  :   
 


             .      :              .               ,       .

     ,  , ,       .  ,        ,      ,         ,    .





 

  :   





 




              .   ,      ,    ,        .   ,         ,          ,          .         ,     ,           .

              ,      .    ,    ,   , , ,    ,    .           ,   ,      .        ,     ,  ,       .

         .  . , . , .        ,    ,         .          ,   ,    .       ,         ,   ,      .

         .   ,   10/11,   ,         .        ,        ,  ,    .      ,        .

               ,        .     ,               .      ,      ,      ,       .              .

      .           ,     ,       .           ,         ,      .









       ,       .          :  ,  ,  ,     .        ,         .             ,   ,      .

         .  ,    -10  -11,       ,      .         ,           .    ,               .

      ,     .         ,               XIX   XX .      ,  ,      ,       ,           .

           .          ,   ,  , ,     .        ,   ,        ,      ,    .             ,      .

        ,      .    ,     ,    , ,      . ,   ,   - ,  ,     ,      .          .

       ,     ,   ,       ,    ,     .               ,       .

         .  ,   ,       ,             ,            .       ,      ,    ,      .




 I.    





 1.      





1.1.    




                   . , ,   ,    ,  ,     .         ,      ,   ,                .

            .      ,    ,      ,      ,        .               . ,    ,           ,     .   ,      ,           .

          ,   .         ,     ,      .           : , , , ,  .   ,   ,                 ,    .     ,  ,       ,   .

      - .  .     ,          [1].    , - ,     ,   .    ,      ,     .       :          .

 , ,     . ,      ,          [2].      ,          .           . ,  ,      ,         .    ,   ,     .

 ,   XX      .   ,     ,        .   ,      ,     ,      .   ,   ,      ,       .

         XX   XXI         .     ,            .              . ,     :              ,     ,   .

  ,    10/11,         .   ,      .        ,   ,             .     ,      ,     .

 ,     ,        ,  ,          .        ,      .   ,       ,  ,    ,         ,     .

          ,         .          ,         .

           ,      .          ,   ,  ,       [3].          ,     ,       .

    ,          .         ,        ,           .               ,           .

,    ,     .    ,   ,   ,        .        ,   ,               .

       .        ,     .        ,    .          ,      .         ,      .

        .     ,         - ,       .    ,   ,    ,     ,   ,      .     ,       .

 ,            . ,            .     ,       .       ,      ,   .

               .                   . ,           ,   -    ,     .

 ,      ,              ,     .        . ,           .        ,      .

                       .        ,           ,    ,           .



 

[1]  .    . .:  , 1927.  512 .

[2]  .  . .: , 1997.  1056 .

[3]  .   . .: , 2003.  605 .




1.2.   




         ,    ,     ,    .      ,           , ,  ,         ,    .       ,         .

             .        ,       ,   ,    ,            .  ,   ,         ,           [1].

      ,       .  (Verstehen)    (Erkl?ren)      . ,   ,     ,     ,       .       ,      .      ,       .

         .            ,       .     ,     .        ,     ,    ,        .

        .  ,   ,  ,     ,     .        ,      .           ,         .

       ,           .  ,            ,       ,           .    ,                 .

         .   ,             .   ,     ,      .       ,           [2].

 ,         . ,               .      ,      ,            .

 ,           .               .              . ,          ,          ,   .

         ,          .      ,   ,       ,       .                   ,       .

                .         ,     . ,  ,   ,     -    ,            ,       [3].       ;       .

            -.    ,             ,         ,   .          ,     .                   .

         ,      .  ,     ,         .  , ,        ,     ,     .       ,        [4].

          .   ,      ,      ,  .        ,      ,    .      ,        .

      ,      ,   -       .             .   ,          ,        .

 ,                  .        ,             .          . ,      ,           .

       .          .     ,       ,  ,   ,      .      ,    ,   ,     .

             .         ,       . ,   ,       ,          .  ,     ,       ,           .



 

[1]  .  . .: , 1997.  1056 .

[2]  ..  . -     . ., 2025.  252 .

[3]  . :     . .:  , 1924.  840 .

[4]  .     . .:  , 1997.  640 .




1.3.  -10 / -11




  ,  -10     -11,       .     ,   ,        .            ,            .

 ,  ,        ,    . Ÿ           ,    ,      .          .           ,         ,        .

 -10   ,         .         ,         .        ;    ,             .       ,       [1].

 -11       .         ,       .   ,     . -11 -   ,       ,            [2].

     10/11   .      ,             .    ,               .      ,         .

       .  ,  ,                 .         ,          .    ,     ,        .

       .        ,          .       ,  ,      .      ,      ,     [3].

 ,  10/11       .       ,       ,       .       ,   ,                    .

     ,          .     ,     ,           .           ,  ,    ,         .

 ,  10/11   ,      .         ,           .        ,      ,      .

                 ,            ,    ,      .

        .          ,      ,       .      ,         . ,     ,         .

          .                      .                  .     ,    ,         [4].

     ,     .             ,    .       ,             .          ,       .

          .       ,   -11,            .   ,             ,       [5].          ,    ,      .

          .       ,    ,       .      ,       ,     ,     .       ,    ,     .

            .        ,   ,         .          ,        .         .

 ,   10/11   ,   .       ,    ,      .         ,                  .

       ,        .         ,      .               - .            ,       .



 

[1] -10:    (10- ):     :      . - .: , 1994. 304 .

[2] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[3]  ..      : , - . ., 2025.  318 .

[4] Kendell R., Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2003;160(1):412.

[5] Kleinman A. Rethinking Psychiatry: From Cultural Category to Personal Experience. New York: Free Press, 1988.  256 p.




