  :    , ,   
 


       ,     .       ,             ,    .

          , ,   .     ,    ,   :    ,  ,  ,      .             .

  ,  ,  ,    ,     .





  :    , ,   



 

  

   , ,   

 ,    

2026



 1. .     

 2. .   alter ego  instrumentality

 3. .      

 4. .   (Durchgriffshaftung)

 5.     

.     






 


   .         .         ,       ,       .      .

   . ,         .                  ,    .      .

   .         .     ,      ,    ,        .     .

     .    .   ,                 .     .            .

   .        .    ,      ,      ,       .     .









    

1.  

1.1.     



    .         .            ,          .   ,   .[1 - Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL).]

   .  ,       .        ,              .      .

   .         .        ,        ,         .      .



1.2.  :      



  XX                      .[2 - Butler N.M. Address at the 143rd Annual Banquet of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York (16 November 1911), quoted in: Fletcher W.M. Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations. Vol. 1. 1917. P. 43.]   .      :             .      .

     .     .  XVIIXVIII           .  XIX   XX      ,         .            .[3 - .: Harris R. A New Understanding of the History of Limited Liability: An Invitation for Theoretical Reframing // Journal of Institutional Economics. 2020. Vol. 16. Iss. 5. P. 643664. DOI: 10.1017/S1744137420000181.]

      .      ,   .          .       ,          .[4 - .: Harris R. Op. cit.; Acheson G.G., Turner J.D. Does Limited Liability Matter? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century British Banking // Review of Law and Economics. 2010. Vol. 6. Iss. 2. DOI: 10.2202/1555-5879.1444.]     .    .            ,      ,     .     .



1.3.     



         .    .          ,    ,     .      .       .[5 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Limited Liability and the Corporation // University of Chicago Law Review. 1985. Vol. 52. No. 1. P. 89117, esp. P. 9394; Manne H.G. Our Two Corporation Systems: Law and Economics // Virginia Law Review. 1967. Vol. 53. P. 259284.]

   .         .        ,              .     .         ,        .

   .    ,     .       ,        ,       .      .          .[6 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 9495.]

   .         .       ,      ,          .      .

    .        .           -    ,       .     .              .[7 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 9596; Halpern P., Trebilcock M., Turnbull S. An Economic Analysis of Limited Liability in Corporation Law // University of Toronto Law Journal. 1980. Vol. 30. P. 117150.]

   .         .       ,               .      .      .              .

    .         ,       .     .        ,        .[8 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 9697.]        : [].       .

    .     .       ,       .     .            ,           .    ,     .[9 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 97.]



1.4.   



      .    .  American Express,      1931     XIX       .[10 - .: Grossman P.Z. The Market for Shares of Companies with Unlimited Liability: The Case of American Express // Journal of Legal Studies. 1995. Vol. 24. No. 1. P. 6385; Weinstein M.I. Share Price Changes and the Arrival of Limited Liability in California // Journal of Legal Studies. 2003. Vol. 32. No. 1; Acheson G.G., Turner J.D. Op. cit.]                 .     .         .     ,            .     .               .

    .         .        ,        .     .      ,             .[11 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 109111.]        .



1.5.    



   .   ,      .        ,     ,    .     .     ,          .

       .      .        ,     ,  ,    .        .        .  ,          .[12 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 104105.]    .         .        ,    ,          .      .[13 - .: Hansmann H., Kraakman R. Toward Unlimited Shareholder Liability for Corporate Torts // Yale Law Journal. 1991. Vol. 100. No. 7. P. 18791934.]

     .       ,     .     .      .    :              .               .[14 - .: Blumberg P.I. The Law of Corporate Groups: Procedural Problems in the Law of Parent and Subsidiary Corporations. Boston; Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1983; Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 110111.]

    .      .     ,       ,        .      .           .        ,     .[15 - .: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 114116.]



1.6.      



     .       .                  ,      .    .

     .    1 600  .      40  ,            .          .[16 - .: Thompson R.B. Piercing the Corporate Veil: An Empirical Study // Cornell Law Review. 1991. Vol. 76. P. 10361074.]      .           ,             ,      .

