:   .  ,    
  

 

 


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 ,  ,  

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 :  

 :  

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* * *







     Instagram / Facebook,   Meta Platforms, Inc.,           .



  .           () .  ,  ,   ,  ,   ,          .  ,   ,     ,  ,          ,      ,   ,       .

,      ,  ,   ,        () ,        ,    .







      ,    ?     ,    ,         ,      ?

 2014 Apple  Project Titan        .  10    $10 [1 - https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2024/02/28/apple-stock-up-on-killing-2000-employee-electric-vehicle-project/ (https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2024/02/28/apple-stock-up-on-killing-2000-employee-electric-vehicle-project/).], ,           ,  2024   .    Apple  .   :           .        ,   ,       .

  - Boo.com           [2 - https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1614762 (https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1614762).].   1998,       $135 [3 - https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/13/boo-com-got-sold-again/ (https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/13/boo-com-got-sold-again/).]         .   : 3D-,  ,  .

     .   :

?    ;

?   -;

?      .

Mindstrong      ,  , .       ,   2014,      $160           [4 - https://bhbusiness.com/2023/02/03/mindstrong-winding-down-operations-fires-130-including-ceo/ (https://bhbusiness.com/2023/02/03/mindstrong-winding-down-operations-fires-130-including-ceo/).].       ,     :  ,   ,   .          ,        .      .         ,              .   2023,   128      -, Mindstrong         [5 -  .],[6 - https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/health-tech/mental-healthprovider-sondermind-buys-mindstrongs-tech-assets (https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/health-tech/mental-healthprovider-sondermind-buys-mindstrongs-tech-assets).].

     IRL,         $200 [7 - https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/15/messaging-social-network-irl-hits-unicorn-status-with-softbank-led-170m-series-c/ (https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/15/messaging-social-network-irl-hits-unicorn-status-with-softbank-led-170m-series-c/).]     $1,17[8 - https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210615005261/en/IRL-Leading-Group-Messaging-Social-Network-Raises-%24170M-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-SoftBank-Vision-Fund-2-Achieves-Unicorn-Status-With-Over-%241.1B-Valuation (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210615005261/en/IRL-Leading-Group-Messaging-Social-Network-Raises-$170M-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-SoftBank-Vision-Fund-2-Achieves-Unicorn-Status-With-Over-$1.1B-Valuation).],   .     Facebook[9 -   Facebook   Meta Platforms, Inc.,           .]          .    20       ,     .   2023     ,  95%    [10 - https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/26/irl-shut-down-fake-users/ (https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/26/irl-shut-down-fake-users/).].      100 000[11 - https://www.trend-mill.com/p/irl-app-collapses-because-it-has (https://www.trend-mill.com/p/irl-app-collapses-because-it-has).].  ,         .      .     CEO      SEC[12 - SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)       .][13 - https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024-92 (https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024-92).]   [14 - https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-silicon-valley-ceo-charged-fraud-and-obstruction-justice (https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-silicon-valley-ceo-charged-fraud-and-obstruction-justice).]     .

Quibi    ,    $1,75     ,      [15 - https://www.businessinsider.com/how-quibi-went-from-raising-1-billion-to-shutting-down-2020-10 (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-quibi-went-from-raising-1-billion-to-shutting-down-2020-10).]. Magic Leap,    ,   $2,6  ,  Google  Alibaba,    10          ,      [16 - https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/22/magic-leap-announces-layoffs-amid-covid-19-slowdown/ (https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/22/magic-leap-announces-layoffs-amid-covid-19-slowdown/).].    ,        .

    ,  ,     .  20232024          (GPT  )         -     ()   .

  2022   CNET   ,     -,        [17 - https://futurism.com/the-byte/cnet-publishing-articles-by-ai (https://futurism.com/the-byte/cnet-publishing-articles-by-ai).].          .

      , ,               .          .   2023        ,          [18 - https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/20/23564311/cnet-pausing-ai-articles-bot-red-ventures (https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/20/23564311/cnet-pausing-ai-articles-bot-red-ventures).].     ,    .

     ,      ?

