  
 


              .         ,  ,     .    , ,     , ,  ,   ,    , ,    .     ,  ,  ,  GPU    API (OpenGL, Vulkan, DirectX, Metal, WebGPU).     : , , VR/AR,    CAD.   ,    .   ,   ,   .





 

  





 1.    





1.1.    


  -   ,  ,

,       

.     , ,   

.

   :

-   (rendering) -     

-   - , , , 

-   -   

-  -  

-   -     




1.2.  


1950-1960- 

- 1950 - Ben Laposky   ""  

- 1961 - Spacewar! -      (MIT)

- 1963 - Sketchpad  :    .

      .

- 1968 -    HMD (  )

1970- 

-    (1971)   (1975)

- Z-   (1974)

-   CAD

-      

1980-1990-

-    (SGI,  3dfx Voodoo, NVIDIA, ATI)

- OpenGL (1992)  DirectX

-  -   (Pixar, Industrial Light & Magic)

-  3D- (Quake, Unreal)

2000-2020-

-   (DirectX 8/9, OpenGL 2.0)

-    (PBR)

-  ray tracing (NVIDIA RTX, 2018)

-  , Gaussian Splatting,  




1.3.  


1.   (Computer-Generated Imagery, CGI)

  " "      .

2.    

    : , , ,

 .

3.  

  :  , NURBS,  ,

,  .

4.  

 ,  ,  , motion capture.

5.    

  , ,   (, ).

6. ,     (VR / AR / MR)




1.4.  


-    ( ,  CGI-)

-     

-  , CAD/CAM/CAE

-    (BIM)

-  ( ,  )

-   ( , , CFD)

-  (, , )

- ,  , 

-   




1.5.  


 (pixel) -    .

 -   (, 1920x1080).

  -        (8, 24, 32 ).

 (frame) -   .

  (FPS) -    .

  (framebuffer) -  ,    .

  (graphics pipeline) -  

      .

 (latency) -      

 (  VR  ).




1.6.    


:

-  API: OpenGL, Vulkan, DirectX, Metal, WebGPU

- : Unreal Engine, Unity, Godot, CryEngine

-  : Blender, Maya, 3ds Max, Cinema 4D

- CAD: SolidWorks, AutoCAD, FreeCAD

:

- GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) -  

-  (VRAM)

-  (LCD, OLED, -LED), VR-,  




 2.    





2.1.  


  -    .  

    (    - -).

:

-     

-   (bits per pixel, bpp)

-   (sRGB, Adobe RGB, Display P3  .)

-  -

:

+      

+     

+     

+     

:

-     ()

-    (  )

-     

-   

  :

 1920x1080, 24     :

1920 x 1080 x 3  ~ 6,2    .

 60    -   372 / (  

  ).

 :

- BMP  - ,   ( RLE)

- PNG  -    + -,      

- JPEG -   ,   

- GIF  -  256 ,   

- WebP / AVIF -     

- EXR  - HDR-,     VFX

- TGA, TIFF -     




2.2.  


    :

- 

-   

-  

- 

-  (  )

-   

:

+     

+   , , 

+ ˸   

+   

:

-    

-        

-      ( 

  )

:

- SVG   -   ,  XML-

- AI    - Adobe Illustrator

- EPS   - Encapsulated PostScript

- PDF   -    ,   

- DXF   -   CAD

 SVG ( ):

<svg width="100" height="100">

<circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="black" stroke-width="2" fill="red" />

</svg>




2.3.    


      :

1.        ( ) 

2.      -   

3.     

 GPU      

(   ).

  (TrueType, OpenType)   .  

  -  ,  

  .




2.4.  


-  , , , UI- -  (SVG, PDF)

-      -  (PNG/WebP    JPEG)

-    3D:  -  (  ),  -

 ()

-         






 3.     





3.1.    


 -  ,     

  ( 380-780 )   .

  :

-  -     ( ,  )

-  -   (L, M, S),    (),

 ()   () .

         

    .




3.2.  RGB


 .    ,   

.

: , , , ,  .

 :

- 8    (0-255) -> 24  = 16 777 216  (True Color)

-  -: RGBA, 32 

- HDR: 10, 12  16    (, RGB10_A2, RGBA16F)

:

     = (255, 0, 0)

     = (0, 255, 0)

       = (0, 0, 255)

       = (255, 255, 255)

׸      = (0, 0, 0)

Ƹ      = (255, 255, 0)

 50%   = (128, 128, 128)

:        ,

 -    .




3.3.  CMY  CMYK


 .   .

C (Cyan)     - 

M (Magenta)  - 

Y (Yellow)   - 

K (Key)      - 

  :

-  CMY      

- ׸  

-   

  ():

C = 1 - R

M = 1 - G

Y = 1 - B

(  undercolor removal   K)




3.4.  HSV  HSL


      .

HSV:

- H (Hue)        -  (0-360 deg)

- S (Saturation) -  (0-1)

- V (Value)      - / (0-1)

HSL:

- H - 

- S - 

- L - 

       .




3.5. CIE Lab   


CIE XYZ -   .

CIE Lab -   :

- L - 

- a -     

- b -     

       

  (DeltaE).




3.6. -


    -   .

 sRGB   ~ 2,2.

 :

1.       sRGB ( )

2.    -    

3.    -   

4.     -  - (  

 HDR)

  :     sRGB -  

   .




3.7.  


-      - sRGB

-   -   CMYK     ICC-

-    VFX -   + ACES

-          




 4.     





4.1.   


   :

-    (Right-handed)

-    (Left-handed)

  :    - X,  - Y,   - Z.

OpenGL ():  .

DirectX:  .

    ,    "".




4.2.  


     .

 (x, y, z)   (x, y, z, w),   w = 1.

  - (x, y, z, 0).

  :

-    ( )    4x4

-      +   w

-       (w = 0)

:

(x', y', z', w') = (x, y, z, w) x M

   :

X = x' / w'

Y = y' / w'

Z = z' / w'




4.3.     





  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/uchitel-nachalnoy/kurs-komp-iuternoi-grafiki-74569473/)  .

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