    R.  I     
 


       .

,        -:  6731 .   6734 .    (1223 -1226 .). -      :  30,31 , 16   16 .

   ,  ,     ,    31  1223 .

     : -,    ,   20-     ,   ,    102   9-    .

,     -      ..    ,  -   649-648 .,   547-546 .  ..

   :         R.            .





    R.  I     








     ,        .  ,          ,    5-    ,     ,     ,       ,    ()     1  45 .  ..           ,     15  44 .   .

      ,        :     ( )  ,  -,    .   ,    20-              ,  II, - ()  .    , -     102-       . [. Gwendolyn Leick. Historical Dictionary of Mesopotamia Historical Dictionaries of Ancient Civilizations and Historical Eras, No. 9. The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland, and Oxford, 2003, p. 3].

 ,  ,  20-    ,  - ,     -  649   -  648 .  ..,  9-   ,    =2  547-21  546 .,         ,    -        .

-,                ,     -,      . -,      ,   -    -     ,  1-         . -,    ,       -   ,   ,    ,            ; -, 1-   ,         (     )     1-    .

     ,     (-  )      -,          .               (     )  626 .  ..  75 . .. [. Parker, Richard Anthony and Waldo H. Dubberstein. Babylonian Chronology 626 BC-AD 75. Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1971, pp. 1-29].         -     ,            -.

 ,     R,           ,     .   ,     (  ..)   Y (  ),   - (. . 1)         . (,        , ..   ,           -  ).










. 1.          ,     .

:  



,             ,        . ,    , - ,    ,     ,     ,             

  ,   ,      ,     ,      ,  ,       .           ,    R.

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,         ,      ,    ,       .  ,         ,         ,      ,    .

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    ,    , ,      , -        .

     -    ,     ,         X .  .. ,        ,     .          ,          .








   , 20  2026 ., . 



.        :

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3)        ; 

4)   ,      .

      . : bryukov@bk.ru 

         ,          . .




 1. 





1.     


2500             :        ,                      [. .    . - , , 1972,  12]

    25 ,      ,        . ,         ,       ,        .

       ,  c       , , ,       .     ,         ,     .

    ,    .              ,        .            XVI .     ,     ,   ,  : 1.    ;  2.    .

                ,        ,     .                           ,       .

            ,         ,        .         .     ,   ,      . [. . . . : ,    /. . .  2- ., .  .  .:  , 2003., . 5-6]

   - XVI    (1529/1530-1596)           : ,  ,      ,   ,  ,       .             ,             ,      .   ,    ,   ,     ,       ,            . [.  .    . . . 2000, . 270]

  1833 . -   . .  (1801-1883),      (     ),     :  : 1.   ,     ; 2. ,  ,     ; 3.   , [. . . .     . . 1:  .  : . ., 1833-1835, . 8]

   XIX .    . .  (1854-1900)       :      ,           ,      . [. .. .     . . 1907,  1, . 66]

       .  (1897-1981),      ,   :   ,         ,    .    , . . ,        .           ,        . ,  ,         ,    .    .  ,              27  8 .  . .    ,         . [ . . .   :    . ., 1975, . 5].

       .      ,   -             .                   . [. . . . : ,    /. . .  2- ., .  .  .:  , 2003., . 5].

  ,           ,     ,      .        .     ,    ,     : -,    () ,     ,         (      ,            ..);  -,     ()   ,    .

          (  ).                 (       ). [. . . .  , . 19].

             ,         .            ,     ,    ,         ,      ,   ,      ,    .






2.    


       XVI .,     ,    XIII,        (1540-1609),     .

             (Opus novum de emendatione temporum),     1583 .        (Thesaurus temporum),    1606 .  .       ,   , , , , , ,   ..,      ,    .

           .     ,          .     ,       ,   ,   .

           (1583-1652),       .  1627 .       (Opus de doctrina temporum),     .    .          ,            .           .

 XVIII .           . :  ,     ,   1750 .       (LArt de vrifier les dates).     ,       , , ,    ,      .

      ,  , , 1000         ,  ,  ,     ..  ,           1 .  2000 . ..        1837 .,   .

 XIX .   XX .     .               (1766-1846),       .  1825-26 .         (Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie),  1831 .             ,   1839 .

  (Canon der Finsternisse),   1887 .     (1841-1886),         .         ,   8000   5200      1207 .  . .  2163 . . .

      (1850-1926),         ,  1906-1914 .        ;     (Handbuch der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie; das Zeitrechnungswesen der V?lker ).          .

          .        1907 .     (Kalendariographische und chronologische Tafeln)   . ,      .        .

 XX .    XXI           ,            .         ,  ,  ,    ..,      .

