    -   
 -


  -       -    -       -          " "       ,    ,      , , ,          .  ,      ,   ,               .





    -   








 :   



(,       ,   ,   )



. .  ()











  

  

 

 

    

""  

    ,     

 

   

 

   "   "

  ,  "   "

   

   

 





  



                      .       ,   ,           , ,   ,     .     ,   ;     ()  ,    "",  ,        .    -          ,   ,        .              10-20,      ""  ,           . ,  ,        ,                ,      , , ,        .



               ""           ,     .



  



 ,    , ,        ,  ,          ,   ,   ,    , ,   ,  , ,   - .         ,     "IT". , ,       ,    ,    , , .



     (,   -  "native speakers")       ,      ("  ,  ")             .    ,     ? ", ,  ", -     .  ,   .



      , ,   ,    .             ,     .       ,     ( ,   ).



         (   ,   ..),      .           (, , ). ""    ,    .           (    ).        ,     ,       ,        ,            ,    ,        ,  ,  ,    ,         "",    "" .



   "lingua franca" -           .  ,     ,  ,   ,         . ,     lingua franca     ,            ,    .

               !



 



      " "               . ,       (   )  .      ""  (face)  ""  (hands).



,  ,     " ".  ,      . , ,     . -         ,    ,    ,      .     ,   ,  - ,        ,     ""  .



 ""                  , -   "6  ",  -  -, ,  "6 a.m.",    "6   ".       " ",  , ,  "It is one o"clock in the morning"  "  ".



      -; ,  ,  ,         ,   . (  , ,  -        .)                 2.      ,    7-8 .       :   (Breakfast),      -  (Lunch),  (Dinner)  6 ,     , , ,  (Supper),         .



        ""   ,   "Five o"clock tea".



   , " "          - ""        . , , "Lunch"     "",     " "         ""  ,      .            ,     ""  ,            ..   ,   ,            . , ,  ""      I  ,    ,     .  , ,    ""  . ,         ,     ,   .         " " (option)   "", "".       ,   "".         -            -     ""  "". , ""  ,   19     ,          ,     , ,  ,   ,  ""  "". ,  "",          ,     - -



 -     , ,   ,     " ",           .  "", , ,     "sanatorium",        .     ,   " "      ,    , , ,    .  ,          "  ".



 

(,       )



,  ,     ,  -       " ",     .      , ,   "" ,       .  ,      ;  " ",    ,     .           ,        ,          "". ,                   ,    ""  "", , ,        ""  "     "  "     "         .



" "   " "  "",             ,    .    ,   ,      "  ",                ,   ,     .        ,          .  ,       "",          .         "  "; ,   ,    ,        "- ".     .



     .          " "    "       ,     -.     ". (, .  , . 3)               19    "  "  " Itisatruthuniversallyacknowledged, thatasinglemaninpossessionofagoodfortunemustbeinwantofawife". (Austen, Jane. Pride and Prejudice. P.4)  ,       ,       ,   , ,   ,    40 . ,  ,    : " ,   ,  ,    ." (. .   . ( . ) ., , 2025, .5)



 ,      -  , ,  ,        .       ,    . ,           ,      .   , ,  ,      ,      -       .    ,        -  : "  ()  ,  ,   ,    ".



    ,              .



     ,       .     - "   "  ,     ,     "  ".   ,  ,     "" -    29 (, ,  , , , )      . ,        ,                  ,       -    .     ?               ,     . ,                 "Twinkle, twinkle, little star" (", , ").           1806        ,      .



       ,      19 , ,  ,  40   ,     " ,  ".              ,          :

 ,  ,

   , -?

    

   

    ?



       ""  .



 ""             :

"Twinkle, twinkle, little bat!

How I wonder what you're at!" 



       :

", ,   ,

  ,   !"

(L. Carroll. Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. P.64)



   :

" ,

 !

   

  ?



   

   ,

    ?"

(. .    .   . . 93)



-,       ;          .



,       "  "        ,  " " -   ,               : "      ",   ,     . ( . :  .  . .61)



       : ", ,   , ""        " ( .  . .64).  : "     ,   .  ,         .

               ." ( .  . . 67).



                , , ,               .



    



,     ;          ;      .        : " ()    ".      ,    ""  -  ,      .



   , , ,            ,   ,  ,   ,   .   ""  ,     . ,    ""    "Brevityisthesoulofwit" "   ".  ,          ,        "   ",   , .



   " " -    ,      , - ,  - -     .   ,          37 ,       , ,     -  72 .



             "    " -"My Early Life" (W.Churchill. My Early Life.Hermes Publications, New Orleans, 2025, 290 p.).



      ,            .   ,    ,     ,   ,          ,     "  " (the lowest form).        .   ,  ,     ,  ,    "  ("amostdelightfulman" -p.16).            ,      ("splendidthingslikethat"),          ,   ,     ("anoblething").     ,  -   ("Itwasakindofdrill", -    "Wediditalmostdaily" p.16).         ,     (inks)  , ,  (subject, verb, object).  ,     ,   ,    "   ",     ,   .     : "Thus I got into my bones the essential structure of the ordinary English sentence  which is a noble thing" (p.16).



,        "" (sensible),    ,   ,    ""   " " ("little words").   , "InasensiblelanguagelikeEnglishimportantwordsareconnectedandrelatedtooneanotherbyotherlittlewords" (p.20) "     ,            ".



""  



  .     ""  .