1.4.     




                  .        ,     ,       .        ,            .

       ,       .             .      ,    ,      ,               .         ,    .

         .   ,   ,         -10  -11,      ,   ,     .          ,        ,    .   ,       .

   ,         ,         .      :    ,           .    ,    ,          .       ,     .

      .         ,   .          ,        .       ,       .        ,     ,       .

         . , ,                 .         . ,     ,    ,                 .

         .  ,     ,      .      ,        .   ,   ,     ,        .

      ,      ,           ,       .           ,            .         ,      ,       .

 ,             .    ,   ;   ,    .   ,        ,    ,      .

        ,          .      ,  ,   ,         ,      .     ,        ,          .

            .  ,      ,         .         ,              ,      .            ,     .

     .           ,  ,         .                    .    ,      .            .

            .             ,         .            ,          .  ,       ,       .

   -      .         ,       , ,      .                  .      ,      ,       .

             .          ,          .      ,    ,               .             .

 ,                      .               . ,             .

             .           ,      .          ,    ,     . ,   ,    ,        ,     .

      ,  ,           .       ,   ,       .          ,                .




 2.      





2.1.     




                  .         ,          .               ,      .

         ,      ,    ,      .    ,   ,   ,    .         ,         ,        .

           . ,   , ,   ,       ,     .       ,     ,      .            .

        ,         ,     .                  .           ,     ,      .

        ,            .  ,    ,    10/11      ,     .       ,        .               .

        .          ,         .   .           .                  ,      .           .

   ,      ,    .       ,    ,     .           ;    , ,    .              .

              .      ,   ,           .          ,           .

      ,         ,      .       ,    ,      ,        .

               .      , , , ,         .   ,      .          ,                    .

   ,           .        ,       ,    .          ,         .        ,              .

          .           ,      ,      .          ,      .     ,         ,       .

     -     .        ,       . , ,     ,           .         ,          .

              .                   .  ,                ,  ,   .       ,      .

          .           ,       . , ,         ,      .          .

            ,   .           ,            .       ,      ,      .

        .        ,    .  ,        ,   . ,      ,        ,      . ,   ,             .

 ,          .                 .          ,  ,           .




2.2. , , 




            .    ,                   .          ,         ,    .

       ,       .       ;    ,      ,     .                  .         ,         ,        .

 ,  ,        ,     ,    .          ,  -,   - .             , , ,     ,    .

           ,      ,         .            ,       .                     .

         ,   .       ,      .     ,       ,   ,       .       ,     .

      .   ,            ,    .   ,             .         ,          ,             .

 ,   ,      .    ,       .         ,      .       ,   ,       .

          .       ,      .     ;         ,    .          ,    .

     ,        ,       .                 . ,            .    ,        ,       .

 , ,        .              .            .         ,           .

                    ,          .         ;       ,        .

           ,  ,       .       ,    .        ,     ,       .         ,     ,         .

         ,  ,    .     ,             .       , ,       .           ,             .

       ,     .      ߻,   ,       .       ,  ,     .            ,           .

            .       ,             .                .  ,          ,             .

          .         ,          .         ,       .           ,       .

      ,           .       ,    ,      .        ,        .      ,        ,    .

       .       ,    ,           .         ,    ,   .                   .

   ,          .                ,      .        ,         .

 ,  2.2           .  ,        ,          .            ,       .




2.3.     




                  ,   . ,    ,      ,     . ,      ,   ,    ,      .               ,      .

      ,      ,    ,        . ,       ,       ,         .     ,     ,            .

  ,      ,      . ,        ,       ,  ,     ,   ,   .       ,    .           ,   ,      .

       ,    .        ,     .      ,         ,        .       ,     ,     .

    ,         -    ,     .    ,       .         ,       . ,    ,   ,        .

  , ,     .        ,    ,  ,           .         ,     .       ,        .

          ,     ,     .             ,      .             .               .

 ,          ,    . ,           .         ,       ,     . ,    ,    ,         .

 ,        ,   .         ,       .          ,     .                    .

                  .        ,  ,      ,    .  , ,        ,        .         ,          .

 , ,          ,      .           ,     ,    . ,    ,      ,       ,     .     :           .

          .       , -    ,     ,      .      ,            .                ,       .

   ,         .      ,      ,      .        ,         .       ,     ,           .

       .     ,    ,      .                  .       ,     ,      .              .

 ,         . ,         ,      .         ,    ,      .     ,          .

             . ,   ,       ,       .       ,    ,     .        ,     .

 ,         ,    .             .       ,  ,      .          ,     .

  ,  ,            . ,   ,    ,   ,     ,      .       ,          ,      .




2.4.     




        ,                 .        ,          .    ,        ,   .         ,        .

   ,              . ,              .  ,       ,     ,     ,       .          ,       .

     ,    ,         ,     .  ,  ,           .              ,      .            ,   .

,    ,   ,     .          ,    ,       .       ,     .                    .

         .           ;     ,     ,     . ,  ,       , , ,        .         ,    .

 ,            .                    .        :         ,    ,         .     ,    .

      10/11        .           ,      ,     .               ,    .  ,    ,          .

        ,    .      ,      ,         ,     .         ,      ,   ,     .

 ,      ,       .         ,     .            ,       ,             .

                .      ,        .      ,     ,         .          ,       .

, ,    ,   .             ,   ,   .        ,           .                  .

      ,       ,      ,       .         ,         .     ,       ,          ,     .

            .        ,           .           ,         .       ,       ,      .

           .          ;         .        ,       .      ,     ,        .

            .  ,    ,             .          ,     .              .

      ,  ,           . ,            .         ,         ,       .

 2.4       I,           .                         .       II,         ,        .




 3.    





3.1.  ?  ?  ? 




      . Ÿ        ,      .  ,      XIX   XX ,       .  ,     ,          .

      ,      .     ,           .               ,      .       ,       .

             .    ,           .   ,        .     ,         .

        .               .               .     -   ,     ,      .

 ,    ,           .          ,       - .          ,      .

         .                . ,              .            ,        .

         .         ,     ,  ,    .     ,     ,        .          ,      .

    ,       :        , ,      .         ,            .  ,    ,       .

    ,     ,       .            ,     ,       .       .              ,        .

 ,    ?  ?  ?       ,         .      ,         .     ,     ,    ,       .

                   . ,   . ,     ,      .           ,           ,          .        ,   .

,      ,    . ,     , -     .     ,       .     :       ,    ,        .      ,    .

       .        .                .        ,    ,     .              .

          .             .          ,   ,    .     ,        .

      ,       .     ,     ,        .            ,         .       ,       .

 ,     ,      .  ,    ,     ,     .          .               ,       .

          .     ,          .    ,     ,          .    ,       ,        .

,  ,      ,         .                 .            ?        ?.

       .      ,         .      ,      ,       .                  .

             .          ,         .         ;    ,    ,          .

     ,      ,      ,     ,    .       ,        .            ,      ,    .

  ,      , , ,     .           . ,          ,       .         ,     .

          .    ,   ,        .            .         ,         .

   ,         .    ,     .         ,   ,    ,    .  ,      ,     .

     ?  ?  ? ,  ,        ,     .    ,      ,   ,   .        ,        ,           .

 3.1        ,                   .            .




3.2.     




        ,     ,       .      ,   10/11,      ,          .            ,         .

             ,   - .    ,            ,      . ,    ,     ,         .

           .         ,       ,      .          .      ,  ,      .

          ,       .   ,           -   .               .    ,     .

       ,     .      ,         .  ,       ,      .     ,         .

        ,            ,    . ,           .                .

  ,       .       ,           ,     .  -11        ,    -     .        .

       ,   - .      ,    ,          .               .     ,         .

 ,              .           .           .               .

    ,                .       ,    ,            .      ,        .

        .    ,     ,      . ,      ,              .    ,         .

          ,        . -10,          ,          .       ,     ,           .

-11      ,     ,        .            :  -    ,      .                .

           .     ,        .        ,        .        ,     .

  ,             ,     .                .  ,             .

         .   ,           ,      .      ,    .      ,         .

          ,   .     ,     .          .              :       .

 ,                 .             ,     .       ,            .

         .            .            ,      .         ,      .

          .     :               .            ,         .

 ,            ,          .          ,         .

         ,    ,      .               .        ,     . ,             .

,    ,    ,   .      ,   .           ,       ,       .        ,       .

          .                 .       ,    ,        .       ,     .

,     ,      .       ,     .       ,   ,     .               .

 ,           . ,      .         ,        ,       .        .

          .                .             ,    .          .

      ,  ,          .      ,       .           ,           .

 3.2        ,          .          ,         ,   ,    .




3.3.     




           ,     .           ,        .  ,     ,     ,          .

             ,             .       ,     ,    .           ,  ,   .

             .   ,        ,         .           ,         .        ,   .

                 .        ,    ,       .  ,         ,     .

                .              ,   .                    .        .

                 .           ,       .          ,             .

           .         ,         .           ,    .            .

              .      ,        ,     .          .  , ,          ,      .

         .     ,       .       ,     ,    .            .

             ,      .              .   ,     ,         . ,    ,      ,       .

            ,          ,     .           ,             .  ,     ,        .

           ,      ,    .    ,   ,           .                .        .

       .          ,       .             ,      .  ,          .

    ,           ,     .            ,   .       ,        . ,  ,   ,     .

            .                .       ,      .         .      ,       .

          .       ,         .         ,    ,       .       ,          .

            .              . ,   ,       ,          .            .

           ,    . ,  ,       . ,     ,           .            .

                   .            .          ,          .       ,    .

           ,     .         ,           .      ,      .             .

               .        ,      .       ,    ,            .

        .          ,     -       ,     . ,      ,     ,       .       ,      .

            .           ,       .           ,      ,   .          ,      .

   ,  ,             . ,        ,         .     ,       ,    .

 ,            ,      ,   .  3.3     3,       ,      4,       ,    .




 4.    





4.1.  




            .             ,       ,    .        ,                .

        - ,         ,    .       ,       ,    . ,    ,           .        [1].

         , ,   ,        .          ,         .        ,     ,       ,   ,       [2].

       .                .              . ,   ,   ,      ,       ,     [3].

          ,  ,    ,    . ,         ,          ,    .        ,     ,        .

        .        .       ,            .         ,      ,      [4].

         .     ,             ,      .                 ,  ,     .

            .  ,  ,  ,                  .           ,        [5].

,         .          ,   . ,         ,      ,      [6].

 ,            .       ,        .           , ,     ,         .

         ,            .    ,   ,       ,          .              .

,    ,     ,        .         ,      :  ,      .       ,        ,    ,        .

         ,          ,     .     ,   ,       .      ,     ,      .      ,            [2].

      . ,  ,     10/11,          ,    - .       ,          .        (   )    (,    ) [3].

     ,          .      ,             .       ,        ,            [4].

    ,         .  ,      ,      ,    .  ,   ,      ,     .  ,     ,        [5].

    ,       .       ,       .        ,       ,              [6].

              ,       .      :            ,   ,       .              ,    ,      .

 ,      .       ,       ,             .      ,          ,   ,          .

            ,      ,    .     ,         ,      ,      .



 

[1]  ..  . ., 2025.  252 .

[2] Bertalanffy L. von. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller, 1968.  295 p.

[3] Kendell R. The Role of Diagnosis in Psychiatry. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1975.  240 p.

[4] Engel G.L. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. 1977;196(4286):129136.

[5] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[6] Fulford K.W.M. Moral Theory and Medical Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.  318 p.




4.2.  




                   .       ,     ,        ,  ,         .         ,   ,               .

            .                      [1].       -  XX ,   , ,      . ,      ,          ,       .

                       ,      ,      .        ,       .      :     ,    .

        ,             ,     .              ,       , - ,    - .              [2].

  ,   10/11,       .    ,    (,  ,  ,  ),      .      ,     ,                  [3].

     ,       .           ,        .            ,      .           ,          .

        .         ,     ,        .       -         .                  [4].

      ,     . ,    ,      .            ,       .         ,           .

         ,      .     ,         .          ,     ,      .

 ,              .    ,    ,      ,  ,    ,       .         ,     ,      [5].

 ,     ,    ,       ,      .        - ,        ,     .     ,            ,         .



 

[1] Jackson J. H. Selected writings of John Hughlings Jackson. London, 1931.

[2]  .      2- . .:   , 1996. . 2.

[3] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[4]  .   .     , 1993.  544 .

[5] Friston K. The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience. London, 2010.




4.3.  




                 .       ,      ,     ,             .        ;   , , ,   ,    ,   ,   .

          .   ,   ,     ,       [1].        ,        .    , , ,            .                  .

  ,       ,     . , ,            ,      ,    .      ,   ,    ,   ,       .

  ,   10/11,      ,   , ,    [2].                  .  -   ,           .           .

          .        ,     ,   ,     .       ,      .         ,        .

        .      ,             ,  ,      .             .      ,             [3].

    -     .             ,         . ,   ,        ,       ,      .  ,             [4].

        ,     ,      .             ,     ,      .             ,    .

              .   ,   ,        . ,   ,     ,       .         ,         [5].

 ,             .             ,       ,      ,       .        ,            .



 

[1] , .    :     / . .  :  , 2025.  434 .

[2] -10:    (10- ):     :      . - .: , 1994. 304 .

[3]  .   /   . .: , 1997. 1056 . [4]  .   .     , 1993.  544 .

[5] Friston K. The free-energy principle: a unified brain theory? Nature Reviews Neuroscience. London, 2010.




4.4.   




     ,                   . ,        ,        ,               .             ,           ,  ,     [1].

            ,   ,     ,    .           ,      ,      .       :  ,     ,          ,  ,      [2].

       :  ,     ,  ;   ,            .      ,            ,     .           ; ,    .           ,        ,      ,       [3].

                 . -,   :       ,              . -,  :                . -,  :           ,     . -,  :             [4].

             10/11.       ,    .      :             ,         ,        ,      ,        [5].         ,        ,          .

          ,       .        ,         . ,   ,   .    ,     ,       ,        .           ,      [1].

       ,          .  ,           :  , , ,  ,       .    ,      ,      ,      ,   ,  ,     . ,       :     ,     ,      [6].

    .        :        .           ,      .        ,     ,       .    ,                   [7].

          .           ;  ,        . ,       ;    ,      ,   .         :      ,    ,           [2].

,          .        ,      .               .    ,   .             ,    ,           , ,     [8].

 ,            .  ,       , , ,       ,   ,   ,    .            ,          .



 

[1]  ..  . ., 2025.  252 .

[2]  ..  . -     . ., 2025.  252 .

[3]  .   /   . .: , 1997. 1056 .

[4] Kendell R., Jablensky A. Distinguishing between the validity and utility of psychiatric diagnoses. American Journal of Psychiatry. Washington, 2003;160(1):412.

[5] -10:    (10- ):     :      . - .: , 1994. 304 .

[6] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[7] Fulford K.W.M. Moral Theory and Medical Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.  318 p.

[8] Insel T.R. Digital phenotyping: technology for a new science of behavior. JAMA. Chicago, 2017;318(13):12151216.




4.5.   




       4             ,      ,       .      ,     ,      ,    ,  ,             .        ,     ,            ,    ,  , ,       [1].

     : ,  ,   ,    , , ,    .           :      ,         .    ,          ;     ,  ,    .               ;     ,   ,     ,       [2].

      , ,    .         ,         ,   ,       ,    ,    .        ,          ,      ,      ,        [3].  ,         , ,               .      ,             ,   :  , ,  ,  . ,                    .

         :    ,   ,   ;         .    . ,    ,       ,     .         ,    :    ,       ,       .

     :     ,         ,              . ,      ,   ,        .   :        ,   ,  ,  ,     .         ,          .    :        ,      ,     ,       [4].

     .      ,         .         :        ,    .   ,    ,   ,    ,    ,              .      :             ,      [5].

          .      :    ,   ,      .    ,         . ,         ,    ,        (, , ,  ).       :       [6].

       ,         ,   ,      .         ,    , ,          .        ,        ,    .   ,         ,       ,         [2].

          .       ,         .  , ,     :         ,         .           ,        .         ,     ,       [7].

              .          ,            ,      ,       .      ,             .            ,      [3].

,        .          ;      ,  ,             .       . ,    ,     ,     ,           .  ,        ,       [8].

 ,     ,              ,       .      (    ),   (, , ),   (   )      .   4,  ,      ,      ,       .             ,      ,   ,      .



 

[1]  ..  . ., 2025.  252 .

[2] Foucault M. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Vintage Books, 1988.  320 p.

[3] Beauchamp T.L., Childress J.F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.  528 p.

[4] Floridi L. The Ethics of Information. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013.  328 p.

[5] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[6] Goodman B., Flaxman S. European Union regulations on algorithmic decision-making and a right to explanation. AI Magazine. Palo Alto, 2017;38(3):5057.

[7] United Nations. Universal Declaration of Human Rights. New York, 1948.

[8] Fulford K.W.M. Values-Based Practice: A New Partner to Evidence-Based Practice. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006.  240 p.







II. 



: 
















 5.  





5.1.    




       :            ,                    .            :     ,  ,      ,    .  ,    ,    ,         [1].     :           ,        .      : ,    ,  ,    .   ,    ,      ,       ,       [2].

,    ,   ,    .          ,       ,   ,   ,   ,              .             ;     :   ,      ,  , ,     .            ,     ,  ,      [3].

     ,      :   ,    ,     ,          , , .       ,              [4].    :        ;        ;     ,       ;        ,     ,     .   ,         :      ,    ,   ,      [5].

    10/11,     ,          ,        . ,  ,      ,       [6].        ,     ,    .         :        ,        ,        10/11.    ,    :    ,    .

 ,              ,       .    . -,       ,     ,        . -,        ,        :        , ,   ,        [7]. ,       :    ,     ;    ,     ;    ,      .

     ,      .

   :       (, ,  )        .      24     .

   :            (, ,  , ,  ),             .         3    ?  ?  ?          [8].

   :    ,            .

,    :       ,      ,       , ,   .



           .  ,         ,         . ,       ,       ;      ,           ;     ,       .        ,      ,     ,      [9].         RDoC,    - ,           ,      [10].

        .     ,     .               .         . ,       ,    ,  .  ,        ,       .       3:      ,     ,    ,   .

,              .   4.5          .      ,         ,      :  ,  ,   ,        .    ,          .    ,          ,          ;            [5].

,           : , -       ,    ,     .         ,     .     ,    ,  ,      .   (5.2)    , ,     ,     ,            .



 

[1]  ..  . ., 2025.  252 .

[2]  .   /   . .: , 1997. 1056 .

[3] Kendler K.S. The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry. Chichester, 2016;15(1):512.

[4] Popper K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2002.  544 p.

[5] Beauchamp T.L., Childress J.F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.  528 p.

[6] -10:    (10- ):     :      . - .: , 1994. 304 .

[7] Engel G.L. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. Washington, 1977;196(4286):129136.

[8] Berrios G.E. The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology since the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.  565 p.

[9] Caspi A., Houts R.M., Belsky D.W., et al. The p factor: one general psychopathology factor in the structure of psychiatric disorders? Clinical Psychological Science. Thousand Oaks, 2014;2(2):119137.

[10] Insel T.R., Cuthbert B.N., Garvey M., et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. Washington, 2010;167(7):748751.




5.2.   , , 




    ,     :     ,   ,   ,      .      ;   ,              ,     .    ,            ,    ,       [1].         ,       ,       :  , -      .

       ,       ,      .   10/11          ,          [2]. ,  ,   : , , ,         ,      .    :       ,        .  ,  -11    ,      ,   :   ,      [3].

    :    ,       . ,            ,    .    ,      :    ,    ;     .          ?,                   , ,     ? [4].      :         ,             ,     .     ?                     [4].

     . ,   ,          : , ,  ,  ,  .      , , ,  ,  .          ;                .          ,        :            ,      [5].  ,        (,   )         .

   ,     :         ,    .     ,       ,      ,     ,             [6]. ,         ?,             ,  ,   ?. ,  ,       (, ,  ,  )   ,        .   :        ,       ,       [7].

    .               .   ,   ,       .               [8].     :          ,   .       .        ;       .  ,          ,    ,     .      ,              [9].

    ,     ,     .       :     ,        .         ,       .   , ,    ,        ,       ,            ,            .  ,      ?,           ? [10].

               .   ;     ;      ;      ,           .   ,     ,       : , ,   ,   .       ,             ,        .                   ,          .

  ,         . ,    ,       ,  ,          .   ,      ,       . ,  ,           ,        ,      ,  ,  ,     [11].

         ,     ,        .

   :              ;       ,    .

  :      ,    ,       ;      .

   :            ;     ,       .



         :    ,    ,  ,       ,     [4].

 ,      ,    ,        ,       .       ,   ,        ,         .      (5.3),          ,     ,         ,              .



 

[1] Popper K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2002.  544 p.

[2] -10:    (10- ):     :      . - .: , 1994. 304 .

[3] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[4] , . .      / . . .  :  , 2025.  336 .

[5] McCrae R.R., Costa P.T. Personality in Adulthood: A Five-Factor Theory Perspective. New York: Guilford Press, 2003.  268 p.

[6] Kendler K.S. The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry. Chichester, 2016;15(1):512.

[7] Berrios G.E. The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology since the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.  565 p.

[8] Hamilton M. A rating scale for depression. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry. London, 1960;23:5662.

[9] Cronbach L.J., Meehl P.E. Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin. Washington, 1955;52(4):281302.

[10] Engel G.L. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. Washington, 1977;196(4286):129136.

[11] Insel T.R., Cuthbert B.N., Garvey M., et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. Washington, 2010;167(7):748751.




5.3.    




                   .          : - (     )   (           ).      ,    , ,     ,     ,     [1].       ,         (  ),   (  ),    (  ,   ).          :       (),      ,   ,       [2].

,     10/11,     :        ,    , , ,     [3].      :     ,   ,  ,         .        ,                 ,         .    ,     ,         ,     [4].          , c     ,          [5].       ,  ,        ,    .

            -.  ,      ,         ,        ,   ,    ,  ,     .        ,    ,       .           ?,                        ? [6].              ,   .

       ,        .         ,        .        ,           ,   .          .     :      ,     .                 ,   ,      ,      [7].        ,     .

     ,  ,        .        :   (   ),   (    ),    (   )    (  ).      ,       ,       [3].            ,      .    ,     .    , ,     ,        :   ,      ;   ,     ;   ,      [8].

   :         ,        ?    ,        .      ,      ;   ,    ,               [9].       :     ,     .           ,       ,        ,  , , ,         [10].   :          ,    ,         ,      I [11].

        ,      .       : ,       .     , ,  ,     ,     . ,      ,  .  -11     , ,  ,        [3]. , ,  ,     :      (:  ,   ,   )    ( ,  ,  ,  ).            ,        [12].

         :          .        ,   ,     :           ,        ,      ,      ,      .      ,    ,      .                  .  ,               ,         [5].

         .      :     , ,  ,     .            [11]. ,    ,            ,          .        :           (  ),   (   )    (     ),            [11].          V,      :         ,     .

,  ,           .           ,     :    ,   ,     ,    ,           .          ,       ,         [13].                 ,       ,        [14].

        .      ,     ,   ,     .         ,         ,   ,     .    5   :     ,              - .   (6)    :    ,      ,    ,    .



 

[1] Berrios G.E. The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology since the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.  565 p.

[2]  .   /   . .: , 1997. 1056 .

[3] -10:    (10- ):     :      . - .: , 1994. 304 .

[4] Engel G.L. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. Washington, 1977;196(4286):129136.

[5] Insel T.R., Cuthbert B.N., Garvey M., et al. Research domain criteria (RDoC): toward a new classification framework for research on mental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry. Washington, 2010;167(7):748751.

[6]  .   .     , 1993.  544 ..

[7] Pearl J. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.  484 p.

[8]  .   /  . . , . .  14- .  .: , 1999.  296 .

[9] Rosenhan D.L. On being sane in insane places. Science. Washington, 1973;179(4070):250258.

[10] Topol E. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. New York: Basic Books, 2019.  400 p.

[11] Beauchamp T.L., Childress J.F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.  512 p.

[12] , .    :     / . .  :  , 2025.  434 .

[13] Popper K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2002.  544 p.

[14] Foucault M. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New York: Vintage Books, 1988.  320 p.




 6.   





6.1.   




     :                  ,          ,        .          ,      ,    ,    .      :          ,            .          ,          : , ,    .

       ;          ,               , ,     [1].         :    (, ,  ),     ,      -10  -11,           [2].  , ,     ,           .      ,       :         ,       ,             . ,        ,         , ,   [3].

             ,   ,           ,                 [4].   . -,      :       ,     . -,       :    - ,     ,    . -,     .  ( -10/11)         ,       ,             [5].  ,          :     ,      .

      ,    .  ,   ( ,  )   ,   ,         .         :  ,   ,             ,      ,     .              , , ,  ,  ,   (mentalizing)    [6].     ;       ,     ,     .

      ,       .     ,      ,     .   ,      ,    ,        [7]. ,  , ,  ,           :            ,      .     ,      ,          ,     I.        :          ,       [8].

      ,   ,    -11,     , , ,    ,         [5].        . , ,   ,       ,  ,   .         :      ,        ,     ,        .

      : ,    .  ,        ;  ,          ;   ,       .    ,       .      ,    .      ,    .      ,    .     ,        ,   , ,   ,  ,    .

 -            ,        .  :    ,    ,          .     ,      - , ,   ,        . ,                ;                  ;        ,         [9].                 .

        10/11.      ,  -11          ,        ,      [5].   -10,  -11       ;      ,      . ,       ,   ,      :   ,   ,          .            :        - ,           [2].

   ,           .  ,            ,           .          ,      :      ,       [10].         .                 ,    .      ,       :      ,       .

         .       ,   ,   ,        .       .       ,          ,      [11].  ,            .                    .     ,    .    :       (,  ,     )    (,   ),      .

       .           .  ,            ,   ,      .     ,    ;  ,       .         ,          [12].    ,        ,     .  ,         ?,     ,        ?.

    :          .  ,    ,        .          ,    ,       [13].    :   ,      ,  ,      .      ,    .   ,   67,     ,    ,    89   ,   .      ,   ,      .

,                .            ;       .       ,     .          :   ,  ,    ,   .        ,  ,       ,       [14].           :       ,         ,     [15].

 ,            .         ,    ,     10/11  ,      ,       .     6          ,          .         :    (),   (  ),   (), , ,   ( ).



 

[1]  .  . .: , 1997.  1056 .

[2]  ..  . ., 2025.  318 .

[3] , .    :     / . .  :  , 2025.  434 .

[4] Sturmberg J.P., Martin C.M. Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health. New York: Springer, 2013.  594 p.

[5] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[6] LeDoux J.E. The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1996.  384 p.

[7] Berrios G.E. The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology since the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.  565 p.

[8] Pearl J. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.  484 p.

[9]  .    . .: .  ; 2004. 493 c.

[10] First M.B. Harmonisation of ICD-11 and DSM-5: opportunities and challenges. BJPsych. Cambridge, 2020. Vol. 216(5). P. 267269

[11] Engel G.L. The need for a new medical model: a challenge for biomedicine. Science. Washington, 1977. Vol. 196(4286). P. 129136.

[12]  ..,  ..,  ..  :      . -/., 1996.

[13] Popper K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2002.  544 p.

[14] Topol E. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. New York: Basic Books, 2019.  400 p.

[15] Beauchamp T.L., Childress J.F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.  512 p.




6.2. 




      ,                  ,       .      .   ,       ;   ,            .          :        ,   ,    ,            ,    [1].        ,           :    ,        -,     .