   .         .     ,               .      .                .

   .         .               .     .       ,        .

    .     ,       .     .        .       ,     .

     .      .                .     .           .



1.7.   



 Prest v Petrodel Resources     piercing        .[17 - Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34, paras. 2735.]      alter ego  instrumentality.   .          insolvent trading.       Durchgriffshaftung  Existenzvernichtungshaftung.     .

   .        .          ,        .       .   ,        .      .      ,        .     .          :            .      .

     .      .              ,        .      .           .    .         .        ,        ,     .       .



2.        



  .      ,    ,      .      .                .

   .         .             ,       ,  .      .

        TrusteesofDartmouthCollegev. Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518 (1819).     .    an artificial being, invisible, intangible, and existing only in contemplation of law,    ,     .    .     ,          .[18 - Trustees of Dartmouth College v Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518, 636 (1819).]

 Dartmouth College   .        .      .        :       ,      .

 ,  .          .        ,         .     .       .

    .      .     ,        .      .              .

   ,          .  ,          ,  ,        .      .              .

   .         .     ,          ,       .      .

    .   ,     .  ,    Dartmouth College,       .   ,   .

 .    .    LimitedLiabilityandtheCorporation   a name for a complex set of contracts  ,  the corporation is not real.[19 - Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 89.]     .   ,   .      ,     .      .

   .       .       ,         ,    .     .    ,        .

   .       .           ,       .    .             .

   .        .          ,   ,         .      .

    .      .        :       ,       .      .       ,      .

  -      Boothv. Bunce, 33 N.Y.139 (1865).    .         .     .  ,         .[20 - Booth v Bunce, 33 N.Y. 139 (1865).]

   .      .         ,         .     .        .

   .         .   Booth v. Bunce      ,        ,     .     .

   .         .         ,       .    .         DosPueblosRanch & ImprovementCo. v. Ellis, 8 Cal. 2d 617, 67 P.2d 340 (1937).     .       .            .[21 - Dos Pueblos Ranch & Improvement Co. v Ellis, 8 Cal. 2d 617, 67 P.2d 340 (1937).]

    .             .   alter ego    ,   ,           .     .

    .       .         ,        .     .        .

Booth v. Bunce   . Dos Pueblos Ranch   .       ,          .      .        .

   .         .        .      ,      .    .      ,       .     .         .

   .     .           .           .     .

    .       .            ,     .      .

    .     .      ,       ,     .     .

   .         .        ,    ,          .      .

     .         .          .        ,             .     .        .    ,             .     .



3.    



Acheson G.G., Turner J.D. Does Limited Liability Matter? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century British Banking // Review of Law and Economics. 2010. Vol. 6. Iss. 2.

Blumberg P.I. The Law of Corporate Groups: Procedural Problems in the Law of Parent and Subsidiary Corporations. Boston; Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1983.

Butler N.M. Address at the 143rd Annual Banquet of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York (16 November 1911), quoted in: Fletcher W.M. Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations. Vol. 1. 1917. P. 43.

Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Limited Liability and the Corporation // University of Chicago Law Review. 1985. Vol. 52. No. 1. P. 89117.

Grossman P.Z. The Market for Shares of Companies with Unlimited Liability: The Case of American Express // Journal of Legal Studies. 1995. Vol. 24. No. 1. P. 6385.

Halpern P., Trebilcock M., Turnbull S. An Economic Analysis of Limited Liability in Corporation Law // University of Toronto Law Journal. 1980. Vol. 30. P. 117150.

Hansmann H., Kraakman R. Toward Unlimited Shareholder Liability for Corporate Torts // Yale Law Journal. 1991. Vol. 100. No. 7. P. 18791934.

Harris R. A New Understanding of the History of Limited Liability: An Invitation for Theoretical Reframing // Journal of Institutional Economics. 2020. Vol. 16. Iss. 5. P. 643664.

Manne H.G. Our Two Corporation Systems: Law and Economics // Virginia Law Review. 1967. Vol. 53. P. 259284.

