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Max Etwood


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Max Etwood

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**: Max Etwood**



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---



##  I.     



###  1.     



 2023  OECD/INFE    39 .      60  100.      ,   .   63%         .   42%       .  ,      ,    46%.  .



   ,   .  ,       ,    .   ,    ,    .  ,      ,     .  ,     ,          26% ,        .



         .    ,    .    ,        ,       .



**      **



       .           Piers Steel 2007   Psychological Bulletin. Steel  691      ,       .    ,      .



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      .  : ,  ,     .  :   ,   .    :   ,  .        ,  .     .     .



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 OECD    ,   .           .  ,     ,    46%   .    ,   ,    ,    .



 ,       :  ,   .  .     ,   ,     ,           ,     .       :    ,    (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979). ,   ,     ,    ,  ,    .     .      ,      .



** :      **



   ,    .    1985    :         .          ,   ,         ,   .        -    ,     .



  ,   .  ,    .   ,               ,     ,       .  :  ,  ,  ,  .     .  ,   ,   .



**   **



        :         .  Steel ,      .              .   .     :   ,     ?    ?   ,      ?



    OECD:        .  ,    ,    .      ,    .      .



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****



       .         ,   ,            .  OECD ,      ,   .  Steel ,        ,    .   ,        ,      .



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**  :**

- OECD/INFE. (2023). *OECD/INFE 2023 International Survey of Adult Financial Literacy*. OECD Publishing. DOI: 10.1787/56003a32-en

- Steel, P. (2007). The Nature of Procrastination: A Meta-Analytic and Theoretical Review of Quintessential Self-Regulatory Failure. *Psychological Bulletin*, 133(1), 6594. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

- Kahneman, D., & Tversky, A. (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. *Econometrica*, 47(2), 263291. DOI: 10.2307/1914185

- Thaler, R. (1985). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice. *Marketing Science*, 4(3), 199214. DOI: 10.1287/mksc.4.3.199



---



###  2.     



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             (opt-in)     40%.           ,        90%.   :  -  .  .   .



      .        opt-in   15%,    opt-out   90%.           .     .



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**    **



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  .  Steel (2007) ,        .     ,  ,      .          .



**     **



   .      .  ,       (, 3%)    ,       ,    ,      .      ,   .   ,    ,       .



    .         12% ,        ,     ,          .    ,   .



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****



        .    ,    ,   ,    opt-in  opt-out     .        :       ,       .



     ,    :         ,     ,     ?



**  :**

- Madrian, B. C., & Shea, D. F. (2001). The Power of Suggestion: Inertia in 401(k) Participation and Savings Behavior. *Quarterly Journal of Economics*, 116(4), 11491187. DOI: 10.3386/w7682

- Thaler, R. H., & Sunstein, C. R. (2008). *Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness*. Yale University Press.

- Steel, P. (2007). The Nature of Procrastination. *Psychological Bulletin*, 133(1), 6594. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

- Posner, N., Simonov, A., Mrkva, K., & Johnson, E. J. (2024). Dark Defaults: How Choice Architecture Steers Political Campaign Donations. Columbia Business School Research Brief. *  .*

- Laibson, D., et al. (2023). 12% Default Contribution Rate. NBER Working Paper. *  ;    ,     .*



---



###  3.  



      ,      .    ,  .      ,   .



   .    .   :     ,    .



** ,  ,  **



        , 200 .    25 ,   35,   45.       60.    7%    ,     .



 60   ,    25,   340 000 .  ,    35,   170 000.  ,    45,   75 000.        170 000 .    .   .    .



  ,    .     .  .         ,         ,     . ,    25,     35   . ,    45,   15.    ,   .   ,     .



 .    500    ( 42   )    10  ,   ,    19   6% ,   ,      .     .    .



**   **



        , 225 000  .    25   625      30 ,       .    35     625      30 ,  65.  8%    65    2  ,    931 000.



         .            .    1,1  .      .          .



 .  8%  ,   .      .         ,   .



**    **



 Steel (2007)    .     ,   ,        ,   :  ,  ,    .     .     ,    ,  .



    . Ferrari, Garg  Singh (2026)              .    753     :     .      .    .



 ,   Health and Retirement Study ( 50+  ), ,        ,           .    :         .    ,    ,    .    ,     .



**   **



  :  .   .       ,     . ,     ,    ,  ,  .      :     ,      .



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 Mugerman  Winter (2024) ,     .             .    ,    .  150   ,     ,   8     ,      .       ,    .      .



**:    **



 ,          ,  .  ,  ,     ,   .    .   .   ,      .



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****



    ,   .            ,   .  ,        ,    .     ,    .      ,      ,      .



     .     ,     .   ,     ,    .        .



**  :**

- Steel, P. (2007). The Nature of Procrastination. *Psychological Bulletin*, 133(1), 6594. DOI: 10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.65

- Ferrari, J. R., Garg, N., & Singh, S. (2026). Financial Procrastination: Assessing Wealth Indecision and Avoidance with a Self-Report Scale. *Individual Differences Research*, 24(1).

- Mugerman, Y., & Winter, E. (2024). Behavioral Insights into Financial Planning: A Gradualism Approach to Will-Making. *Quarterly Journal of Finance*.



---



###  4.      



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**   **



 2025 ,   Journal of Family Theory & Review,  39              . :        , ,     .        ,  ,  ,    - .



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**   **



   ,            .            ,  ,        ,  IQ  .



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    .  Pew Research ,           .                .   ,   .  ,       .



**    **



GEM 2025/2026      .     Survival Gap:         (3,5+ ).  36  53        .    2  5    .



 ,          . :  ,  . : ,   ,    . ,    ,     ,  ,  .         .



** **



    Success and Luck ,          .   , ,           :          ,   .        .  .



 RIETI (2024) ,                     .      ,     ,   ,   ,     .



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**    **



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****



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**  :**

- *Journal of Family Theory & Review*. (2025). Parent Financial Socialization and Financial Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. DOI: 10.1111/jftr.70037

- Bowles, S., & Gintis, H. (2002). The Inheritance of Inequality. *Journal of Economic Perspectives*, 16(3), 330.

- Pfeffer, F. T., & Killewald, A. (2018). Generations of Advantage: Multigenerational Correlations in Wealth. *Social Forces*, 96(4), 14111442.

- GEM. (2026). *GEM 2025/2026 Global Report: From Uncertainty to Opportunity*.

- Frank, R. H. (2016). *Success and Luck: Good Fortune and the Myth of Meritocracy*. Princeton University Press.

- RIETI. (2024). The Persistent Effects of Early-Stage Luck. Discussion Paper Series 24-E-035.



---



##  II. ,    



###  5.   ,      



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