ) ,       ; ) ,      (-   .); ) ,          ; )     (   )   ,     (),   [235 - .:  ..     Ѡ//     :  : . . (. , 1719 2021.): . . : , 2022. .216, 217.].         ,     (,    ..).

       ,        .        ..     .  ,  ,        ( ) ,     ,  ,         ,       ,          ( ).     ,          ,            ,             [236 - .:  ..          // . 2022. .6. 4. .254.].

        ,  ()      ,       ,              .                  .

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