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 ,          1987 ,       .                ,       , ,  ,    ,  .                             ,  ,    ,           ,              . ,   ,   19881989 ,      (!)  , ,               ,             .   ,             .      ,          ,          ,            .     ,              , , ,   ,                  .       .


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  ,   1980?       ,             :   (1979),     ,       ,       (1984).   ,   ,       195070? ,  ,               ,          .        ,           : ,      ,     ,  ? [2 -  . . .:  , 2008. . 137.].     .    ,        ( , ,       ),     , ,    .           ,           (                  ,  12). ,      ,  , ,    .., ,    ,     ,      ,          [3 - Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1984 (Bourdieu, Pierre. La Distinction. Critique sociale du jugement. Paris, Les ditions de Minuit, 1979). . 226.].

                 ,  ,                   .            ,        :      ,           .        ,               , ,  (.   ,  11)    ,         (.   ,  10) [4 -             .        軠  廠     collective efef rvescence.      efef rvescence ,  ,   ,        ,  ,      ,      (                  , .  5).].             ,        ,     ,      .          ?          ,    ,       .              ,        ( 4),       20   20   ,  ? ,       , "" .

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 ,     ,  ,    ( 4),  ,     ,  ,      .             ,     ,   ,    1970?         .    ,  ,  ,     ,       ,             ,    ,       .  ,        :         ,            . ,          ,    ,   ,        ,   .         ?    ,   ,     ,           .        ,      ,  ,            .

  ,  ,          ,       ( 5) , ,         ,  ,         .      ,   ,   ,         ,     .     ,   ,     ,    .      ,        ,   ,  ,       ,         ,           .   ,   ()                    ,      .      : ,    ,        ,     ,   ,  , .

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             ,   .      (. [Heath 1975]),  1970?     ,   ,       .               .    :           ,            ,    .      ,  ,     .

         :         .          1970   ,  , ,         ,      ,       . ,   ,         ,          .  ,  ,     ,          .      ,  ,  ,        ,  ,     (. [Gusfield 1963], [Gusfield 1981]),   .         (problem drinking)    ,  , ,        ,    ,            [Heath 1975: 57].    ,      ,     : ,   ,   10% .

          ,   .  ,   ,                 .     ,     .       :      ,         ,    .               .  ,   ,                  .   ,        ,        ,   ,       ?     ,  ?   .     ,      ,         .  ,  ,    , ,     .     ,       ,    ,          .            ,         ,   ,   .                   ,  , , ,       .                ,   .

  ,    ,    .        (problem drinking)? [9 -       problem drinking,     Alcohol.org,    ,     ,            ;      (alcohol abuse) . .]      ,    ?      ,    (alcohol-related troubles)?         ?     ,   ,    ,        ,   .         .       [10 -   (demon rum) ,       XVIII      ,      .                   1920   . .]     ?   ,              ,       ,      ?  ,   ,        Current Anthropology,      ,       .     ,  ,          ,             (. [Room 1984]).   ,  ,        ? ,  ,             [11 -         (lcohol epidemiology)  ,             ,     . .].       ,       .   ,  ,     .  ,         1975 ,        ,    ,       ,      .    ,    ,    ,        .     ,             .            .        .

     ,   ,      . ,     Current Anthropology       . ?,              ,        ,        .         ,        ,     (.  2).     ,   1970  1980 ,  ,              ,   , ,  .     ,     ,     ,       ?     ,   . ?,      ,   ,                 .   ,       ?       ,      ,    ,  Current Anthropology.   .    ,     ,           ?    ,      ,     ?  , .     ,     ,    ,  ,          ?     ,    ,      ?

    ,               ? ,   .  ,          ,   ,           ,      , ,     ,               (. [Kunitz and Levy 1971]).   ,      ,         ,     ,      ,   ? (. [Snyder 1978], [Snyder 1982]).            ? ,       ?   ,          ,              .        ,    ? .    , ,  ,    ,        .    ,  ,          ,     .  ,            [Stivers 1976: 87];          .   ,          ,         ,     ,     . ,              [12 -           ,       . .].             ,        . ,          ,      [Marshall 1979: 49].

,       ,   ,       ,       ,   .  ,    ,  ,   ,      .    ,       ,  ,   ,    . ,          .            ,    (. [Douglas 1970], [Douglas 1982] [Gross and Rayner 1984], [Mars 1982])        ,                     .