            1946 .   ,      (19081980).    ,          ,     .

   2020 .      (IntCal20)    (SHCal20),      (Marine20)           ,  ,    55 . . [. Reimer P. J. et al. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve // Radiocarbon.  2020.  Vol. 62, no. 4.  Pp. 725-757; Hogg A. G. et al. SHCal20 Southern Hemisphere Calibration, 055,000 Years cal BP // Radiocarbon.  2020.  Vol. 62, no. 4.  Pp.. 759-778; Heaton T. J. et al. Marine20The Marine Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (055,000 cal BP) (.) // Radiocarbon.  2020.  Vol. 62, no. 4.  Pp.. 779-820.]

      15  (  ,   95%).           ,    ,    50 ,          100 .

       ,  ,           .          .

        ,   .           ,    .        :     ,   5282 .  ..,        8021 .  ..,  -      6700 .  ..

  ,       XX .   XXI . ,    ,            .

 1968 .         :    ,       1975 .         ,        ,    .

        . 626 .  ..-75 . .. (Parker, Richard Anthony and Waldo H. Dubberstein. Babylonian Chronology 626 BC-AD 75. Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 1971)           626 .  ..-75 . ..                     ,          .   ,    VII .  ..    I . ..,  ,    ,        .

      ,   4 .  ..    ,      ,   2006 .  Ancient Egyptian Chronology. Series: Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East, Vol: 83. Editors: Erik Hornung, Rolf Krauss, and David A. Warburton, Leiden-Boston, 2006.

   ,       BRILL,     ,    , ,      .        ,     .




3.       R  RStudio


           ,   ,     .   ,        ,           .

          ,        R,        .                .

        ,    ,      ,      .          R.

            ,       . ,    2026 .     CRAN  25258    . ,      .

,        R   -    ,     ,    ,    .

  1993   R        . ,   ,  .    ,  R   ,          .        R  ,     .              .




  1.1.         R


     R         .              CRAN.         https://cran.r-project.org/ (https://cran.r-project.org/),     Linux, Mac OS X  Windows    : Download R for Linux (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/), Download R for (Mac) OS X (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/)  Download R for Windows (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/).

,     Linux    R     ,      .    ,  ,  Linux,   Mac OS X   R       , , Download R for Linux (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/linux/)  Download R for (Mac) OS X (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/macosx/),      ,     https://cran.r-project.org/ (https://cran.r-project.org/).

 Windows   R    :     Download R for Windows (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/),     base (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/) , ,    Download R-4.6.1 for Windows (https://cran.r-project.org/bin/windows/base/R-4.6.1-win.exe) (88 megabytes, 64 bit),       (  ,    ,    R 4.6.1).    Windows     R,               Next ()    .

  32-  R,  ,     ,     32-   Windows,      64-.  32-     64-,       ,       .          4       64- .        4          32-.

 R       RGui (Graphic User Interface    ),       .         ,  .      -.

    RGui   R    , ,    ,       ,   .               RStudio,    ,      R.        RStudio  ,          .   RStudio           Windows, Linux, Mac OS X.

RStudio      R,    2010 .     : 1. RStudio Desktop,          ;  2. RStudio Server,        RStudio,    Linux-.   RStudio       https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/ (https://www.rstudio.com/products/rstudio/download/).

    R   RStudio,    .    Windows,  R   .            RStudio,        ,    .     RStudio      ,    .      Mac     R   .  Linux  R    .

   RStudio    ,     (   ,       ).        . 1.1:

1.          (Code),   ,     .   RStudio       .

2.        (Console),  ,   .        R.

3.        (Environment)    (History).

4.    : -,        R, . .     (Help); -,        (Packages),  (Plots)   (Files); -,        .

    RStudio          , ,  ,   ..










. 1.1.    RStudio

:   Paint.NET   RStudio



   ,   ,       (    ).




    1.1


1.     ,             R?   RGui  RStudio.

2.        RStudio?  .

3.      ,    ?

4.     ,    ?

5. ,  ,       ?




    1.1:


1.              R    : https://cran.r-project.org/.  R       RGui,       . RStudio     ,    ,      R.

2.     RStudio   : 1.  , 2. , 3.   (Environment)    (History)  4.   ,  ,       (Packages),  (Plots)   (Files),         .

3.          (Code),   ,     .

4.        (Console),  ,   .

5.      RStudio.        (Environment)    (History).    : -,        R, . .     (Help); -,        (Packages),  (Plots)   (Files); -,        .




  1.2.    R


     RStudio ,      ,    ,     > | (. . 1.1).  ,  RStudio          .

     RStudio   : R --   ΅  'demo()'    , 'help()'    , 'help.start()' --      .  'q()',    R.