 Warby Parker   2010   -  $120 000  [19 - https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/history-of-warby-parker-jobs-data/ (https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/history-of-warby-parker-jobs-data/).].       (   ,   ),      .   -  -,       (D2C),    .     :           .   , Warby Parker  2025      $2,95[20 - https://companiesmarketcap.com/warby-parker/marketcap (https://companiesmarketcap.com/warby-parker/marketcap).],   $871,9  323     [21 - https://www.alphaspread.com/security/nyse/wrby/investor-relations/earnings-call/q4-2025 (https://www.alphaspread.com/security/nyse/wrby/investor-relations/earnings-call/q4-2025).].

 Native,     2015      $1000[22 - https://www.headwestguide.com/native (https://www.headwestguide.com/native).],   ,       .  :      ,    ,    25%            (natural deodorant with recognizable ingredients).  2,5,   ,    Procter & Gamble  $100 [23 - https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/15/procter-gamble-just-bought-this-venture-backed-deodorant-startup-for-100-million-cash/ (https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/15/procter-gamble-just-bought-this-venture-backed-deodorant-startup-for-100-million-cash/).].

, , SpaceX,     2002     $100 ,       .       ,        ,      .      ,   80%    [24 - https://www.fool.com/research/space-launch-statistics/ (https://www.fool.com/research/space-launch-statistics/).]    52%  [25 - https://www.aei.org/op-eds/space-trends-in-2024/ (https://www.aei.org/op-eds/space-trends-in-2024/).]       ? .

    ,   ?   ,    ,    .     ,      : iPhone,  Tesla,  Airbnb.      ,   .    ,    ,    :   ,     .

         ,         .        .   ,            .    :       ,    ,      ,     ,      .       Apple, Amazon, Netflix.           ,    .

      ,    .   ,      :    ,     ,      .  ,   ,       (    ),     ,     ,      .

     ,        .       .        .     ,            .

       ,        .




 1

   



        ,  ,         .  ,    (intangible assets),  ,   ,   90%      S&P 500[26 - S&P 500   ,   500    .      1957.][27 - https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/w/blogs/2024/corporate-intangible-assets (https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/w/blogs/2024/corporate-intangible-assets).].  ,               [28 -  .].

    ,       ,  ,        .




 Sony:   


 Sony ,        -    .  19801990-   Sony  : Walkman    , PlayStation   .    68%   R&D[29 - https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/ar/1985-E.pdf (https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/ar/1985-E.pdf).],         [30 - https://martinroll.com/resources/articles/strategy/sony-battle-stay-relevant/ (https://martinroll.com/resources/articles/strategy/sony-battle-stay-relevant/).].

   2000- Sony   ,           .     ,  Apple  iTunes  iPod  ,  Sony   Walkman[31 - https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/technology/how-sony-fell-behind-in-the-tech-parade.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/technology/how-sony-fell-behind-in-the-tech-parade.html).]. Ƞ      ,   ,      ,   .

             ,    ,      ,    .   Sony           ,      .

 Sony ,    R&D        ,    ,     ,        .   1990-       ,       .

      .  2025         ,     .  1992           ,       ,    .  ,        .

 1960-         .      ,      ,     .     .

  .    ,       ,       $90 800[32 - https://statbase.ru/data/sgp-gdp-per-capita/ (https://statbase.ru/data/sgp-gdp-per-capita/).]   ,     . ,      ,   6000   [33 - https://lechaim.ru/news/doklad-v-sfere-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-izraile-zanyato-svyshe-1100-kompanij/ (https://lechaim.ru/news/doklad-v-sfere-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-izraile-zanyato-svyshe-1100-kompanij/).]             [34 - https://www.if24.ru/venchurnye-fondy-izrailya/ (https://www.if24.ru/venchurnye-fondy-izrailya/).].   30      ,   ,      1%  [35 - https://tenchat.ru/media/4405738-ekonomika-dubaya-2025-na-chem-derzhitsya (https://tenchat.ru/media/4405738-ekonomika-dubaya-2025-na-chem-derzhitsya).].

     ,  -   ,    ,  ,        : ,   ,   . , TSMC          3  5   ,   ,  ,       .  TSMC  2025  $1,57     $122 [36 - https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/TSM/taiwan-semiconductor-manufacturing/revenue (https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/TSM/taiwan-semiconductor-manufacturing/revenue).].

      ,    . ,            ,       .




  


    ,        .         19601980-    19902010-          .