        ,        . ?,    ,     1950?       [13 -     ,      (. Vergesellschaftung,       sociation)            ,      ,   .. . .]       ,    .               1968       (. [Reisman 1960a], [Reisman 1960b], [Reisman 1964]) [14 -     (19092002),       ,       1950  (       )   ,              .        1968          ,   1969 ,             黠 . .].             ,    ,   .      ?     ,         .      ,    ,        ,   .      ,     .              ,    ,       (. [Fox 1978: 53]). ,   ,      :       ,        ,      ,       [Spradley 1970: viii].        (. [Cavan 1966], [Dollard 1945], [Roebuck and Krese 1976], [Stone 1962])   ?  ,  ,  , ,                .

,          ,                          ,      .  ,   (. [de Lestrange 1981], [Fournier 1983])        (),       ,    .             ,    ,      .

  ,             ,    .   ,    ,      . ,          .  , ,             ,    .        ,    ?                   ?           ,         ?  ,   ,    ,      .      ,  ,     , ,        . ,     ,         .  ,           .   ,            ? ,     ,     [15 - Gin, gin was mother's ruin       XVIII ,            ;        13  . .].            , ,       ,       ,        .      ,    ,      ?        ,              .         :                 .        .     ,      ,    ,        .          ,       .

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 ,          .   (.  4)             ,        .       ,          .        :     ,   ,      .                 ,      .               .   ,      :     ,    [16 - ,       ,              . .],     ,      ,     .      ,               ,           .  ,          ,        ,   ,        .         :          ,   ,       ,    .  ,  ,         ,  ,    ,     .           :        ,    (. [Douglas 1984])   .

   ,     . ,            ,     ,                      ,              .         ,     ,  ,   , , ,   ,       .             ,           ,      .         ,        ,    ,   и     ,         :            [Sayers 1972].  ,       ,    ,        .  ,      .         ?       ,          ,    (. [Mars and Nicod 1984]).  ,    ,        .     ,      ,  ,     ,      .    ,      .    ,    ,           ,     .              (. [Goodman 1978]).   ,  ,            ,     .

,   ,            .        ,        (.  7).           ,            ,    ,         .   ,       ,     ,          .     ,  ,  ,      ,          ,      .

            ,                 ,          (.  6). ,       ,              .            ()              (.  8).            .     (.  5)       ,     ,     . ,    ,   ,    :     ,         ,         .       .               .

   :         ,         ,       ?     ,           ,   .           ,           .               .       ( )   ?         .              .                       . ,                      ,            (. [Gross, 1984]).

  ?     ,  ,   , , ,      ,     , ,    .        ,   ,      ?     .              .     ,              ,      .         ,     ,      ,   .  ,  ,           ,        ,  ,           .         ,      ,        .            ,         ,   .


    ( )

       ,     .     ,       ,      ,             .  ,      :        ,       ,       .           .

        (.  9)       , ,         ,     ,      .

     (.  10),   ,       ,     ,       [17 -  (       )       ,       .         ; ,            . .].              ,    ,         .           :            ,              ,        .                . ,    ,      : ,    ,   ,      .   ,      ,       ,       ,        .

       ,      ,   ,           (.  11).  ,     ,   ,  , ,        ,  ,     .       (. [Hazan 1980])  ,               .       ,         .      ,        ,    .        ,            .     .     ,       .       ,     ,       .             ,     .     ,         ,    ,        .  ,    .  ,          ,   ,     ,       ,    .   ,    , ,      ,      .    (.  10)               ,      .              ,         .        ,           .              ,       .     ,    ,     , .        ,     ,            ,          .       ,           ,   ,        .     ,  ,     ,             .


    ( )

             .            .   ,         ,   ,   .      ,     (.  14),         ,   ,            .                ,          .            (.  13), ,        ,       .  ,                  (    )         ,    ,       .

     ,    XVIIXVIII ,        .           ,     .  XVI            ,   ,            ,           ,             .  XVIIXVIII      ,      ,      ,         .           ,  ?   .    ,        ,       .       ,      ,       :             ,       ,     .       ,       ,        ,    .      ,             ,     .     ,  ,            .            ,         .       .    ,              ,            .         ,     .

    ,  ,          .  ,    ,       ,         .        ,  ,     ,      ,  ,      ,    .           (.  15),       ,     ,          ,            ,             .




          ,              1978 .    ,             (),      ,          .       ,     .        ,              ,            .  ,     ,            .       ,        ,      ,    .




Cavan 1966  Cavan, Sherri. Liquor License: An Ethnography of Bar Behavior. Aldine Publishing Co., Chicago, 1966.

Conn and Krese 1976  Conn. Roebuck, J. B., and Krese, W. Teh Rendezvous: A Case Study of an Afet r Hours Club, Free Press, N.Y., 1976.

de Lestrange 1981  de Lestrange, Marie?Teh rese, La consommation de 'biere de mil' aeyolo, village Bassari du Senegal oriental, in Objets et Mondes 21 (1981), no. 13, . 107114.

Dollard 1945  Dollard, John, Drinking mores of the social classes, in Alcohol, Science and Society, Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, New Haven, 1945.

Douglas 1970  Douglas, Mary. Natural Symbols: Explorations in Cosmology. Barrie & Rocklife, 1970.

Douglas 1982  Douglas, Mary. In the Active Voice. Routledge Kegan & Paul, 1982.

Douglas 1984  Douglas, Mary, ed. Food in the Social Order: Studies of Food and Festivities in Three American Communities, Russell Sage Foundation, Basic Books, N.Y., 1984.

Fournier 1983  Fournier, Dominique, Le pulque et le sacrifci e humain Chez les Azteques, L'Imaginaire du Vin, ed. Jeanne Lafti te, Marseille, 1983.

Fox 1978  Fox, Richard, Ethnicity and alcohol use, by A. S. Brown, in Medical Anthropology 2 (1978), no. 4.

Goodman 1978  Goodman, Nelson, When is art: samples, ch. 4in Ways of Worldmaking, Hackett Publishing Co., Indianapolis, 1978.

Gross and Rayner 1984  R.K.P. Gross, J., and Rayner, S. Measuring Culture. Columbia University Press, 1984.

Gusfield 1963  Gusfield, Joseph. Symbolic Crusade: Status, Politics and the American Temperance Movement. University of Illinois Press, Urbana, II., 1963.

Gusfield 1981  Gusfield, Joseph, Teh Culture of Public Problems: Drinking, Driving and the Symbolic Order. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1981.

Gross 1984  Gross, Jonathan, Measurement of calendrical information in foodtaking behavior, in Douglas, Mary, ed. Food in the Social Order: Studies of Food and Festivities in Trh ee American Communities, Russell Sage Foundation, Basic Books, N.Y., 1984.

Hazan 1980  Hazan, Haim. Teh Limbo People: A Study of the Constitution of the Time Universe Among the Aged, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1980.

Heath 1975  eath, Dwight. A critical review of ethnographic studies of alcohol use, in R. Gibbons, Y. Israel, H. Kalant, R. Popham, W. Schmidt, and R. Smart (eds.). Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, vol. 2, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y, 1975.

Kunitz and Levy 1971  Kunitz, S.J. and Levy, J.E., Teh epidemiology of alcoholic cirrhosis in two southwestern Indian tribes, in Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 32, no. 3: 706720, Sept. 1971.

Mars 1982  Mars, Gerald. Cheats at Work, Allen & Unwin, 1982.

Mars and Nicod 1984  Mars, Gerald and Nicod, Michael. Teh World of Waiters. George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984.

Marshall 1979  Mac Marshall, ed. Beliefs, Behaviors and Alcoholic Beverages: A Cross-Cultural Survey, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1979.

Reisman 1960a  Reisman, David. Teh vanishing host, Human Organisation 19, no. 1, Spring 1960: 1727.

Reisman 1960b  Reisman, David. Sociability, permissiveness, and equality, in Psychiatry 23 (1960), no. 4: 323340.

Reisman 1964  Reisman, David. Teh sociability project: achronicle of frustration and achievement, in Sociologists at Work, Phillip Hammond, ed., Basic Books, N.Y., 1964.

Room 1984  Room, Robin. Alcohol and ethnography: acase of problem defal tion? in Current Anthropology 25, no. 2, April, 1984: 169191.

Sayers 1972  Sayers, Dorothy, Lord Peter, A Collection of All the Lord Peter Wimsey Stories, Harper and Row, N.Y., 1972.

Snyder 1978  Snyder, Charles. Alcoholism and the Jews. Acturus Paperbacks, S. Illinois University Press, Carbondale, II, 1978.

Snyder 1982  Snyder, Charles, Alcoholism among Jews in Anthropological perspective Israel: apilot study, in Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol 43, no. 7: 623654, July 1982.

Spradley 1970  Spradley, James, You Owe Yourself a Drunk: An Ethnography of Urban Nomads, Little, Brown & Co., N.Y., 1970.

Stivers 1976  Stivers, Richard. A Hair of the Dog: Irish Drinking and American Stereotypes. Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1976.

Stone 1962  Stone, Gregory, Drinking styles and status arrangements, in Society, Culture and Drinking Patterns, J. Pittman and C. Snyder, eds., Wiley, N.Y., 1962, pp. 121145.




II

 

      1970? 


  (19302017)                 ( -).

                     ,     .        ,  ,           .     : -     (  . .   . . ),      (  . . )             (  . .   . . ).


       ,             ,   .        ,            ,      ,    .     , ,     , ?       :    (Homo sapiens),     ()      [Marshall 1979a: l].     ,  ,         ,               (. [Heath 1976a: 5256]).




              ,           [18 -           1981 .              ,                 .                 : Dwight Heath. Drinking and Drunkenness in Transcultural Perspective: An Overview, in Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, vol. 23, no. 1 (1986), pp. 742; vol. 23, no. 2 (1986), pp. 103126.].     ,   1970  1980 ,             ,    (. [Heath 1975]).          ,     ,       ,           .             .        ; ,  ?    ,         ;      ,      ,   .


 

      ,        ,          ,  .           ,   ,  ,    .  ,       ,             ,   .

  1970     .     IX       (1973)      [19 -   (19071995)      196070? ,     Current Anthropology ( ) . .]       ,                  .    ,           ,      ,         .          ,                   .    World Anthropology,  ,          ,   ,     1973 ,      .      ?    :   [Everett, Waddell, and Heath 1976]         ,        .

              (. [Heath 1976a]).     ,  ,       ,         ,    ,                ,   ,        ,   (. [Heath 1975]).      ,          ,                 .  ,        ,       ,        ,   .   ,             .

         . ,                (. [Horton 1943]),  ?           :     ,  ?  ,       ,    ,           , ,     ,    (., ,  [Bales 1946], [Snyder 1958], [McCarthy 1959], [Pittman 1967]).

   1970?    ,       ,   .   ,                  :    [Ablon 1976a]     ,       [Bacon 1975a]          [Heath 1976b].       , ,       [Madsen 1974].   ,    ,    ?,                  .      ,    ,             ,   ,    ,       .             ,    , ,      ,   .                       [20 -                    5 T32 AA 07131,        .],              (. [Peltoniemi 1980]).

          : ?,      ,  ?,           .   ,     (. [Westermeyer 1974a], [Westermeyer 1975a]),                (. [Westermeyer and Lang 1975]),       ? (. [Westermeyer 1976c]).      1980    ,     (. [Harford et al. 1980]),     ,              (. [Heath, Waddell and Topper 1981]).       (. [Ablon 1979])           .

         ,     ?   .      ,              ,  , ,    ,        ,   .  ?    : ,   ,   ,       ,      ,     .   ,       ,                  . ,    ,        ,           ,    ,     .  ,              ,   ,      ,        ,   ,   ?  ? .              (   )  .       :       ,    ,     .        ,         (. [Bacon 1978]),        ,       ,     .

       ,        .              .      ,    : ?      [Marshall 1979a]   ,                   ,   ,   .       (. 441457)    ,     ,   .  ,              /   .       ,   1979 ,        ,  1980              ,     .            ,       [Popham and Yawney 1967],    ,       . .  [Heath and Cooper 1981],   ,        ,   ,      .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/pages/biblio_book/?art=74628591)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


             : . . , . . .         :    //  . . 22. 3.  2021. . 129157,      (,  ,   ) ,   Constructive Drinking.




2


 . . .:  , 2008. . 137.




3


Bourdieu, Pierre. Distinction. Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 1984 (Bourdieu, Pierre. La Distinction. Critique sociale du jugement. Paris, Les ditions de Minuit, 1979). . 226.




4


            .        軠  廠     collective efef rvescence.      efef rvescence ,  ,   ,        ,  ,      ,      (                  , .  5).




5


   , ,   ,      , ,   (   ,   ,      ).




6


 .  . .: , 1990. . 71.




7


 ,  ,                  :             . ,      , ,   ,      (. . ).




8


          ,              .   ,    ,  ,        , , ,   ..




9


      problem drinking,     Alcohol.org,    ,     ,            ;      (alcohol abuse) . .




10


  (demon rum) ,       XVIII      ,      .                   1920   . .




11


        (lcohol epidemiology)  ,             ,     . .




12


          ,       . .




13


    ,      (. Vergesellschaftung,       sociation)            ,      ,   .. . .




14


    (19092002),       ,       1950  (       )   ,              .        1968          ,   1969 ,             黠 . .




15


Gin, gin was mother's ruin       XVIII ,            ;        13  . .




16


,       ,              . .




17


 (       )       ,       .         ; ,            . .




18


          1981 .              ,                 .                 : Dwight Heath. Drinking and Drunkenness in Transcultural Perspective: An Overview, in Transcultural Psychiatric Research Review, vol. 23, no. 1 (1986), pp. 742; vol. 23, no. 2 (1986), pp. 103126.




19


  (19071995)      196070? ,     Current Anthropology ( ) . .




20


                   5 T32 AA 07131,        .