  R                  . ,           .    ,       R,     ,      ,         .

,    ,    ,  help() -     (),   q()=(), ..  q     quit,   , .

,    help.start(),  -    .(),      ,      .

    help.start() ,    (.     . 1.1) RStudio     > |, ,      .

    :

1.   help.start()   RStudio,          Enter  ().

2.   help.start()   , (.     . 1.1),     ,        Ctrl  (Enter).

3.   help.start()   ,   ,            Code (),         Running Selected Line(s) (  ).

      RStudio     ,     R.           : An Introduction to R (    R).   ,      .     ,       .  Google. .

       demo(),     , ,    R:

demo()

          R demos (R )    .      ,   : Demos in package base (   base, . .   );  : Demos in package graphics(   graphics, ..   ); : Demos in package grDevices (   grDevices, ..    )   : Demos in package stats(   stats, . .   ).

,       R,    ,     . ,       ,  .

 ,             graphics,     .

    demo(graphics),  -  ().

      : > demo(graphics)

(        >):

demo(graphics)

---- ~~~~~~~~

Type <Return>       to start ( Return (),  ):

Return

     Return,    Enter (),    Return  ,         ,    Enter ().

     :  <>,    :.       Enter.        RStudio      .     11  .

           .         : Save image as... (  ),  Copy image ( ).

                .      , ,   Word,    ,    paint.net,     ,  . .

     ,                79 .,    ,           .      24  79 .   ,  1  79 .   (7-  )  16-   (   ,     =17  )      :   (   ),     1  30 ,   ,     1  7  (   ).

        24  79 .,     ( ),       =10,       =2. (       0    ).             Y - . . 1.2.

,     10-     (    15 )   2-  ,    .                : 1)        ; 2)      ; 3)    .            .










. 1.2.         

:   RStudio   



     ,    ,         (      ).




     1.2


1.          >?       ,       R.    ?   ,   ,       ,       ?

2.       ,       image.     ?    ?

3.       ,     Japanese.     ?    ?

4.       ,     hclColors.     ?    ?

5.       ,     persp.     ?    ?

6.   . 1.2.    (   ) , : 5, 10, 15, 20  31  79 .                 :             79 . ( ,         )?

7.             (),    .   ,     ,       ,       .      ,         [. Graffito CIL IV 4182//An Introduction to Wall Inscriptions From Pompeii and Herculaneum by Rex E. Wallace, 2005, p.67 ].          ,   1-    .  ,  -     17  79 .,   :      15, 20, 24  30  79 .




    1.2:


1. ,      ,   >        .       ,     . : base  4 ; graphics  6 ; grDevices  2 ; stats  4 .

2.  demo(image).  image   graphics.       (,  ),        .

3.  demo(Japanese).  Japanese   graphics.         : ,   .

4.  demo(hclColors).  hclColors   grDevices.       HCL (Hue - Chroma - Luminance).

5.  demo(persp).  persp   graphics.  : -,          ; -,        ,    ( ).

6.     . 1.2.,   : 5, 10, 15, 20  31  79 .  20, 25, 1, 6, 11  17     4, 2, 7, 5, 3  2   .

7.  ,  -     17  79 .,  15, 20, 24  30  79 . , , 28-    ,    4-, 8-  14-    .




. 1.3.   ,       R


  ,   R   .       ()     ,    .   ,       ,      ,    .                (   ).

         ,    #,       .               .

   R       ,       . R      ,  , ,  ,   ,    ,  ,  ,          .

     ,        (numeric),  (character),  (logical)   (complex).          ,    ,  ,   (   TRUE  FALSE, ..   )    (  ),        .

      R     .        :      ,     ,     .

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<-'  '; <-" "

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       : "    ",          .   paste(, )   () ,         sep=  .    paste(,)    ,           .

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     ,    .     ,      [1] "numeric",    [1] "logical",     [1] "complex ".     , ,         ,  : help("numeric"), help("character"), help("logical")  help("complex").    ,    help      .        RStudio     ,        .

,    ,      .




    1.3


1.          :      ,   .    R      ?    ,    ?      ,      ?   .

2.          :    黻,  ,     .        .    ,    ?      ,     .   .

3.          :  ,  . .   . . .,   .      .    ,    ?      ,       .   .      .

4.          : 1  5508 .  ..  1  5509 .  .., , ,    ,   .      .    ,    ?      ,         .   .

5.          :  ,         . ,      .,        ,       (,    ).       ,        .       ,        ?      :      , ,        ?    .




    1.3


1.            .

<-' '

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#,     

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2. :

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# [1] "      .. "

is.character()

#,    

# [1] TRUE

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3. :

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<- '. .   . . '

<-paste(,, sep=": ")



# [1] "  : . .   . . "

#   

length()

# [1] 1

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# [1] "  : . .   . . ."