    [37 - : D_PEOPLE, -  ,      . URL: https://t.me/dmitry_trofimov_dpeople (https://t.me/dmitry_trofimov_dpeople).]






          .      .             . Ƞ  -   ,       .

          :          Azure  AWS.  ,  -       : Uber    , Airbnb    .    :         .




 :  


     .   ,               56.

 2013    39 -,  2024-     1200,     30  11[38 - https://blog.equityzen.com/the-state-of-the-unicorn-equityzen (https://blog.equityzen.com/the-state-of-the-unicorn-equityzen).].        8,4  2022-  5,5  2023-[39 - https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/average-time-taken-to-turn-unicorn-falls-from-84-years-in/468499 (https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/average-time-taken-to-turn-unicorn-falls-from-84-years-in/468499).],   -  2025-   3,4[40 - https://ff.co/unicorn-companies-2025/ (https://ff.co/unicorn-companies-2025/).].  -     : Anthropic      18,  Mistral AI    8[41 - https://rajeevkdave.medium.com/from-7-years-to-18-months-the-new-era-of-unicorns-cbc0ac240ffb (https://rajeevkdave.medium.com/from-7-years-to-18-months-the-new-era-of-unicorns-cbc0ac240ffb).].

 2008          ,           [42 - https://companiesmarketcap.com (https://companiesmarketcap.com/).].








 2008 10      :   (Exxon Mobil, PetroChina, ),   General Electric,  (ICBC, China Construction Bank),  China Mobile   Walmart.     59%[43 -  .]        Microsoft      $173 .

Nvidia    $4,2   2008  $4,5   2025   1000  17.

PetroChina  Exxon Mobil   2008     10.    Nvidia, Apple, Microsoft, Alphabet, Amazon, Meta[44 -       .]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74623711)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes


Notes





1


https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2024/02/28/apple-stock-up-on-killing-2000-employee-electric-vehicle-project/ (https://www.forbes.com/sites/petercohan/2024/02/28/apple-stock-up-on-killing-2000-employee-electric-vehicle-project/).




2


https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1614762 (https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/1614762).




3


https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/13/boo-com-got-sold-again/ (https://techcrunch.com/2009/11/13/boo-com-got-sold-again/).




4


https://bhbusiness.com/2023/02/03/mindstrong-winding-down-operations-fires-130-including-ceo/ (https://bhbusiness.com/2023/02/03/mindstrong-winding-down-operations-fires-130-including-ceo/).




5


 .




6


https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/health-tech/mental-healthprovider-sondermind-buys-mindstrongs-tech-assets (https://www.fiercehealthcare.com/health-tech/mental-healthprovider-sondermind-buys-mindstrongs-tech-assets).




7


https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/15/messaging-social-network-irl-hits-unicorn-status-with-softbank-led-170m-series-c/ (https://techcrunch.com/2021/06/15/messaging-social-network-irl-hits-unicorn-status-with-softbank-led-170m-series-c/).




8


https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210615005261/en/IRL-Leading-Group-Messaging-Social-Network-Raises-%24170M-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-SoftBank-Vision-Fund-2-Achieves-Unicorn-Status-With-Over-%241.1B-Valuation (https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210615005261/en/IRL-Leading-Group-Messaging-Social-Network-Raises-$170M-Series-C-Funding-Led-by-SoftBank-Vision-Fund-2-Achieves-Unicorn-Status-With-Over-$1.1B-Valuation).




9


  Facebook   Meta Platforms, Inc.,           .




10


https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/26/irl-shut-down-fake-users/ (https://techcrunch.com/2023/06/26/irl-shut-down-fake-users/).




11


https://www.trend-mill.com/p/irl-app-collapses-because-it-has (https://www.trend-mill.com/p/irl-app-collapses-because-it-has).




12


SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)       .




13


https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024-92 (https://www.sec.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2024-92).




14


https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-silicon-valley-ceo-charged-fraud-and-obstruction-justice (https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/former-silicon-valley-ceo-charged-fraud-and-obstruction-justice).




15


https://www.businessinsider.com/how-quibi-went-from-raising-1-billion-to-shutting-down-2020-10 (https://www.businessinsider.com/how-quibi-went-from-raising-1-billion-to-shutting-down-2020-10).




16


https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/22/magic-leap-announces-layoffs-amid-covid-19-slowdown/ (https://techcrunch.com/2020/04/22/magic-leap-announces-layoffs-amid-covid-19-slowdown/).




17


https://futurism.com/the-byte/cnet-publishing-articles-by-ai (https://futurism.com/the-byte/cnet-publishing-articles-by-ai).




18


https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/20/23564311/cnet-pausing-ai-articles-bot-red-ventures (https://www.theverge.com/2023/1/20/23564311/cnet-pausing-ai-articles-bot-red-ventures).




19


https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/history-of-warby-parker-jobs-data/ (https://www.businessofbusiness.com/articles/history-of-warby-parker-jobs-data/).




20


https://companiesmarketcap.com/warby-parker/marketcap (https://companiesmarketcap.com/warby-parker/marketcap).




21


https://www.alphaspread.com/security/nyse/wrby/investor-relations/earnings-call/q4-2025 (https://www.alphaspread.com/security/nyse/wrby/investor-relations/earnings-call/q4-2025).




22


https://www.headwestguide.com/native (https://www.headwestguide.com/native).




23


https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/15/procter-gamble-just-bought-this-venture-backed-deodorant-startup-for-100-million-cash/ (https://techcrunch.com/2017/11/15/procter-gamble-just-bought-this-venture-backed-deodorant-startup-for-100-million-cash/).




24


https://www.fool.com/research/space-launch-statistics/ (https://www.fool.com/research/space-launch-statistics/).




25


https://www.aei.org/op-eds/space-trends-in-2024/ (https://www.aei.org/op-eds/space-trends-in-2024/).




26


S&P 500   ,   500    .      1957.




27


https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/w/blogs/2024/corporate-intangible-assets (https://www.wipo.int/en/web/global-innovation-index/w/blogs/2024/corporate-intangible-assets).




28


 .




29


https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/ar/1985-E.pdf (https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/IR/library/ar/1985-E.pdf).




30


https://martinroll.com/resources/articles/strategy/sony-battle-stay-relevant/ (https://martinroll.com/resources/articles/strategy/sony-battle-stay-relevant/).




31


https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/technology/how-sony-fell-behind-in-the-tech-parade.html (https://www.nytimes.com/2012/04/15/technology/how-sony-fell-behind-in-the-tech-parade.html).




32


https://statbase.ru/data/sgp-gdp-per-capita/ (https://statbase.ru/data/sgp-gdp-per-capita/).




33


https://lechaim.ru/news/doklad-v-sfere-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-izraile-zanyato-svyshe-1100-kompanij/ (https://lechaim.ru/news/doklad-v-sfere-iskusstvennogo-intellekta-v-izraile-zanyato-svyshe-1100-kompanij/).




34


https://www.if24.ru/venchurnye-fondy-izrailya/ (https://www.if24.ru/venchurnye-fondy-izrailya/).




35


https://tenchat.ru/media/4405738-ekonomika-dubaya-2025-na-chem-derzhitsya (https://tenchat.ru/media/4405738-ekonomika-dubaya-2025-na-chem-derzhitsya).




36


https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/TSM/taiwan-semiconductor-manufacturing/revenue (https://www.macrotrends.net/stocks/charts/TSM/taiwan-semiconductor-manufacturing/revenue).




37


: D_PEOPLE, -  ,      . URL: https://t.me/dmitry_trofimov_dpeople (https://t.me/dmitry_trofimov_dpeople).




38


https://blog.equityzen.com/the-state-of-the-unicorn-equityzen (https://blog.equityzen.com/the-state-of-the-unicorn-equityzen).




39


https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/average-time-taken-to-turn-unicorn-falls-from-84-years-in/468499 (https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-in/news-and-trends/average-time-taken-to-turn-unicorn-falls-from-84-years-in/468499).




40


https://ff.co/unicorn-companies-2025/ (https://ff.co/unicorn-companies-2025/).




41


https://rajeevkdave.medium.com/from-7-years-to-18-months-the-new-era-of-unicorns-cbc0ac240ffb (https://rajeevkdave.medium.com/from-7-years-to-18-months-the-new-era-of-unicorns-cbc0ac240ffb).




42


https://companiesmarketcap.com (https://companiesmarketcap.com/).




43


 .




44


      .