,   ,             ,    ,   , ,  , .       "" ,       .      "":

"Oh, yeah, I'lltellyousomething

I think you'll understand

When I say that something

I want to hold your hand"

      "",    (tell, think, say, want).    -  ,       ,      "There": -" There is something I want to tell you". ,   ,  "      "  "     ". "There"      "",      .     " -  "     ; "   - ", "    -", "    -".   ,    .      .       ? , ,  ?  ?    .         ,     .          ,      ,    ""   .         "", ""  "".



 - Be, -  ; was, were        ; am    1   I am     ,   ""       " "; is   , 2 ,  , ,      he, she, it  is; , ,      are we, they are.



:

   be.

   I am; we are; he, she, it is; they are.

   I, he, she, it was; they, we were.



  Have  ,                I, we have; you, they have; he, she, it has.



        had.



 : I, we, you, they have; he, she it has

 : I, we, you, they, he, she, it had.



  Do   .



   I, we, they do; he, she, it does

   I, we, they, he, she, it did.



 , , ,   "d"    ,   "s" -  3   ,  .  -s  "ed"    ""      ;    ,     ;    "-ing".



,   "you"         ""  "",      ,     ,    "",  .   "be"    -     "You are". ,     "",    "".



           ""        (Paul Anka)  "You are my Destiny"  "- ": "You are my destiny, You are what you are to me, You are my happiness, That's what you are"



   ,      ,     ,   . ,   ,   " "   " "  "My Way",   ,   ,            .    1967 ,          ,      25 .           "Predator" -   . ,       : "Whatthehellareyou?"  "   ?"        ,     "you". , "   ?"



  "".

       ,     ,     "",       .    ""     ,       ( ,   ), , "I can drive"  "   ".  ,   "  ",     ,   (drive).              "to",     , , "I love to drive this car"  "   ".       :

WILL  WOULD, SHALL  SHOULD, MAY  MIGHT, CAN  COULD,

MUST.



   ,   "-" ("semi-modal"), , ought (to),     , ,    ""            "to"  HAVE        ,        "to": "I have to apologize"  "   () ." CAN  COULD    " "  "Could you please open the window"  ", , ".   "     ".



       -       .

     (  )  "",   "   ".    ,          -     "". WILL  SHALL         ,             "LL: "I"lltellyousomething"   .        -   WILL      I, WE.  SHALL.   ,  SHALL       ,       , ,    "  "  "The company shall provide moneys for".

          ,     ;         , , ,   ,  : "Weshallovercome, weshallliveinpeace",  ..  "   ( ),     "      .      -  ,  WILL  ,    .



         :         "", , , WILL   ,      ,     (, , , )     . ,   "BE, HAVE, DO, WILL, WOULD, SHALL, SHOULD, MAY, MIGHT, CAN, COULD, MUST.



 ,     ""     ,      .



 ,     ,  ,  ,         ,  -          .    ,      ,  ,     DO,    ,  . ,       ""  LEAVE.



   ""   "The Long and Winding Road":

"Don't leaveme waiting here, Lead me to your door." "      ,     "



    "     "      :"I don't like violence and helplessness" -    ,     ,    (  ).       DO.          "     ?",   ,   , "Do you like violence and helplessness?"



   ,     ""    ""  "IS": " This road is leading straight to my house"  "      ". ,           ?    ""    : "Is this road leading to your house?"      : "No, it is not"           NOT      BE   .



     ,    .   (,    ,    )  "be married".     BE.    ""     "are",   .       "Are you married?"   .



        ,   ;  ,       ,     -, ""  ,    , : "There are many flowers in my garden"  "   (, )  . "    ,  " " THERE    ,    ""   . - THERE  "dummy subject"  ,  . "Dummy",  ,        "",     "".     "  "   "dumb".  ,     ,      "   "  "Dumb and Dumber".  "b"   "dumb"    ,    18 ,    ,      .    "dumb"   19   "";         ,     .



    "ALL YOU NEED IS LOVE".     -:

"There's nothing you can do that can't be done, 

Nothing you can sing that can't be sung, 

Nothing you can say,

But you can learn to play the game"

"     ,     ,

    ,     ,

      ,

     ".

         ;  "is, can (can't)".



            ,         ()     ,  "I like flowers".     ,              "",  ,    ,    "".



    ,     





           ""  "".   .  ,             -ED  (,      ). ,  "connect" -. "The operator connected me to the main office". ( ()    .)



.      ?  ,          ,   ,      .



,        ,  ,          .   ,       ;   ,       .       , ,     , - .



        ,              " ?",  ,   ,      . , -                  .



         "to"  to want, to think  ..



  ,            (Participle I)    (Participle II).              - -ed  -ing. Participle I  -ing  having, playing, singing;             ,    . Participle II   -ed  played, waited, connected;           ,   ,  , .           ,   ,         ( ),   (""  Participle II)     (build  built- built),    (sing-sang-sung).     ,      "", ""  ""  "say" "speak", "tell."         : Say  said-said; Tell-told-told.     .   "Speak"  : "Speak-spoke-spoken".            ,         ,            ,      .      ,       " ".

   .      (. )  "All You Need Is Love".    ,    play ("to play the game").



    ,       ,    .



, ,    .

 -   ,   ,       . , "playing children"   . : "broken cup"   . : "The children, exhausted, were taken home"      .



    :

"Playing computer games is fun." - " ()    " (     ).   "playing"  ,    ,        ,  .   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/galina-startseva-aro-34111962/angliiskaia-grammatika-dlia-vzroslykh-igraem-v-kubiki-74648062/)  .

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