   .         
 


   ,     ,     ?     ,     ,     ?

      ,       .   ,   .      :      ,           .       ,      .

                12   -   ,    .      ,        ,    .





 

   .         








        .

    :   .

  I ()         ,     :    ,       ,            .

  II ()       .  ,     ,     ,      ,    -     .

    .   ,       .

      :          .             .  ,                 .

 ,  :                           .




 I 

 1.    


            ,      .      ,   ,    .     :      .   ,  ,   - .

 ,     , :     . -     ,    .  ,  ,     ,         .

  

       ,       .          ,           (Wood & Neal, 2007).            ,       .

      :  ( ) ?  ( ) ?  ().           ,        (Lally, van Jaarsveld, Potts, & Wardle, 2010).

     :

-, .          . ,   ,            ,   .

-,  .      .     ,   .

-       .   ,     . , ,   ,         .     ,   ,    ,    .      ,   .

    

  ,      .   .

  :  ,  ,   ,   ,  .  :     ,     ,         ,  ,   .                     ,    .

       .                ,           ,       (Potenza, Steinberg, Skudlarski, et al., 2003).     :  ? .

          :  ,  ,   ,  .         ,                    .    ,      .

    ,      .     .    .       .        .

  

        ,  .

    ,    ,  .  ,    .       .     :   ,    ,      .        ,     .

           .               ,   .    .       , , .    ,      .         .

, , ,           .   .           .

    .          ,    ,      ,      (American Psychiatric Association, 2022). ,       :   ,   .       .

     ,          .     .       ,          ,  ,        ,      (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2006).   ?  ?     ,      ,    ,     .

 

        .    ,     .   .       ,   ,       .

,      :   (     ),        ,    ,       .     1975  ,      ,         ,        (Langer, 1975).

   ,   ,   ,    .    , , , .           .              .

   .     ,          ,  ,     .    :         .          (Williams & Connolly, 2006).  ,     ,   .

 ,             (chasing). ,  ,   .        ,         :      ,    (Lesieur, 1977).        (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).

   ,    ,     (abstinence violation effect).    ,               (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985). ,        ,       ,    .       ,   .           .

,   

         ,    ?   ,     ,    ,   ,   .

 ,        .   ,   ,       .       ,      .

     ,         ,    .    ,   ,  ,           .

, , , , ,  -    ,      .           ,                (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002).    :   ,        ,       (Baker, Piper, McCarthy, Majeskie, & Fiore, 2004).

        ,    ,     -. Ÿ         :     .       ,    : , ,   ,    ,     (Sch?ll, 2012).     ,      .

            .          .   ,   .     ,  .

          ,        .     ,   ,   .

 

     ,     .

 ,     .              .        .          ,    .     ,   ,      .

    ?  ?   ?  ?  ?       .    ,    .    ,   ,    .

      :    ,     .    ,               .     ,     .

       . ,                   ,   .      ,   .             .       ,       .        -,      .

     ?

     .  ,    ,     .

    .       .     .   ,    .       .       .

    ,      ,    . ,     ,  ,    ,      .

     .




 


American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Baker, T. B., Piper, M. E., McCarthy, D. E., Majeskie, M. R., & Fiore, M. C. (2004). Addiction motivation reformulated: An affective processing model of negative reinforcement. Psychological Review, 111(1), 3351. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.111.1.33

Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97(5), 487499. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x

Lally, P., van Jaarsveld, C. H. M., Potts, H. W. W., & Wardle, J. (2010). How are habits formed: Modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology, 40(6), 9981009. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.674

Langer, E. J. (1975). The illusion of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32(2), 311328. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311

Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006). What do we know about relapse in pathological gambling? Clinical Psychology Review, 26(2), 216228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.008

Lesieur, H. R. (1977). The chase: Career of the compulsive gambler. Anchor Press/Doubleday.

Marlatt, G. A., & Gordon, J. R. (Eds.). (1985). Relapse prevention: Maintenance strategies in the treatment of addictive behaviors. Guilford Press.