[2]

# [1] NA

4. :

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<-', ,     '

<-paste(,, sep="  ")



# [1] "1  5508 .  ..  1  5509 .  ..  , ,     "

#        

nchar()

# [1] 115

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# [1] " "

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# [1] "          55 . .      ."

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  1.4.        R


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# ,    

rm(list = ls(all.names = T))

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-,         ()    getwd(),  -:  ..():

getwd()

# [1] "C:/Users/Vladimir/Documents"

 ,        . ,         .

-,      ,    setwd(),     =.().    ,           \  R  :     \\,       /.

     R     setwd('C: \\Users ),   setwd('C: /Users ).            .         :

setwd('D:/Vladimir/Documents/YandexDisk/ANALITIKA/R/')

#  ,      :

getwd()

#[1] "D:/Vladimir/Documents/YandexDisk/ANALITIKA/R/"

 ,      .     ,          (   ),   ,         R.

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. 1.3    :     ,     

:   Paint.NET    RStudio



            RStudio .              .            .

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      -     ,        CRAN. ,  ,    swephR  High Precision Swiss Ephemeris (   =    ),        ,    :

install.packages(swephR)

  R  -,        : .(swephR).           .      .      .   update.packages()     .

   ,     CRAN        .               library(). ,      swephR,    library(swephR).   R  -,        : (swephR).        .

      R       write.csv,      csv ( . comma-separated values  ,  ),       .     ,      ,  .

,      c()  R       -,     (27 .  . . - 68 . . .),    . ,    c()     .  concatenation  , .     paste(),            (..   ),  c()   ,       .            :

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#   R  -,      :

#  <-(' (27 .  ..-14 . ..)', ' (14-37 . ..)'

#  ..)

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#     

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 ,          R    read.csv(),          .   read.csv()       :

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# .csv(,  = '.csv')



#      ,      :

# X                                 x

#1 1  (27 .  ..-14 . ..)

#2 2           (14-37 . ..)

#3 3          (37-41 . ..)

#4 4           (41-54 . ..)

#5 5             (54-68 . ..)



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write.csv(, file ='C:/Myprojects/.csv')

 <-read.csv(file = ':/Myprojects/ .csv')

  R,     .       RStudio        File    Save,        Save As     (    Ctrl+S),           Save All (    Ctrl+Alt+S).

  RStudio          ,     q(),   ,     :

>

> q()




    1.4


1. ,    ,     R?      ?    ?

2.   ,         ()?    .  ,         ()?    .

3.        ()?        ?

4.      R  ?           ,    ?

5.         CRAN      timeDate?          ?        timeDate    ,     ?          ?

6.           (69-96 . ..)          .      . ,        ,       .

7.              (   ).      .

8.      R,  : 1)     ; 2)   ; 3)     .

9.       R?




    1.4


1.     R    : rm(list=ls()).    ,              .         ls().    character(0)        .

2.         ()    getwd(),  -:  ..().      ,    setwd(),     =.().

3.       ,            .     ,     :    .          R,      setwd(),           \       /,    .

4.        .              .

5.    install.packages(timeDate)          CRAN.        .    library(timeDate)    timeDate         .     ,  .

6.            ,     ()   ,         csv    .     :

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write.csv(, file = '.csv')

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#  X                          x

#1 1  (69-79 . ..)

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7.  ,    ,          .        '.csv',      .        'C:/Myprojects',       :

write.csv(, file ='C:/Myprojects/.csv')

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8.           File,   Save As (     Ctrl+S)    .       Save,           Save All (    Ctrl+Alt+S).

9.   R    : q().




 2.      





1.    


              ,     . ,      ,        .

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,       ,     ,     .   ,          ,     ,     . [.  .    , . 3, . 811].      nykhthemeron         I  ... [. .    :    , ., 1975,  10].

           -   .     ,    ,  -    ,       ,      ,    .

  - ,   ,     ,      1-          .          ,    . [. ABRAHAM J. SACHS and HERMANN HUNGER. ASTRONOMICAL DIARIES AND RELATED TEXTS FROM BABYLONIA. Vol. I, Diaries from 652 B.C. to 262 B.C. WIEN 1988, p. 13  FRANCESCA ROCHBERG. Babylonian Horoscopes//Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Vol. 88, Pt. 1 American Philosophical Society Independence Square a Philadelphia, 1998, p. 23].

 ,        135 .,      1-     ,   IV .     - ,    . [., Time, Astronomy, and Calendars in the Jewish Tradition. Edited by Sacha Stern and Charles Burnett, Brill, 2014, pp. 39-40, 155-156, 212].

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