Thompson R.B. Piercing the Corporate Veil: An Empirical Study // Cornell Law Review. 1991. Vol. 76. P. 10361074.

Weinstein M.I. Share Price Changes and the Arrival of Limited Liability in California // Journal of Legal Studies. 2003. Vol. 32. No. 1.

Trustees of Dartmouth College v Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518 (1819).

Booth v Bunce, 33 N.Y. 139 (1865).

Dos Pueblos Ranch & Improvement Co. v Ellis, 8 Cal. 2d 617, 67 P.2d 340 (1937).

Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL).

Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34.






 1. 




    

   .      .           ,    .      .






1.  Salomon  Prest:  




Salomon   .        .   ,                 .     .       ,  ,  ,     .          .  AtlasMaritimeCoSAvAvalonMaritimeLtd (TheCoralRose) (No 1)  piercing  ,            . Lifting, , ,          ,   ,      .[22 - Atlas Maritime Co SA v Avalon Maritime Ltd (The Coral Rose) (No 1) [1991] 4 All ER 769, p. 779; Levenberg P.N. The Mystery of the Corporate Veil: Comparing Anglo-American Jurisdictions // Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs. 2019. Vol. 7. No. 1. P. 115186.]

 lifting   .       . Piercing   Salomon,                .      . . .  ,      ,   ,           .

       . Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd     . Gilford Motor  Jones v Lipman ,            . Adams v Cape Industries          . Ben Hashem v Al Shayif               . Gramsci Shipping v Stepanovs  ,   :           . VTB Capital v Nutritek   ,  Prest v Petrodel      ,    piercing     .     .   ,      .            ,       .      .       ,      .










 1.      






2. Salomon:    




2.1.  



  XIX    .  1844     .  1855       ,   1856  1862     .[23 -     .: Joint Stock Companies Act 1844; Limited Liability Act 1855; Joint Stock Companies Act 1856; Companies Act 1862.]     .  ,            .     Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd.[24 - Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL);   16 November 1896.]     .      .       :     ,        .



2.2.     



         .  1892       A. Salomon & Co Ltd.      ,     ,  ,    .      ,       .[25 - Ibid., pp. 3031, 5253.        ,    ;         .]    .        ,           .    .        .            .     .  ,                . Vaughan Williams J     .      ,    :      ,      ,     .              ,          .[26 - Broderip v Salomon [1895] 2 Ch 323 (Ch); Broderip v Salomon [1895] 2 Ch 323 (CA).]



2.3.   



   .       .            ,      .      .           .[27 - Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL), pp. 3031 (Lord Halsbury LC), 5154 (Lord Macnaghten).]

Lord Macnaghten   :       a different person altogether,    .[28 - Ibid., p. 51:       ,          ,   .]            ,      ,      .      ,     ,     .    .         .    ,              .      .       .[29 - .: Davies P.L., Worthington S. Gowers Principles of Modern Company Law. 10th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2016. Ch. 2; Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Limited Liability and the Corporation // University of Chicago Law Review. 1985. Vol. 52. No. 1. P. 89117.]

Salomon     .         .      .      ,          .     .



2.4.    



 Salomon     Lee v Lees Air Farming.       ,          .             :        ,  -      .[30 - Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd [1961] AC 12 (PC).          ,      .]      .    Lee v Lees Air Farming.      ,       .     .       ,   Salomon   .



2.5. Daimler:      



   Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd.     ,           .   ,              -    .               .        - .[31 - Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd [1916] 2 AC 307 (HL).    Lord Parker of Waddington;           .]     .   Atlas Maritime   .     ,   Daimler       .     .            Prest   .   Daimler    .       .       .       ,           .[32 - Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.   Daimler      ;        ,           .]






3.        




3.1. Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne



 Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne         .    ,   ,    .       ,    ,     .[33 - Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne [1933] Ch 935 (CA).]  Horne  .       .             .     .        ,         .



3.2. Jones v Lipman



    Jones v Lipman.     ,      ,         .      ,  .      mask     .   ,        .[34 - Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832 (Ch), p. 836. Russell J      ,        .]    .       .   ,          ,      .      .        .  Salomon  .        .         ,     .  Lord Sumption    evasion principle.






4.     




4.1.    



     .      .          .     .                .  DHN       Smith, Stone & Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation.    :        ,   ,  ,        ,        ,        ,       .[35 - Smith, Stone & Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation [1939] 4 All ER 116; Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.]

   .       .             ,      .    .                .

 DHN Food Distributors v Tower Hamlets                    .[36 - DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852 (CA).]   Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council               ,  ,   .[37 - Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council 1978 SC (HL) 90, p. 96.   ,         , ,      ,   .]  Adams v Cape Industries  .       .                .      .     .



4.2. Adams v Cape Industries: 



Cape Industries   .     ,    .           ,  Cape     Capasco.     .       .             .      ,   ,     ,     Cape     .       ,              .



4.3.   



    .      .                -    .      .[38 - Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 (CA), pp. 532545.],[39 - Ibid., pp. 536537.         ,          .]

   .        .    ,     ,      .    .         ,       .[40 - Ibid., p. 544.       ,      ,     .]

   .       .      ,       .      .        .[41 - Ibid., pp. 545549.         ;        .] ,  ,     .      NAAC   ,    ,     ,  ,      .      ,        alterego.   Adams       ,      .         .[42 - Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 (CA), pp. 545549; Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.]



4.4.    Adams



Adams     .       .       ,        .     . ,   ,  ,    ,  ex ante .

    .        .       ,       ,      .     Adams.    ,      .

    .          .       ,    .     .             .






5. Ben Hashem v Al Shayif:      




5.1.    

   .      .         7 061 570         .   Radfan Limited.              .[43 - Ben Hashem v Al Shayif [2008] EWHC 2380 (Fam), [2009] 1 FLR 115, paras. 316, 24. Radfan Limited      1988 ;           .]     1988 ,     .   30  ,  70       . Radfan     .        17 Kensington Heights,   ,  57 Forest House.       ,         .



5.2.    



    .    ,              resulting  constructive trust.         Radfan   .              24(1)(c) Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.     ,        .[44 - Ibid., paras. 109143, 151221, 222301.      , piercing         24(1)(c) Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.]      .       ,   .           ,      .      .          .



5.3.   



   .        .         .    .         .

     .      .            ,      .      .              .     .[45 - Ibid., paras. 159164.    :     ;  ,     ;      .]



5.4.      Prest



 Radfan   .   ,       ,  .     .      Gilford Motor  Jones v Lipman:         Salomon   .[46 - Ibid., paras. 199221, 266268.       ,  piercing,      17 Kensington Heights   ;   57 Forest House    .]

     .   17 Kensington Heights    ,    24(1)(c) Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.  57 Forest House   .     .   piercing     .

 Ben Hashem   .      Gramsci.   ,            ,       . VTB  Prest    .               .

Prest    .       .    piercing   ,    2019       .    .     Prest,      VTB Capital     .[47 - Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.     2019 ,      Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34      VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5;         .]






6. Gramsci Shipping v Stepanovs:    piercing




6.1.     

 Gramsci   .        .    ,      .     .          .     ,        Latvian Shipping Company.   ,          :     63 -,           .     ,       100   .[48 - Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corporation & Others v Stepanovs [2011] EWHC 333 (Comm), [2011] 1 Lloyds Rep 647, paras. 15.    30 one ship companies,   , 63      100   .]

           .    .           SHELLTIME 4:        ,      .     good arguable case,           .[49 - Ibid., paras. 512.    41  SHELLTIME 4;    good arguable case    freezing order.]    .      .       ,     piercing        .     .



6.2.    



  Trustor AB v Smallbone (No 2),    ,     ,                . ,   Ben Hashem,  :       , ,   ,             .[50 - Ibid., paras. 1317.  Burton   Trustor AB v Smallbone (No 2)        ,    .]       .        ,         ,    . ,                 .     .      .   ,          .     .     .



6.3.    



    Dadourian Group International v Simms  ,          ,    .        .  ,   Gilford Motor, Jones v Lipman  Trustor   ,         .[51 - Ibid., paras. 1821.       ,  Dadourian, Gilford Motor, Jones v Lipman  Trustor.]     .      .  Prest     ,       , , trust  .    piercing  .      .



6.4.      



     .          .      Gilford Motor  Jones v Lipman.       .   ,       .   alter ego            .   ,        -,    ,  .    :          ,             .[52 - Ibid., paras. 2230.         ,       ; .     para. 28.]    .      .             ,        .     .       .

    .        .  ,       .     .     ,   ,      .



6.5.     



    .        .               ,   .        .      .         .         :             .      .       .



6.6.    ,    



     20122013 .         ,      VTB Capital,      .    VTB Capital       :     Salomon,         .[53 - Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corporation v Recoletos Ltd [2012] EWHC 1887 (Comm); VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5, paras. 132148; Lord Clarke, para. 238.    ,   Lord Clarke       .]      Gramsci         .      ,     ,     ,        .        .[54 - Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corporation & Others v Lembergs [2013] EWCA Civ 730, paras. 110, 3541, 5966.            23  ()  44/2001.] Prest    evasion principle.      .      ,      ,       .     Gramsci  .    ,     .

Gramsci     .      .               .     .         .






7. VTB Capital v Nutritek:     




7.1.    

 VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp         225   .            . VTB   .  ,                .      .[55 - VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5, [2013] 2 AC 337.],[56 - Ibid., paras. 15, 132140. VTB               -.]

     .       .             .      .         .



7.2.    



Lord Neuberger    . facade, sham, cloak  mask   .        .     .         .[57 - Ibid., para. 124. Lord Neuberger ,   ,         .]

    .       .      ,          .     .  ,       .



7.3.     



       :   ,      .     RAP,     Malofeev  Marcap   .        ,     ,     .[58 - Ibid., paras. 132140, 158.         ,        .]     VTB.     deceit  conspiracy.         .     .         .[59 - Ibid., paras. 142148.        ,         .]



7.4.  Gramsci   VTB   



   VTB  .       .    Gramsci  : piercing                 .    .

VTB   .       .    :    ,      .    Prest.






8. Prest v Petrodel:  




8.1.      

Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd     .   17,5   .          Petrodel.      .         ,        .[60 - Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34, [2013] 2 AC 415.],[61 - Ibid., paras. 816.         ,       Petrodel.]      .      .      ,       Matrimonial Causes Act 1973    .    .    ,      .



8.2. 



Lord Sumption  concealment principle.     .          ,        .     ,     .      .

   .     . Salomon   ,            .  concealment     Salomon.      ,   .[62 - Ibid., para. 28. Concealment principle    :            .]



8.3.  



Evasion principle    .        .         ,       .     .         .[63 - Ibid., paras. 2728, 35. Evasion principle             .]

     .       .      ,         .    .            .    Lord Sumption  Gilford Motor  Jones v Lipman.       ,   ,        :        .       .     ,      .[64 - Ibid., paras. 2930. Lord Sumption  Gilford Motor  Jones v Lipman            .]



8.4.   



Prest   .      , piercing  .    ,   trust,   ,     .     .              .[65 - Ibid., paras. 3435; Ben Hashem v Al Shayif [2008] EWHC 2380 (Fam), [2009] 1 FLR 115, para. 164.        ,     .]

     .        .       ,   .  piercing   .        .










 2.  concealment  evasion  Prest



8.5.    Prest    



  Prest piercing  .    resulting trust.              ,     .     .      .[66 - Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34, paras. 4352.      ,         resulting trust,     .]

     .       .       -      .   .     concealment principle         .



8.6.   ,   



     ,      . Lord Neuberger ,        . Lady Hale  Lord Wilson   ,         . Lord Mance  Lord Clarke      . Lord Walker         .[67 - Ibid., paras. 6380. Lord Neuberger, Lady Hale, Lord Mance, Lord Clarke  Lord Walker    ,  -  ,     .] Prest    .     .  evasion principle     ,        .     .      .






9.  Prest:    




9.1.    

    .        .        ,        .    .         ,   .  Chandler v Cape plc    ,    ,     .    Cape  ,             .    :      .[68 - Chandler v Cape plc [2012] EWCA Civ 525, [2012] 1 WLR 3111, paras. 6980.             .]



9.2. Vedanta  Okpabi



 Vedanta Resources v Lungowe   ,   parent company liability     .     .      ,       ,        ,    .[69 - Vedanta Resources plc v Lungowe [2019] UKSC 20, [2020] AC 1045, paras. 4961.                 .]  Okpabi v Royal Dutch Shell       ,      .      ,   ,             .        -   .[70 - Okpabi v Royal Dutch Shell plc [2021] UKSC 3, [2021] 1 WLR 1294, paras. 2527, 143153.            ;   ,      .] Adams  .       .  ,                 .     .        .



9.3.   



Hurstwood Properties v Rossendale Borough Council      .   .            . Piercing  . Evasion principle   Prest   ,      .[71 - Hurstwood Properties (A) Ltd v Rossendale Borough Council [2021] UKSC 16, [2022] AC 690, paras. 7183.      evasion principle      ,   .]



9.4. Wrongful trading:     



Wrongful trading  section 214 Insolvency Act 1986.       section 246ZB.     ,         .    .     -    ,            .     .       .[72 - Insolvency Act 1986, ss 214(1)(4), 246ZB; Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [461][466].]

    .       ,         .              .     .          .             .    ,         .[73 - Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [463][466], [487][490].]

    .        .          ,       .    . ,  - ,   ,          .        ,      .[74 -  , [466][473], [487][490], [497]; Re Ralls Builders Ltd (No 2) [2016] EWHC 243 (Ch), [31][32], [216].]



9.5. Sequana     



BTI 2014 LLC v Sequana SA     .   section 172(3) Companies Act 2006.          :        .    .         .[75 - Companies Act 2006, s 172(3); BTI 2014 LLC v Sequana SA [2022] UKSC 25, [79][81], [176], [203], [227][245], [279][281]; Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [469][473], [538][546].]      section 214.    Sequana  .    ,       -    .     .      ,       .       .        ,                 .

   misfeasance proceedings.     section 212 Insolvency Act 1986.          ,    sections 171176 Companies Act 2006.      .      ,     .      ,            .[76 - Insolvency Act 1986, s 212; Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [519][520], [533][546].]



9.6.  BHS:   



BHS    .   Retail Acquisitions Limited  1 .           ,  25  2016     .    .  wrongful trading        ,   trading misfeasance,     .[77 - Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [1][17];  . .    BHS:            // .. 20.07.2026.]   Wright and Rowley v Chappell      ,   17  2015 .   section 214       :    ,         .   8  2015       .          6,5    .          .[78 - Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [1140][1157].]

    misfeasance.    ,          17  2015 . ,   ACE II,         26 .       Grovepoint:              .                110,23   .       19            4,23    .[79 - Wright v Chappell [2024] EWHC 2166 (Ch), [27][29], [48][56], [77][85]. . : Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [983], [988][995], [1154][1157].]




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/stanislav-vsevolodov/sniatie-korporativnoi-vuali-sravnitel-nyi-analiz-prav-74703392/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL).




2


Butler N.M. Address at the 143rd Annual Banquet of the Chamber of Commerce of the State of New York (16 November 1911), quoted in: Fletcher W.M. Cyclopedia of the Law of Private Corporations. Vol. 1. 1917. P. 43.




3


.: Harris R. A New Understanding of the History of Limited Liability: An Invitation for Theoretical Reframing // Journal of Institutional Economics. 2020. Vol. 16. Iss. 5. P. 643664. DOI: 10.1017/S1744137420000181.




4


.: Harris R. Op. cit.; Acheson G.G., Turner J.D. Does Limited Liability Matter? Evidence from Nineteenth-Century British Banking // Review of Law and Economics. 2010. Vol. 6. Iss. 2. DOI: 10.2202/1555-5879.1444.




5


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Limited Liability and the Corporation // University of Chicago Law Review. 1985. Vol. 52. No. 1. P. 89117, esp. P. 9394; Manne H.G. Our Two Corporation Systems: Law and Economics // Virginia Law Review. 1967. Vol. 53. P. 259284.




6


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 9495.




7


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 9596; Halpern P., Trebilcock M., Turnbull S. An Economic Analysis of Limited Liability in Corporation Law // University of Toronto Law Journal. 1980. Vol. 30. P. 117150.




8


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 9697.




9


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 97.




10


.: Grossman P.Z. The Market for Shares of Companies with Unlimited Liability: The Case of American Express // Journal of Legal Studies. 1995. Vol. 24. No. 1. P. 6385; Weinstein M.I. Share Price Changes and the Arrival of Limited Liability in California // Journal of Legal Studies. 2003. Vol. 32. No. 1; Acheson G.G., Turner J.D. Op. cit.




11


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 109111.




12


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 104105.




13


.: Hansmann H., Kraakman R. Toward Unlimited Shareholder Liability for Corporate Torts // Yale Law Journal. 1991. Vol. 100. No. 7. P. 18791934.




14


.: Blumberg P.I. The Law of Corporate Groups: Procedural Problems in the Law of Parent and Subsidiary Corporations. Boston; Toronto: Little, Brown and Company, 1983; Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 110111.




15


.: Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 114116.




16


.: Thompson R.B. Piercing the Corporate Veil: An Empirical Study // Cornell Law Review. 1991. Vol. 76. P. 10361074.




17


Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34, paras. 2735.




18


Trustees of Dartmouth College v Woodward, 17 U.S. (4 Wheat.) 518, 636 (1819).




19


Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Op. cit. P. 89.




20


Booth v Bunce, 33 N.Y. 139 (1865).




21


Dos Pueblos Ranch & Improvement Co. v Ellis, 8 Cal. 2d 617, 67 P.2d 340 (1937).




22


Atlas Maritime Co SA v Avalon Maritime Ltd (The Coral Rose) (No 1) [1991] 4 All ER 769, p. 779; Levenberg P.N. The Mystery of the Corporate Veil: Comparing Anglo-American Jurisdictions // Penn State Journal of Law & International Affairs. 2019. Vol. 7. No. 1. P. 115186.




23


    .: Joint Stock Companies Act 1844; Limited Liability Act 1855; Joint Stock Companies Act 1856; Companies Act 1862.




24


Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL);   16 November 1896.




25


Ibid., pp. 3031, 5253.        ,    ;         .




26


Broderip v Salomon [1895] 2 Ch 323 (Ch); Broderip v Salomon [1895] 2 Ch 323 (CA).




27


Salomon v A Salomon & Co Ltd [1897] AC 22 (HL), pp. 3031 (Lord Halsbury LC), 5154 (Lord Macnaghten).




28


Ibid., p. 51:       ,          ,   .




29


.: Davies P.L., Worthington S. Gowers Principles of Modern Company Law. 10th ed. London: Sweet & Maxwell, 2016. Ch. 2; Easterbrook F.H., Fischel D.R. Limited Liability and the Corporation // University of Chicago Law Review. 1985. Vol. 52. No. 1. P. 89117.




30


Lee v Lees Air Farming Ltd [1961] AC 12 (PC).          ,      .




31


Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd [1916] 2 AC 307 (HL).    Lord Parker of Waddington;           .




32


Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.   Daimler      ;        ,           .




33


Gilford Motor Co Ltd v Horne [1933] Ch 935 (CA).




34


Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832 (Ch), p. 836. Russell J      ,        .




35


Smith, Stone & Knight Ltd v Birmingham Corporation [1939] 4 All ER 116; Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.




36


DHN Food Distributors Ltd v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 1 WLR 852 (CA).




37


Woolfson v Strathclyde Regional Council 1978 SC (HL) 90, p. 96.   ,         , ,      ,   .




38


Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 (CA), pp. 532545.




39


Ibid., pp. 536537.         ,          .




40


Ibid., p. 544.       ,      ,     .




41


Ibid., pp. 545549.         ;        .




42


Adams v Cape Industries plc [1990] Ch 433 (CA), pp. 545549; Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.




43


Ben Hashem v Al Shayif [2008] EWHC 2380 (Fam), [2009] 1 FLR 115, paras. 316, 24. Radfan Limited      1988 ;           .




44


Ibid., paras. 109143, 151221, 222301.      , piercing         24(1)(c) Matrimonial Causes Act 1973.




45


Ibid., paras. 159164.    :     ;  ,     ;      .




46


Ibid., paras. 199221, 266268.       ,  piercing,      17 Kensington Heights   ;   57 Forest House    .




47


Levenberg P.N. Op. cit. P. 115186.     2019 ,      Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34      VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5;         .




48


Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corporation & Others v Stepanovs [2011] EWHC 333 (Comm), [2011] 1 Lloyds Rep 647, paras. 15.    30 one ship companies,   , 63      100   .




49


Ibid., paras. 512.    41  SHELLTIME 4;    good arguable case    freezing order.




50


Ibid., paras. 1317.  Burton   Trustor AB v Smallbone (No 2)        ,    .




51


Ibid., paras. 1821.       ,  Dadourian, Gilford Motor, Jones v Lipman  Trustor.




52


Ibid., paras. 2230.         ,       ; .     para. 28.




53


Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corporation v Recoletos Ltd [2012] EWHC 1887 (Comm); VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5, paras. 132148; Lord Clarke, para. 238.    ,   Lord Clarke       .




54


Antonio Gramsci Shipping Corporation & Others v Lembergs [2013] EWCA Civ 730, paras. 110, 3541, 5966.            23  ()  44/2001.




55


VTB Capital plc v Nutritek International Corp [2013] UKSC 5, [2013] 2 AC 337.




56


Ibid., paras. 15, 132140. VTB               -.




57


Ibid., para. 124. Lord Neuberger ,   ,         .




58


Ibid., paras. 132140, 158.         ,        .




59


Ibid., paras. 142148.        ,         .




60


Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34, [2013] 2 AC 415.




61


Ibid., paras. 816.         ,       Petrodel.




62


Ibid., para. 28. Concealment principle    :            .




63


Ibid., paras. 2728, 35. Evasion principle             .




64


Ibid., paras. 2930. Lord Sumption  Gilford Motor  Jones v Lipman            .




65


Ibid., paras. 3435; Ben Hashem v Al Shayif [2008] EWHC 2380 (Fam), [2009] 1 FLR 115, para. 164.        ,     .




66


Prest v Petrodel Resources Ltd [2013] UKSC 34, paras. 4352.      ,         resulting trust,     .




67


Ibid., paras. 6380. Lord Neuberger, Lady Hale, Lord Mance, Lord Clarke  Lord Walker    ,  -  ,     .




68


Chandler v Cape plc [2012] EWCA Civ 525, [2012] 1 WLR 3111, paras. 6980.             .




69


Vedanta Resources plc v Lungowe [2019] UKSC 20, [2020] AC 1045, paras. 4961.                 .




70


Okpabi v Royal Dutch Shell plc [2021] UKSC 3, [2021] 1 WLR 1294, paras. 2527, 143153.            ;   ,      .




71


Hurstwood Properties (A) Ltd v Rossendale Borough Council [2021] UKSC 16, [2022] AC 690, paras. 7183.      evasion principle      ,   .




72


Insolvency Act 1986, ss 214(1)(4), 246ZB; Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [461][466].




73


Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [463][466], [487][490].




74


 , [466][473], [487][490], [497]; Re Ralls Builders Ltd (No 2) [2016] EWHC 243 (Ch), [31][32], [216].




75


Companies Act 2006, s 172(3); BTI 2014 LLC v Sequana SA [2022] UKSC 25, [79][81], [176], [203], [227][245], [279][281]; Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [469][473], [538][546].




76


Insolvency Act 1986, s 212; Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [519][520], [533][546].




77


Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [1][17];  . .    BHS:            // .. 20.07.2026.




78


Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [1140][1157].




79


Wright v Chappell [2024] EWHC 2166 (Ch), [27][29], [48][56], [77][85]. . : Wright and Rowley, BHS and others v Chappell and others [2024] EWHC 1417 (Ch), [983], [988][995], [1154][1157].