Potenza, M. N., Steinberg, M. A., Skudlarski, P., Fulbright, R. K., Lacadie, C. M., Wilber, M. K., Rounsaville, B. J., Gore, J. C., & Wexler, B. E. (2003). Gambling urges in pathological gambling: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 60(8), 828836. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.60.8.828

Sch?ll, N. D. (2012). Addiction by design: Machine gambling in Las Vegas. Princeton University Press.

Williams, R. J., & Connolly, D. (2006). Does learning about the mathematics of gambling change gambling behavior? Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 20(1), 6268. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.20.1.62

Wood, W., & Neal, D. T. (2007). A new look at habits and the habitgoal interface. Psychological Review, 114(4), 843863. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843




 2.    


         .       ,        .        .   , ,      .        ,       .

        ,  .     ,        :    , ,    ,     .      ,      .

   ,     .   ,     ,     ,  ,       .

   

   :       .     . ,    , ,     ,    .

   ,            .  2013        DSM-5           (gambling disorder)          ,   ,       ,    .          ,      (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).        , ,      (Petry, Blanco, Auriacombe, et al., 2014).

      :  -11          (World Health Organization, 2019).

  .   ,    , ,                        (Calado & Griffiths, 2016).      ,   ,     ,   .

,    ,  ,       .   ,     .   ,   .       ,   ,          .   ,      :     ,   ,   .

 

   ,      .      .

 

        .        .

     ,         .     ,            (American Psychiatric Association, 2022).           :           ,  ,    .

         .          ,  ,       ,   .

  

 ,       .      :    ,        .      :          .

     ,               (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002).    ,   ,   ,   .

          .       :        ,   ( )     ,       (Koob & Le Moal, 2001).

  

 ,       :        .       ,    : , ,    ,   ,  .

   .   1981       ,   , ,     ,        (Wray & Dickerson, 1981).   ,        , ,                   : ,  ,  ,  (Rosenthal & Lesieur, 1992).    ,                      (Blaszczynski, Walker, Sharpe, & Nower, 2008).

,    ,   :    ,   ,     , , ,  -  . ,    ,   ,    .      .

  

            .    1970-   ,            :             (Hunt, Barnett, & Branch, 1971).

     .         ,    (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2006).   -,   ,   , ,             .          ,   ,      ,       (Hodgins & el-Guebaly, 2004).

          .       :            ,    (McLellan, Lewis, O'Brien, & Kleber, 2000).

  

      ,    ,   ,    (Potenza, 2008).

    .    ,                         ,      (Reuter, Raedler, Rose, et al., 2005).    ,         ,    ,  - .

             .   ,  ,   ,    ,           ,      (Weintraub, Koester, Potenza, et al., 2010).            .

,     ,       .        , ,     ,    .                 ,    ,    ,     (Clark, Lawrence, Astley-Jones, & Gray, 2009).

  ,           . ,     .    ,   ,     ,  .

  

    ,    ,   ,      ? ,   .

  .  ,   ,  ,           .          ,    ,   ,       .   ,   ,       ,   .

   .   - ,               ,        (Hodgins & el-Guebaly, 2004). ,     , ,    , -    ,                 (Slutske, 2006).      .

      .          ,      .  ,    ,              (Gainsbury, 2015).

      :        ,       ,       .          .          .




