  
 


           V          .    ,          :  ,  ,            1066 .

             ,    .        ,      ,          .        XXI         .

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 1


             .  ,    .

   :  ,   ,    ,  ,    , ,   ,           .

   (Modern English)     -.  :      ,            (  ) .   ?    knight,   ?    ,    V         ,    1,5     ?           ,   ,  ,     .

 1.

 :             ,      .            ,   .      .    ,         .     ,         .    ,           , ,   .           ,     :Crag  , .Coomb   , .Brock  .Flannel  .

       ( ).    Thames ()    ,   .   , ,       .  (43 . ..  410 . ..) 43            .         .   , ,      .      ,         .

        .   castra ( )    -chester, -caster  -chester.     :Manchester ()Lancaster ()Gloucester ()Chester ()       .   V        .  410      ,         .      .

 2.    (Old English):   (4501066 .)       V .            .  ,      :          (      ).

             :  (Angles)      .         (Angle-land \(\rightarrow \) England)   (Englisc).  (Saxons)      - (    , ,   ,    ).  (Jutes)   ,     .       .    ,       .     .     ,       ,      (Old English)  .

   ?

       VVIII ,       .        ,   ,    .   Old English:

   ().    4   (, , , ),     .          .

 .   ,    ,      . ,  wif (/)   ,  mona ()  .

  .    ,       ,  .

   .  7   ,       (),         (sing  sang  sung).

 .       (),    ,   .     ,   .    (597 .) 597      ,         .       .-,        ,      (   ,   \text{\thorn} (thorn)   [th]  \(\text{?}\) (ash)   [?]).-,       .       ,  ,   , ,   .      ,    :Angel () \(\leftarrow \)   angelusBishop () \(\leftarrow \)   episcopusCandle () \(\leftarrow \)   candelaSchool () \(\leftarrow \)   scholaMaster () \(\leftarrow \)   magister :          (Beowulf),   1000 ,    .       3000 ,     ,      . ,       :Hw?t! We Gardena in geardagum, ?eodcyninga, ?rym gefrunon, hu ?a ??elingas ellen fremedon.   :Lo, praise of the prowess of people-kings of spear-armed Danes, in days long sped, we have heard, and what honor the athelings won!         . ,   hronrad ( )  swanrad ( ),    banhus ( ).        . 3.  :      793   ,   :   ()        -  .       .   (Danelaw).      (   )   ,      .         .      .        .  878          .    ,       : -   ,  -         (Danelaw    ).       (Old Norse) .   ,       ,   .    ,     .        ,      .         ,    ,    .          :        .    ,    ,         . ,    ,        .      ,  .      ,            : they (), them (), their ().      ,        .     (Old Norse),      :Sky   (    heofon \(\rightarrow \) heaven,     sky,    ).Knife  .Egg  .Window   (    vindauga).Take  .Give  .Die  .They, Them, Their  , . Law  .Ill  . -        [sk]   [g] / [k].           [sh]  [ch].       :Skirt (  )  Shirt (  ,      ).Scatter (  )  Shatter (   ).   ,    ,             ,   .     ,     .

 4.   (Middle English):   1066  1066     . ,  ,   ,              I .               (Middle English).

 

   ,   150       ,              (Anglo-Norman).    ,      .  ,        .      :   , ,     .

- ()    , , ,    .

      ,  , ,   .   300         .     ,     .        .      .            ,       .    Beef,   Cow?        -    .    ,         ,    .       () ,         : (  / )   (  / )Cow ()Beef (   . bCuf)Pig / Swine ()Pork (   . porc)Sheep ()Mutton (   . mouton)Calf ()Veal (   . veau)Deer ()Venison (   . venaison)

   .

 XIV ,           ,        .          10 000  ,    75%   .     ,   :

  :Crown (), Government (), State (), Empire (), Reign (), Tax ().

:Court (), Judge (), Jury (), Justice (), Crime (), Prison ().

 :Army (), Navy (), Peace (), Battle (), Enemy (), Soldier ().

  :Fashion (), Dress (), Art (), Beauty (), Design (), Color ().   .      , , ,         ,   :House (.)  Mansion (.)Start (.)  Commence (.)Wish (.)  Desire (.)Freedom (.)  Liberty (.)Answer (.)  Reply (.)   XIV     .     (13371453)            .      -.  : 1362 :         (Statute of Pleading),      ,        . 1385 :         . 1399 :  IV      ,      ,       .            (Geoffrey Chaucer, . 13431400).      (The Canterbury Tales) ,        ,      .      .       :Whan that Aprille with his shoures sooteThe drooghte of March hath perced to the roote...  :When April with his showers sweetThe drought of March has pierced to the root...        ,    . 5.   (Early Modern English):            (XVXVII )    :     .   (Great Vowel Shift)  -  ,             A   [?],  E  [i?],   OO    [u?]    

  .    ,    1400  1700 .      (        ׸ ,        ),          ,      (       ),       .     ,    :

   ( )

   ( )Bite[bi?t] ( )[ba?t] ( )Meet[me?t] ( )[mi?t] ( )Mate[ma?t] ( )[me?t] ( )Out[u?t] ( /)[a?t] ( )Boot[bo?t] ( )[bu?t] ( )

    .

        .     :      ,  1476 ,            .        (),       .       ,           .  ,             (,      h   ghost,      gheest).    ,     XV .             !           .    ,       ,      .    knight ()  knee ()       k  gh,  -    []  [],      .

 :   (15641616)    I      , .      .       .           20 000  .    ,     .        ,    .

     1700       ,       .,  ,    : Addiction  . Bedazzled   . Brave   (  ). Manager  , .Eyeball   . Fashionable  . Lonely  .Generous  . Uncomfortable  .  ,       ,       .   :Green-eyed monster (  = ), Break the ice (  =  ), Heart of gold ( ), In a pickle (  ), Flesh and blood (  ),   ,      .   (King James Bible, 1611 .)             ,      I  1611 .    47   .        .    ,    ,      ,  . King James Bible    ,     .        ,       .

 6.     (XVIIXIX ) XVIII     , ,   .       ,  ,     ,   .      ,   .  :   (1755 .)      ,      .      .         ,     .  1755 ,  9    ,        (A Dictionary of the English Language).   .      40 000 ,    , ,          . ,  Oats ()    :,      ,      .  Lexicographer (,    ): ;  ,   ,       .            .

 :

        ,    .      ,    ,      .     ,  ,     ,    :     ,        .       .       :   (, , ):Pyjamas (), Bungalow (), Shampoo (), Jungle (), Loot (/), Guru (), Cheetah ().   ( ):Kangaroo (), Boomerang (), Koala ().      ( ):Hurricane (), Barbecue (), Canoe (), Tomato (), Potato (), Chocolate (   ).  :Zombie (), Safari (   ), Chimpanzee ().  :    1620   Mayflower     (-)    .        .         ,      .         . ,    ,    (Noah Webster).  1828         (An American Dictionary of the English Language).    .      ,         .           (UK)   (US) :  (UK)  (US)  ( )ColourColor   u    -our.HonourHonor  .TheatreTheater   -re   -er.CentreCenter  .TravelledTraveled    l  .DefenceDefense c  s   .         ,    Pluricentric Language  ,     . 7. XXXXI :      XX         Lingua Franca  ,      .

 .      :

          .  -,  ,  ,        -.

  (Soft Power).  ,    -  - ( The Beatles   ), ,          .    ,       ,      .      ,    (Fortran, COBOL, C, BASIC)      .  50%        .       (ICAO ,         ),   ( 95%         ), ,     . 8.  :      ? ,      ,       .        ovsky,       :

 :  28.3%:  28.2%  (  ):  25% :  5.3%  /   /  :  13.2%[   ( + ) ~ 56.5% ]  [      () ~ 25% )

 25 .

 ,     ,     ,   ?    .        100       ( I, you, he, they,  in, on, at,  a, the,   be, have, do    water, fire, man, mother)   99      ()!    ,     .  (  )     ,     . 9.             .   ,      .

1.   Ghoti

           .      ,     Ghoti  ,      fish ().   ?gh   [f]     tough  rough.o   [?]     women.ti   [?] ()     nation  motion.   ,             .

2.   (Ghost Words)         .      Dord.  1934          dord,   (density)    .      1947 ,    ,  ... . -    ,    D or d ( D   d      density).           dord.

3.     ?,   ,       (go-went-gone, buy-bought-bought).         ?       ,   1500 .     :   .  be, have, do, go, see, take, say      .         ,             .,          . ,  chide ()    chide  chid  chidden,        (chided)..   :   ?    ,   

Globish (Global English)  World Englishes.

   ,        ,    ,     (, ,   ). ,       .   .        : Spanglish       . Hinglish        ,      . Singlish   ,         .

    :  ,      ,     ,  , ,   XXI .         ,   ,         .           ,     .




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