      -     ,   ,     ,          [2].     : -,        ,        ; -,       ,    ,       .   -         .       , , , ,   . .,      .   ,      ,  -:   ,   ,             [3].

        .        ,         ,     ,     ,           [4].              ,       ,                [5].    ,      :     ,     ,     .

    .          :         -10  -11     ,      ,         [6].   - ,       . ,           ,     :     , , ,            -, , ,          .        ,      5:         [2].

     ,         , ,  , , .       ,        ;  ,              [7].   (,  )        . ,   ,   ,          [8].   ,      .          (     ),   (   )    (    ).  ,      ,     

     ,    ,     .       ,        :        ,        .     ,              [9].    ,           ,    :    (       ),   (      )     (      ,   ).      ,    4:       ,      [10].

      .    ,     :  , ,  , , , . ,    ,   . ,      :   ,   ,  ,   .              ,       ,    [11]. ,       ,              [12].  ,    ,      ,   :         ,         .

   ,         .        ;     ;       ;      .       .      : ,   ,                 ;   ,         -  [5].     ; ,       .

       ,      .   10/11              . -11     ,              [6].         .  ,          ,          .         :      ,    [2].

    :                .              ,     .              ,           .        ,    .             [13].        :   ,    ,          [14].

  ,      ,      6.3.    :     ,      .      ,        (,  ,  ,  ,  , ,   ). , ,       :      ,         .        :   ,    ,   ,   .

         ,    :   ,    (   ),   (      ),    (   )     (  ).           ;       ,         .          .         :   ,    ,   .

,          .             ,    ,     ,    .              ,        ,       ,      [12].       :     ,  ,  .      :         ,       .       ,     .

 ,        ,      - ,   ,  ,           .     ,                 ,       .



 

[1] Sturmberg J.P., Martin C.M. Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health. New York: Springer, 2013.  594 p.

[2]  ..  : -    . ., 2025.  318 .

[3] Berrios G.E. The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology since the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.  565 p.

[4]  .   . . ., 1989.

[5] Bullmore E., Sporns O. Complex brain networks: graph theoretical analysis of structural and functional systems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. London, 2009. Vol. 10(3). P. 186198.

[6] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[7]  .      2- . .:   , 1996. . 2.

[8] Borsboom D. A network theory of mental disorders. World Psychiatry. Chichester, 2017. Vol. 16(1). P. 513.

[9] Pearl J. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.  484 p.

[10] Kendler K.S. The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry. Chichester, 2016. Vol. 15(1). P. 512.

[11] Beck A.T., Haigh E.A.P. Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. Palo Alto, 2014. Vol. 10. P. 124.

[12] , .    :     / . .  :  , 2025.  434 .

[13] Popper K. The Logic of Scientific Discovery. London: Routledge, 2002.  544 p.

[14] Beauchamp T.L., Childress J.F. Principles of Biomedical Ethics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019.  512 p.




6.3.  




                  . ,      ,     ,     .       ,          ,         .       ,           :       ,    ;           ;    ,          .         10/11       ,     , ,       [1]. ,      ,  ,    ,   .     .

           ,      ,      ,              , ,     [2].            .   ,       (   ,   ),      (   ,     ,   ,    ).  ,          ,     ,        .

    .                ,       ,      [3].   ,     ,        , , ,  ,  ,  .    ,        ,     ,      . , ,    :  ,       ,             [4].

 ,               .        ;     ,          . ,           ,       ,  ,   ,    . ,      , ,     ,          ,          [5].  ,     :     ,   ,           .

       . -,        . -,          ,        . -,     :                ,       [6].      :       ,     ,         .

  ,      ,    ,    .          ;           .         :        ,      ,      ,      [7].     :     ,      ,     .           ,    ,     .

       ,      .    :   ,    ,   ,      .     ,                ;           ;       , ,      .      ,     .       :          ,  ,      ,     ,    [8].

      ,     ( 6.4)     ( 6.5).          ;       ;         , , , , ,   . .   (     )     .       .       .        ,    [2].

        ,      ,     , , ,    .           /,   . ,       ,      ,  -          ,       ,       [9]. ,          ,     ,  .

             .            ,      ,         .   ,      :            ,      ,       .           ,      .    10/11        ,                  ,           [10].

          .        :       - ,      .         ,       ,   ,      .     : -     , -      , -      , -    .                   [6].

        .     ,     .         ,   ,  ,    . -11        ,      [10].    :      ,              .    ,  .        .             :        ,          ,    ; ,      [11].

        .       :     ,   ,   .      :     ,         ,         .       ,       ,     .     :     ,  ,    ,       .

        ,        .        ,      .       ,     ,   , ,   .     ,  ,         ,  ,  ,      . ,    ,      ,     [12].

,       ,    3    .       ,    ,     ,  ,      .          ,              .       :   ,            [2].

    ,                      ,           .



 

[1] Sturmberg J.P., Martin C.M. Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health. New York: Springer, 2013.  594 p.

[2]  ..  : -    . ., 2025.  318 .

[3] Luria A.R. The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books, 1973.  513 p.

[4] Berrios G.E. The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology since the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.  565 p.

[5] Fonagy P., Target M., Gergely G., Allen J.G., Bateman A.W. Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press, 2002.  592 p.

[6] Beck A.T., Haigh E.A.P. Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. Palo Alto, 2014. Vol. 10. P. 124.

[7] Kendler K.S. The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry. Chichester, 2016. Vol. 15(1). P. 512.

[8] Kahneman D. Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011.  499 p.

[9]  .   /   . .: , 1997. 1056 .

[10] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[11] Gross J.J. Emotion Regulation: Conceptual and Empirical Foundations. In: Gross J.J. (ed.). Handbook of Emotion Regulation. New York: Guilford Press, 2014.  712 p.

[12] Pearl J. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.  484 p.




6.4.  




           ,              .      ,    ,     ,   ,     .     ,          ,        ,   ,    ,     ,      .  ,   10/11,   ,        ,      [1].                      .

        ,        (    ),   ,        ,    .  ,         ,   :  ,   , , , ,          ,    .               ,            ,  ,       [2].

     ,    ,    . ,       ,         ,          ;      ,       .      ,       :               ,     .     ,  ,  , :       ,   ,    ,   ,         [3].

         . -,         , ,    . -,                  ,        . -,    :             ,     .        ,    4:      ,    [4].

      :         ?     ,           .       ,   ,        :  (  ),  (, , , , ),  (/),  (, , , ),   (, , ),       (  -).      ,          ,    [5].

       ,        .       ,   ,          .            ,    ,     .      (, ),  (, ,        ),  (,      )   (    ,           ) [6].     :              ,   ,       .

    ,        .      ,   ,    , ߻     .         :        ;         ;           ;           .          ,     : , ,  ,    [7].      , ,        :      ,   .

   - ,   ,           .          :   ;   ;   ,   .                 . -        ,            [6].       ,     : ,   ,    ,    .    ,           ,       .

      ,          .      (,    )   (,      ).           (           ),   (            ),    (         ).     ,      ,     .        ,       .

    ,      .      .    ,         .    ,    ,  , ,   . ,  - ,  ,       ,   ,     ,      :   ,    ,      [8].                 .

         .     ,         ,     :  ,  ,  ,    ,    ,    .       :   , , ,        .      ,   :  , ,   ,  .         ,   ,    [9].  ,      III,         ,           .

       .        ,        :     ,    ,    ,    ,    .             . ,      ,  , ,              , ,     [10].     ; ,     ,         .

           10/11.       ,            [1].     ,      (,   , ,   ),       .     ,   :          , , ,         .     :          (,            ,     ).     ,       10/11    [11].

      ,        ,    .                 ;        ,    ,       .        ,  .       ,       :    ,     ?  ?      ?     [6].        ,     ,     .

      .           .      ,    ,     .      ,      - , ,  , .        ,    ,       .         :     ,   ,   ,    [2].

           .         ,                , , , ,   .        ;            .



 

[1] -11.  06.        .  . .: ӻ,  . 2021. 432.

[2] Sturmberg J.P., Martin C.M. Handbook of Systems and Complexity in Health. New York: Springer, 2013.  594 p.

[3] Kendler K.S. The nature of psychiatric disorders. World Psychiatry. Chichester, 2016. Vol. 15(1). P. 512.

[4] Robins E., Guze S.B. Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry. Arlington, 1970. Vol. 126(7). P. 983987.

[5] von Bertalanffy L. General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications. New York: George Braziller, 1968.  295 p.

[6] Beck A.T., Haigh E.A.P. Advances in Cognitive Theory and Therapy: The Generic Cognitive Model. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology. Palo Alto, 2014. Vol. 10. P. 124.

[7]  .   /   . .: , 1997. 1056 .

[8] Pearl J. Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009.  484 p.

[9] Luria A.R. The Working Brain: An Introduction to Neuropsychology. New York: Basic Books, 1973.  513 p.

[10] Fonagy P., Target M., Gergely G., Allen J.G., Bateman A.W. Affect Regulation, Mentalization, and the Development of the Self. New York: Other Press, 2002.  592 p.

[11] Berrios G.E. The History of Mental Symptoms: Descriptive Psychopathology since the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.  565 p.




6.5.  




         ,          ,       ,       :       .           : , , , .         ,         . ,     ,      ,     ,      ,  ,      [1].         -  :           .

   ( 10/11)     :  , , , ,     .       ,        .  ,       ,      :       (,     ),       (, ),          (,    ),       (, ).      ,       ,          [2].

     ,               ,      ,          .       :        ,     ,        ,   .      :       , , , , ,    ..;      ,       , , ,  [3].          .

          ,       : -,  ( : , , , , ); -,    (///); -,   ( , , , -).        ,     I,         [4].   ,        ,    :    ,  ,  , , ,       [5].

                      , ,    .     (    )   (  ,  , ,  ,  ).     , ,  , ;      ;        [6].    ,       ,         .       ,     , , , :    , , ,       ,      -      [7].

        .     ,  ,    ,     -   ,       .  ,      .   (, )    ,   ,   ,     .                   ,          [8].    :        ,    ,      .

    (),    ,    ,     .       ,  ,    ,    ,    , , ,    .    ,       ,         ,     ,     .   ,        ,         ,     [9].          ,      ,       .

   ,      ,     .     ,       ,   :    ,     ;   ,     ;    ,     , ,   .         :       ,     ,       [10].      ,       ,    : , ,   ,    .           :       .

    ()    .  ,       ,     :     ,    ,     ,      .         , , ,        [9].      , ,        :  ,  ,  ,  ,   .         ,    ,  :          .

      ,        ,       -.       , /,    ,         .          ,    ߻        [9].         ,      . ,   ,      ,     :      ,        .

      ,              .     ,    ,  ,    .         ;      ;          [6].   ,       ( ),    - ,     .           ,     :           .

     ,       ,            .     ,    :      ,     ,     ,       ( ,  ,  ,  ).                       [2]. ,   ,      ,       ,    .

          .      ,   :     ()    ().    , ,     ,   ,    , , ,    ,  ,  .       -   ,               [11].                   .

,       ,   ,           ,   ,  .    ,     ,     ,    ,        . -      ,      ,         [5].       ,           .




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