 


American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787

Blaszczynski, A., & Nower, L. (2002). A pathways model of problem and pathological gambling. Addiction, 97(5), 487499. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00015.x

Blaszczynski, A., Walker, M., Sharpe, L., & Nower, L. (2008). Withdrawal and tolerance phenomenon in problem gambling. International Gambling Studies, 8(2), 179192. https://doi.org/10.1080/14459790802140007

Calado, F., & Griffiths, M. D. (2016). Problem gambling worldwide: An update and systematic review of empirical research (20002015). Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(4), 592613. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.073

Clark, L., Lawrence, A. J., Astley-Jones, F., & Gray, N. (2009). Gambling near-misses enhance motivation to gamble and recruit win-related brain circuitry. Neuron, 61(3), 481490. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2008.12.031

Gainsbury, S. M. (2015). Online gambling addiction: The relationship between internet gambling and disordered gambling. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 185193. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0057-8

Hodgins, D. C., & el-Guebaly, N. (2004). Retrospective and prospective reports of precipitants to relapse in pathological gambling. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 72(1), 7280. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.72.1.72

Hunt, W. A., Barnett, L. W., & Branch, L. G. (1971). Relapse rates in addiction programs. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27(4), 455456.

Koob, G. F., & Le Moal, M. (2001). Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis. Neuropsychopharmacology, 24(2), 97129. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0893-133X(00)00195-0

Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M. (2006). What do we know about relapse in pathological gambling? Clinical Psychology Review, 26(2), 216228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2005.11.008

McLellan, A. T., Lewis, D. C., O'Brien, C. P., & Kleber, H. D. (2000). Drug dependence, a chronic medical illness: Implications for treatment, insurance, and outcomes evaluation. JAMA, 284(13), 16891695. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.284.13.1689

Petry, N. M., Blanco, C., Auriacombe, M., Borges, G., Bucholz, K., Crowley, T. J., Grant, B. F., Hasin, D. S., & O'Brien, C. (2014). An overview of and rationale for changes proposed for pathological gambling in DSM-5. Journal of Gambling Studies, 30(2), 493502. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10899-013-9370-0

Potenza, M. N. (2008). The neurobiology of pathological gambling and drug addiction: An overview and new findings. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 363(1507), 31813189. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2008.0100

Reuter, J., Raedler, T., Rose, M., Hand, I., Gl?scher, J., & B?chel, C. (2005). Pathological gambling is linked to reduced activation of the mesolimbic reward system. Nature Neuroscience, 8(2), 147148. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn1378

Rosenthal, R. J., & Lesieur, H. R. (1992). Self-reported withdrawal symptoms and pathological gambling. American Journal on Addictions, 1(2), 150154.

Slutske, W. S. (2006). Natural recovery and treatment-seeking in pathological gambling: Results of two U.S. national surveys. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(2), 297302. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.163.2.297

Weintraub, D., Koester, J., Potenza, M. N., Siderowf, A. D., Stacy, M., Voon, V., Whetteckey, J., Wunderlich, G. R., & Lang, A. E. (2010). Impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease: A cross-sectional study of 3090 patients. Archives of Neurology, 67(5), 589595. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneurol.2010.65

World Health Organization. (2019). International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics (11th rev.). https://icd.who.int/

Wray, I., & Dickerson, M. G. (1981). Cessation of high frequency gambling and "withdrawal" symptoms. British Journal of Addiction, 76(4), 401405. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1981.tb03238.x




 3.  


        ,        ,    .              .

      .     ,        .

  ,          ,          ,    - (Dong, Wang, Du, & Potenza, 2017; Grant, Potenza, Weinstein, & Gorelick, 2010).

             .       ,      .  ,   ,      ,     (Peele & Brodsky, 1975).     :

      ...    ""  ,  .

          ,        .     :             .

     .           ,            .      ,      (Fisher, Brown, Aron, Strong, & Mashek, 2010).

    

   :     ,   .       ,   ,          .     .        :    .            .

              .          :   ,    .        ,     ,     . ,  ,   ,      (Koob, 2013).

      :    ,     .     .    ,    .

  ,     ,    ,      ,       .       ,     . ,     .

 :     .   ,      ,    ,     .   ,       ,   ,     :    ,    .

    

          ,      .  ,       .    ,    ,      .

,  , , ,        ,       .   ,    .

,        .        .    ,        .   ,   ,               ,    .      ,  ,  ,  .          ,    .  :   ,   ,   ,      (Oyserman, Elmore, & Smith, 2012).

 ,          ,     .          :     ,  ,       .

      ,        .  ,    .

  

     ,      .

    .   ,     :     ,          ,    ,      , , , ,  .    :   ,  ,  ,   ,     .   ,                    .

    .    ,   .     ,     .    , ,  ,  .

,    ,    .    .   .   .         ,        .    ,   ,    - .          ,   .      ,  ,   ,          .  ,     .

   ,        ,    . ,    .  ,       -        . ,   ,           :     .     ,          .     .

         ,  ,          ,   .    .   ,      . ,       ,    .

  .        .      .       :    -  ,  -      .

       .  ,          .         .  ,        ,  :

         ,  ,      .     ,     ...     ,    . ""  ""       .   ,    ,   ,    ""        . (Perls, Hefferline, & Goodman, 1951)

        .         .    ,     .

   , , ,     .        ,      :   ,  .       , .     :      ,   ,      .

    .      ,           ,    .       :   ,     (Gross, 2015).

         .            .             .    ,    .




 


Dong, G., Wang, L., Du, X., & Potenza, M. N. (2017). Gaming increases craving to gaming-related stimuli in individuals with Internet gaming disorder. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 2(5), 404412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.01.002

Fisher, H. E., Brown, L. L., Aron, A., Strong, G., & Mashek, D. (2010). Reward, addiction, and emotion regulation systems associated with rejection in love. Journal of Neurophysiology, 104(1), 5160. https://doi.org/10.1152/jn.00784.2009

Grant, J. E., Potenza, M. N., Weinstein, A., & Gorelick, D. A. (2010). Introduction to behavioral addictions. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 233241. https://doi.org/10.3109/00952990.2010.491884

Gross, J. J. (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26(1), 126. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781

Koob, G. F. (2013). Addiction is a reward deficit and stress surfeit disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2013.00072

Oyserman, D., Elmore, K., & Smith, G. (2012). Self, self-concept, and identity. In M. R. Leary & J. P. Tangney (Eds.), Handbook of self and identity (2nd ed., pp. 69104). Guilford Press.

Peele, S., & Brodsky, A. (1975). Love and addiction. Taplinger Publishing Company.

Perls, F., Hefferline, R. F., & Goodman, P. (1951). Gestalt therapy: Excitement and growth in the human personality. Julian Press.




 4.  


           ,  -   ,     .

   ,      . :   ,   ,       ? :           ?

   ,   .

,      .         .     ,        .

     .  ,     , ,  .    .    ,    :    .     ,  .   -      ,  ,     ,   .

       .

 

            ,       .    ,    .    ,   ,  ,   .

       :        ,      ,  ,       .   ,          , , .   ,   ,    ,       ,   .

    .      ,    ,   ,   ,  ,      (Wertz & Sayette, 2001).  ,       ,  ,  .

 :           .     ,     .        .    ,    ,        .    ,      .

   

    :   ,   .   ,              .

   .                :   .  ,      ,   .    .

             ,        .  ,       .    ,    ,   ,    .

         :       ,        ,   ,   ,       (Marlatt & Gordon, 1985).         :     ,       .

     ,           ,    ,      .

 

      .          ,   ,       .        : ,   ,  ,  .    ,   .            ,              .

         ,    :  ,   ?       :    , , ,  , , .

 ,      ,          .          ,  ,    ,  ,   ,   .

       ,    .

  ,         ,   .  -               (Perls, 1969).              ,          (Wiers & Stacy, 2006).

 ,          ,       :    ,       .        , ,   .       ,    ,   ,  ,  .

               ?      ,       ,   ,   ?        ,     ,  .




 


Wertz, J. M., & Sayette, M. A. (2001). A review of the effects of perceived drug use opportunity on self-reported urge. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 9




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/sergey-kaluckiy/kak-brosit-azartnye-igry-pochemu-raznye-metody-pomogaiut-o-74669633/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .


