     
 


   - ,    ?    ,     ?        ,  ,       ,     ?     , ,     .      - :       ,        -.       ,          ,   .





 

     



     ?

    , ,   ,      

 







   - ,    ?    ,     ?        ,  ,       ,     ?     , ,     .      - :       ,        -.       ,          ,   .

    :  ,    ,   ,   ,         ,    .     :           .         :    ,    ,    ,     ,    ,           .     ,    ,          .

     .   ,     :   ,  ,    ,  ,     .      ,    : , , ,       .    ,    : , ,     .     ,  : , ,      ,     .

     ,        ,      ,    .      ,    :    ,  ,         .        ,     ,       ,        ,             .

      ,            . ,   ,    .   :      ,         ,         . ,  ,      ,   ,               ,  .    ,          ,    ,       .

           .       .







   Word:      .



. ,          7

 I. ,          10

 1.    ,         14

 2. ,          30

 3. :             46

 4.  :    ?      62

 II.  ,          80

 5. :           84

 6. ,          100

 7.           116

 8.              132

 9. :            148

 III.           150

 10. ,          154

 11.           170

 12.           186

 13. ,           202

 IV.           220

 14.     ?      224

 15. ,           240

 16.            256

.          282

         290

     30       298

           306

       318




 




1.1          

2.1        

3.1    :    

4.1         ,    

5.1    :  ,  ,  

6.1     :  

7.1         

8.1    :     

9.1    :     

10.1   :    ,    

11.1   :     

12.1   :      

13.1    : , , , , 

14.1        

15.1       

16.1    :          




. ,    



        

    .     ,         ;        .

 .    ,         .        ,    ,     .      .    .       ,       .   ,  ,     ,  , .  ,  ,  ,         ,       .




      


,    -   :      ,    .      .     ,  ,   ,   .    ,      .   ,   ,     .   ,   ,      ,       .

    :     .  ,     ,       .      .     ,  ,     ,    .       ,         ,    ,    ,     .

             , , , ,    .     ,   : ,    ,   ,  ,   .   ,          .

        .            ,     ,  ,   .       ,       .   ,     ,  .       ,      ,      .




      


  :         .  ,        ,     .  ,    -  ,        .   ,     .

  ,        ,   : ,  ,  .        .       :  ,        .     ,      ,          , ,      .

  :      .     ,           ,      .         ,      ,   ,   ,       .

   .    ?          ?        ?.    ,     .   ;    .




     


  ,    :        .         .      .         .    :   ,  ,  .    ,   .                .

     .        ,     .   ,    :    ,     . ,   ,     . ,     ,   ,         .        .

   ,     :          .      ,      .      ,      ?       ,     .

            ,           -   .   ,       .  ,           ,   .




   


            ,     ,    .  ,  , , ,  ,          ,   ,  ,   .

          .           ,    .  ,             ,    ,   .

   :     ,    ,      ,    .      ;      .       .

 ,     .   ,        .   ,     .    ,     ,   .    ,   .




  


       ,     .  , ,    ,   : ,  ,    .      ,      .

 ,  ,    ,  ,   ,    ,      .  ,     ,  , ,    . ,     ,    : , ,  ,    ,      .

      .                .                   .     ,   ,        .

   .         ,    .         :       ,            .   ,         .    ,     ,   ,         .




    


      ,      .         .        :

  ,  .         ,   ,    :     .

         ,      ,  .         .

   .     ,     ,      .

    .   ,     .                  .

     .         ,       .

   :      .       ,           .   .      ,    ,   ,     .




    


       ,   .     , :       .    ,    ,    ,   . ,   ,   ,         .

          ,     ,   .    ,        .     ,  , ,    ,         ,   .      .

      .    :   ,   ,  ,     ,    .    ,            ,     ,   .




    


       .       .    :   ,      ,    .      :       ,        .

     .  -     ,    .    ,      .    ,  -      ,    : ,    ,  ,       .

        ,   .        ,          .      ,   ,   ,      : ,    ,      ,         .        .




 I. ,    










:  




 1.    ,   



 ,        

     .        .

 15:12     :     .  .

    .  ,  .    :    , ,      .     ,      .       .  ,        .   :   .

    .  ,         ,  ,    .    .

 ,    ?   .       ,    .

   ?       .      ,    .

     ,         ?

      .     .     ,    ,   ,      .      :    .    .

  ,        .        ,      .      ,  .   ,   .          ,    .  ,          -,  .

    ,     .    ,       .    ,   ,      .   :          ,     ,     .




      


      .   ,   : , , , , .   ,    :   ,    , -  .   : ,  ,   .

     .  :   ,     ,    ,  .            ,    ,      .        ,     .

        .        ,    .  -     ,       ,     .       ,    ,      .                .   :        ,    ,      .[1 - Moors A., Ellsworth P.C., Scherer K.R., Frijda N.H. Appraisal theories of emotion: state of the art and future development // Emotion Review. 2013. Vol. 5, No. 2. P. 119124. DOI: 10.1177/1754073912468165.   ,       .]

    ,     .   ,        .     ,   ,    .          ,   :      ,      .       ,      .

     .     ,      :    ,     .    :         ,    .    ?     ?    ?    ,   ,    ?




   ,   


     :    ,    ,     .    ,       .      ,   ,   .      ,     .           ,     .            .

         .       ,   ,    .     ,               .       :     ,    .         ,    ,      .[2 - Clark A. Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2013. Vol. 36, No. 3. P. 181204. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X12000477.     ;             .]

,            .    ,     .                .   .              .

      .          ;   ,     .     ,       ,        :    ,   .

      : ,   , ,   ,      .          ,     ,   ,    .  .[3 - Gilbert C.D., Li W. Top-down influences on visual processing // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2013. Vol. 14, No. 5. P. 350363. DOI: 10.1038/nrn3476.]

         ,   ,  ,    .    ,   ,   ,   .   ,   .      ,    .         ,    .

      ,            (. 1.1).








 1.1          

:     




    ,   


  ,         .   ,    .   ,             .

     .     ,      :  ,           ,     .    ,      ,      .  ,        .      ,   .[4 - de Lange F.P., Heilbron M., Kok P. How do expectations shape perception? // Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2018. Vol. 22, No. 9. P. 764779. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.002. .     :          .]

     .   ,  ,  ,      .       .   , ,      .   ,      .

    . ,     ,      .  ,    ,      .            . ,  -   ,      .

     ?   .     ;         .  :        ?      ?    ,     ?

                .       .   ,             .




:     


        .    ,     . ,    , ,         .

           ,     .     .          , ,      .   ,  ,     .       :       ,      .[5 - Simons D.J., Chabris C.F. Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events // Perception. 1999. Vol. 28, No. 9. P. 10591074. DOI: 10.1068/p281059.]

  ,        .  :     ,   .      .    .

      ,        .      :          .      .         ,    ,   ,   ,   .

 ,      .        ,       ,          .      ,  ,    :   .         ;     :   ?   ?  ?   ? .

      .      ,     ,    .     .     ,     .        :        ,        .[6 - Snyder M., Tanke E.D., Berscheid E. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: on the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1977. Vol. 35, No. 9. P. 656666. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656.        ;   ,     .]       :       .




      -


         .      ,      ,  ,      ,     .

         ,    ,     .        .       ,         .       ,          .     ,     :     ,   ,    .

      .      .         .            .      ,              .

    :   -,   . ,       .    ,      ,  :      ,       -  ?           ,     ,  .

    .     .         ,        .     ,      .   ,          .




    


          :    , ,   .     ,       .

       .   ,  ,  ,     .    .  ,       ,  .     ,          .

    ,    .     ,   ,         .        ,           . ,     ,           .

         .     :

      ,       ?

           ,    ?

                ?

     .       ,     .  ,      ,          .     :       ,     . -      ,       .    ,              .      ,      .

       ,   ,     .     ,      ,    .     ,    ,        .       .        ,        .

       .    :  ,  , ,      .            .           .          ,         .    ,       .

   :         .   ,  ,  ,      .     ,     .      :       ?   ,  , ,   .     :   ;        ,    .

     ,   .              .        :      .      .             .      ,     .       ,    :  ,   .

     ,        .           ,      ,    .      .            ,      .      ,   :    ,    ?         .

,      .          .       ,       .    ,        .    ,     ,       .        .    ,    ,        .

        .       .       ,        ,   .      ,              .




:      


  ,   ,    . ,     ,    ,     .         ,   ,     .      ,  ,  ,      .

    .      :      ,   ,     ?      .     .

:             .

 :   ,       .

 :         .

    .      ,   .      .  ,   ,      .



 / 

  

 



1.  

   ?   ,     ?

 ,     .    .



2.   

         ?      ,    ?

 ,   ,     .     .



3.  

        ?       ?

   ,        ,     .



4.  

                  ?

,   .            .



5.  

      ?         ,   ?

     .     ,         .



   .    ,     .      .   ,        ,        .

   ,         .        :     15:00  .      ?   ,     .        ,   .  ,    .

       ,     . ,   ,         . ,    ,       .     :        .  ,   .

     ,   ,     .      ,     ,    .      : ,   ,      .              .

          .           : ,  ,   .         ,    .        ,   ,        .     ,    .             .

   ,     .          .         -   .   ,   ,    .        : , , ,     .        ,    ,   .

         .          ,  ,      .    :  ,       .     ,   ,         .         .    ,           .




 :      


     .           ,    .   ,         .     ,    ,         .

     .      ,      .       ,     .         ,   :    ,    ,   ,  ,   ,     .

   .   ,         ,     .       :          .          .

            .    .     :     .      ,      .         ,        .     ,               . , ,     :        ,      .

      :    ,      ,  ,         .         ,       .




  


   :    ,  ,   .

    ,       .

    ,        .

       ,     ,   .

          ,       .




  


Moors A., Ellsworth P.C., Scherer K.R., Frijda N.H. Appraisal theories of emotion: state of the art and future development // Emotion Review. 2013. Vol. 5, No. 2. P. 119124. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912468165.

Clark A. Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2013. Vol. 36, No. 3. P. 181204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X12000477.

Gilbert C.D., Li W. Top-down influences on visual processing // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2013. Vol. 14, No. 5. P. 350363. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn3476.

de Lange F.P., Heilbron M., Kok P. How do expectations shape perception? // Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2018. Vol. 22, No. 9. P. 764779. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.002.

Simons D.J., Chabris C.F. Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events // Perception. 1999. Vol. 28, No. 9. P. 10591074. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1068/p281059.

Snyder M., Tanke E.D., Berscheid E. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: on the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1977. Vol. 35, No. 9. P. 656666. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656.




 2. ,    



 :      

     .        .

                .

      :    ,  ,   .        :     .   ,       ,       .   ,          .

      ?   .

 ?      .     . :  ,   ,  .

   .  ,      .

   ,     .    ,    ,    ,    .           ,             :      .

        .   ,   : .       ,     .        .  ,       ,     ,    :   .

         ,     .         ,  .      ,    .    .        :   .   , ,      .




:  ,   


    ,    .    ,     ,           .   :     ,    ,        .               .

 1970-         , ,  ,     ,     .         :    ,  , ,  ,     .        ,       ,     .[7 - Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, No. 4157. P. 11241131. DOI: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.      ;      ,         .]

   ?    : , , .                   .    ,  .   ,       :       .

      . ,   ,     ,  ,     :      .     ,       ,   ,     .   ,         , ,          .            ,          .

       ,     .       ,      ;    .              ,  .    .    ,      :     .

     .          .         ,     ,   .           :            ,        .    ,          ,    .

         .          ;       ,      .           ,          ,       .          ,    ,       .




 :      


  , ,      ,      ,      .      . , ,    ,       . ,    ,          ,   .       :     ,    .

     ,   1960-    .      2, 4, 6     ,   .       ,   ,     .       ,        ,    : 8, 10, 12;  20, 22, 24.       3, 5, 7  1, 10, 100,   .    :      .       ,        .            .[8 - Nickerson R.S. Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises // Review of General Psychology. 1998. Vol. 2, No. 2. P. 175220. DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.     246;  ,       ,  ,      .]

        .         ,      :           .   ,  ,    .     ,    ,   ,   ,     ,      .

     ,   . ,   ,       ,   . , ,   ,    ,      ,      ,    :      . , ,     ,           .        ,       .

        .       :    ,  .  ,   :       ,    .     :        ,      ,   .    ,     -      ,   , .                .

       .       .      :   ,   . ,      ,         ,    .




 :   ,    


     ,    ,      .           ,    .      ,    .   :  ,         .    : ,    ,         .    ,      .          .[9 - Mangel M., Samaniego F.J. Abraham Wald's work on aircraft survivability // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1984. Vol. 79, No. 386. P. 259267. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1984.10478038. -   ;       .]

      ,   .    ,     ,     ,       :    .    ,   ,     ,       :     . ,     ,        ,          .

        .            :          , ,         .      ,   :               .   ,     :         ,    ,   .

   ,     .   :         ,  ,     .   ,   ; ,  ,    ,         .            ,  ,   . ,    ,     ,        .




 : ,    


 1970-        ,         .        :    ,   . , ,  .         ,      ? ,  ,     .            ,      .     :      ,  ,   ,     ,    .[10 - Langer E.J. The illusion of control // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1975. Vol. 32, No. 2. P. 311328. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311.    ;      ,      .]

  ,    ,  ,       .     :        .    . ,  ,  :         ,    .

       . ,   ,   ; ,  ,     .   ,     , ,   ,      .     :        ,    ?      .     ,          .

  ,        .   ,     ,      .      ,   ,     ,        ,     .         ,    :   ,   .        ,            .




    :    


      ,  ,    .  ,     ,       ,    :    ,    ,      .[11 - Beck A.T., Rush A.J., Shaw B.F., Emery G. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-89862-000-9.    ;  ,        .]                   ,         :  ,  ,   ,     .

     .     ,   ,         ,       .      ,      :    .   ,     ,    .          ;     :   ,    .

      .     :   ,   ,      . ,   ,   ,    . ,  ,    ,   .      ,         ,       :    ,    .

    :    ,   .      ;       .    .         :  ,        .      ,   ,       .




   :   


            .       . ,            ,     .

       :    .           .     ,  ,    ,    ,   ,         :     .      ,        ,    :         .     ,   ,   ,  :     ,  .

     ,        .      . ,     :       ,        ,      .    :     ,           ,   ,   .

   :      ,   .        .         ,            ,        : ,              .       ,      .




    


   :       . ,   ,      ,    , , .   ,    :     .         ,    .

      .       ,          ,   :          .          ,   :     ,      .   :     ,    .    ,      ,  , ,     :    ,      .[12 - Mercier H., Sperber D. Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2011. Vol. 34, No. 2. P. 5774. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X10000968.  ,   ;     ,     .]

       .  :   , ,     ,    .       ,      ,   :     .  :      ,      .    ,  ,            .

    :     ,    .          .      (   ),  (    )    (,   ).    ,  :     ,   ,       ,      .

          .      ,   :    ,   ,    ,    .      ,    ,    .     ,     .

     :     ,   ,   ,              (. 2.1).








 2.1        

:     




:    


  1520        .      .      (     ),      ,        .   . -,      ,   :       ,   . -,     :     ,  .   , ,     .

 1.  .    ,     :  ,  ,  .  :   ,      ,     .

 2.  .    ,       ,   :    ,   ,    ,   .

 3.   .  :         ?   ,     ,   ,    .

 4.  .  :    ,        ?            .

 5.  .   :      .        ,        .

 6.  .     , , , , .     :  ,  ,         .

:    .

  :          ( ),   (    ),    (  ).

 :        ,    .

 :   ,        .



 / 

  

 



 

     ?    ?

      ;    .



 

    ?  ,          ?

           .



 

     ?         ?

     ,    .





   ?    ,     ?

       ;      .



   

      ?      70 ?

      ,  ,   .



         .     -       .     :      ,    ,      ,    .

        ,     :  ,       .      ,    :        .         ,      ,      .




 :    ,   


    :   ,  ,   ,    .          ,       .      :      ,  ,         ,      -   .

  :     ,    .       ;      ;     -      .             .

      . ,       ,        . ,   ,     : ,       ,             .       ,        ,       .

       .       ,      .                    .        :    ,        ?.

, ,  :   ,   .    ,    .         :         ?   ,    :   ,    ,    .     .                     .

        .     .       ,    :    ,          .         ,   ,      .        ,      ,          .




  


     ,       ;       .

 :  ,       ;     ,     .

 :    ,     ;       ,    .

             .

          :   ,   .

      :      ;           .




  


Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, No. 4157. P. 11241131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.

Nickerson R.S. Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises // Review of General Psychology. 1998. Vol. 2, No. 2. P. 175220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.

Mangel M., Samaniego F.J. Abraham Wald's work on aircraft survivability // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1984. Vol. 79, No. 386. P. 259267. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1984.10478038.

Langer E.J. The illusion of control // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1975. Vol. 32, No. 2. P. 311328. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311.

Beck A.T., Rush A.J., Shaw B.F., Emery G. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-89862-000-9.

Mercier H., Sperber D. Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2011. Vol. 34, No. 2. P. 5774. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X10000968.




 3. :       



       

     .        .

     ,   :                 .

      ,     .   ,   .        ,    ,    ,  .    , ,      : , , .      ,     .        .

 ,    ,    .     .    ,    ,  .

 ? .   .  , .

     ,      .      ,   .

    .        . Ѹ ,     :     ,     ,     .    .      :                ,    .           ?          ,  ?

         - .     .        :  ,  ,     .                ,       .

    ,      ,      ,               ,    .       :   ,  ,    .                  ,           .




  


   ,    -   .   :     .    ,  ,         .   :      ,         .   :     ,       ,       .       ,  ,       ,    .

         19201930- .             ,         ,          .      ,   :  ,   ,  .           ,      ,     .[13 - Bartlett F.C. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932 (: 1995). ISBN 978-0-521-48356-8.  ;         .]

   .       :     ,   ,   ,   .  :         .     :    ,    ,    ,   .           :   , ,         ,       .

      ,    .     ,  ,     :   ,   ,  ,       .     ,   :    ,    ,        .           ,    ,    .     :    ,              ,   .

     :         . , ,            ,      .   ,      .




   


              1974 .      ,     .    -   :   ,   , ,        .    :        ,   .     ,      .      ,  ,      ,    .[14 - Loftus E.F., Palmer J.C. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1974. Vol. 13, No. 5. P. 585589. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80011-3.  ;     ,     .]

 ,   ,        .             : ,   ,  ,      .       :        ,    ,     ,   .[15 - Loftus E.F. Planting misinformation in the human mind: a 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory // Learning & Memory. 2005. Vol. 12, No. 4. P. 361366. DOI: 10.1101/lm.94705.     ,   .]

         .      : ,  ,   .   :            .      ,                 ,  :  , , ,     .

      :      .    ,     , , .        .        :       ,      .       , , ,       .

   .  ,  ,      :  ,  ,  .  ,    ,   .       ,      .        ,      .            :        .

      .  , ,           .      ,     ,     .        : ,      ,    .         :     ,     ,      .




   


       :     ,   .      ,    , :        ,          .         :     ,   ,      ,          .[16 - Schacter D.L., Addis D.R. The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2007. Vol. 362, No. 1481. P. 773786. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2087.       .]

   .        ,          .  ,    ,        :  ,    ,  ,  . Ƹ      .         ,   ,   : ,  ,  ,     .

     . ,        .  ,     : , - ,  .  ,                     .       :       ,       ,  .

      ,    :      .          ,     ,    .              ;           .   ,         .   :       ,    ,        .

    ,              .      :    ,    ,        .                ,    :     ,  ,   .            .

    :       ,      ,  ,        , , , .     .        ,     .




 :    


    . ,   ,   : , ,     .          :       ,     ,    ,       .         .[17 - LaBar K.S., Cabeza R. Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2006. Vol. 7, No. 1. P. 5464. DOI: 10.1038/nrn1825.       .]

    .      ,    ,     . ,  ,              .     ,    ,     .       ,   ;  ,     ,   .

   :     ,   .   ,     :    ,      ,                     .         ,         ,  ,           .

    ?          :  ,  ,    .    ;     .       ,  .      :     ,       ,      -  .    ,     ,  .

    .        :    , ,    .  , ,    ,     .      ,       .      ,     ,  .

      :     .           ,     .[18 - Bower G.H. Mood and memory // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 36, No. 2. P. 129148. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129.  ;              .]    .                ,    .            ,  ,    .     :        ,       ,       .

   :   ,       ,        ,    .    ,      :    ,        .    ,        ,    ,    ,    ,  .




  :    ,  


       :     ,       ,   ,  .     ( ),   (  ,  ),     ,     .     :     ,       ,   ,       ,  ,    .

      ,     .     ,      . ,      : ,          ,    ,  ,            ,         .    .    .

   ,  . : ,    ,              ,     . :   ,        ,      ,     .        .




   


     .     ,     :      .    ?      .      ,    ,           .     ,   ,    ,     .  .

    ,      .       ,  ,       ,  . ,    ,       ,     ,       .      : ,     ,    .    :   ,    ,    ,   .

        . :  ,  ,   .              .       ,    .        ?       ,                ?

       . ,          ,      :  ,    ,  ,         . ,       ,         ,       ,   .     ;     ;        ,   ,       .

      .      ,    . ,          ,  ,   ,   ,    :    ,      . ,    ,    ,  .

 :      ,      ,                ,      (. 3.1).








 3.1    :    

:     




:    


  3040 .               ,          ,    .  ,      ,    : , ,     .     ,        ,       :      .

     ?        ,        .       :  ,  ,   ,  ,      .      ,      ;    .

 1.   ,    ,      . - .

 2.     : , ,  ,  .     : ,  ,    ,     , .

 3.    :        ,  .   ,            .

 4.    :      , , ?    ,  -      ,    .

 5.  ,           :  ,   ,    .   .

 6.    :   ,       ,  ,  ,     .  :      .

 :       ,  ,  .     :    .

:   ;   ;   (  ).

 : ,  .  :     ,         .

 :        ; ,  ,  ,  .

 :  .

  :        ;     ,     .



 / 

  

 



  

    ?      .

     ;      .



   

      .

  ;      .



  

     ?     ?

 ,     ,   .



 

      ?       ?

   ,       .



 

  ?       ,    ?

:  ,         .



 ,         :     ,     .        ,  ,    ,    .    ,  -          ,     :       .

          .     ?    , , ?        ,   : ,    ,      , ,        ,        -  .




 :       


       :  ,  ,  ,   .   :    ,    .      ,        .     ,  ;          ,    ,            .

      .     , ,    ,       :  ,  ,  ,  ,    .    ,  ,        :  ,   ,    ,      .       :    ,        .

     .      ,    - ,   ,     -    ,    .    ,   ,           ,      .           .

Ѹ           ,  ,    .     : ,         ,   ,     .           .      :    ,      .  ,    ,     ,       .                 ,    .

     .         ,          .     ,              .        :            -  .     ,     ,      .      .




  


      , ,         ;   ,    .

    :    ,  ,    .

,   ,  ,  ,      ;      .

    ,     ;     :    .

   ,        ,     ;        .




  


Bartlett F.C. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932 (: 1995). ISBN 978-0-521-48356-8.

Loftus E.F., Palmer J.C. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1974. Vol. 13, No. 5. P. 585589. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80011-3.

Loftus E.F. Planting misinformation in the human mind: a 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory // Learning & Memory. 2005. Vol. 12, No. 4. P. 361366. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/lm.94705.

Schacter D.L., Addis D.R. The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2007. Vol. 362, No. 1481. P. 773786. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2087.

LaBar K.S., Cabeza R. Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2006. Vol. 7, No. 1. P. 5464. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn1825.

Bower G.H. Mood and memory // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 36, No. 2. P. 129148. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129.




 4.  :    ?



 , ,     

     .        .

 ,  23:47,            ,    .

   ,    -     ,    .             .            ,     ,     .      : -  , -    ,      ,   .

        ,   ,    ,    ,     .    : ,     ,      :      .     ,       .    -  ,           .    ?     ,     .   ,   .            .

   :     .          :              ,  ,  ,  ?    -  ,           ?

   .  ,      ,  .      ,      ,      ,     ,    ,   ,    .     ,    ,    ,        ?

   .     ,        ,           ,      ,        ,    ,          ,     . , , :       .




        


   ,      .       95%  .       ,    .       .   ,                    .    :         ,       ,     ,   .           ,     ,     .  95%     ,   :               .

    ?       ,  ,       .       :           .      .        ,    :    ?    .

   .         ,       , ,  ,        ,     ,     .[19 - Bargh J.A., Chartrand T.L. The unbearable automaticity of being // American Psychologist. 1999. Vol. 54, No. 7. P. 462479. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462.      ;      95%       .]   :          ,  ,       .     ;      ,      .

    .  ,   ,    ,    ,   ,   ,      ,   ,   .     .  ,      ,         ,    .

         .             : ,     , ,  .   ,     ,   .




  :  ,    


        .    , ,    ;    , ,     ,          .          1   2,          ,     .

    ,        ,     :           .[20 - Evans J.St.B.T., Stanovich K.E. Dual-process theories of higher cognition: advancing the debate // Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2013. Vol. 8, No. 3. P. 223241. DOI: 10.1177/1745691612460685.            ;     .]         .   , ,        .   ,     ,     .     :      .        ,     ,      , ,   .      .

           ,   .      ,     :     ,    .    ,   :   ,  ,  .     ,     ,     :       ,        ,     (. 4.1).








 4.1         ,    

:     

  ,       ?  :      .  :     ,    .   :   ,       .   : , ,         .     :  ,  ,  ,     .          ,     ,       .    ,    .

         .      ,        ,    .       ;   :  ,       .   ,   ,       ,     .             .

       :        . ,     ,         .       ;   ,  .   :      ,    .     ,        :   ,     .




:    


     .     ,            .               :          ,     ,       .[21 - Wood W., Neal D.T. A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface // Psychological Review. 2007. Vol. 114, No. 4. P. 843863. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843.        .]     .           ,    .

       ?             ,   ,   .   ,                         .[22 - Wood W., Quinn J.M., Kashy D.A. Habits in everyday life: thought, emotion, and action // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002. Vol. 83, No. 6. P. 12811297. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281.  ;                  .]     :             .    :        ,   .     ,      ;     ,    ;     ,    ,    .

      .      ,     ,         .    :     .       .      ,   .

  ,    :    ,          ,    . ,   ,      . ,      ,   .    ,       :  ,   ,   ,        .           ;   :             .

     ,   .      ,    ,     :    ,   ,       .      ,          ,    .            ,     :  .




     


  ,    ,  .         ,     .      ;  ,      .     :   ,     .     ,       ,                   .      ,         ,       .[23 - Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy // Science. 1997. Vol. 275, No. 5304. P. 12931295. DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5304.1293.     ;         .]

       :    ,  .    :         ,      ,         ,   .      :        ,    .

       ,     .[24 - Lerner J.S., Li Y., Valdesolo P., Kassam K.S. Emotion and decision making // Annual Review of Psychology. 2015. Vol. 66. P. 799823. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043.  ;        ,    .]     .      :    ,          .        - , ,             :      ,   -    .       :     ,    ,    .

    ,         ,   ,      ,  ,   .   ,        ,     :         ,     ?     ,      .

,      ,   .   ,    ,             ,  ,  .   :   ,        ?      , ,     ,    .           .




     


     .   :    .           ,   .     , ,   .       ?

          1977      ,   .[25 - Nisbett R.E., Wilson T.D. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes // Psychological Review. 1977. Vol. 84, No. 3. P. 231259. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231.    ;    ,    ,     .]                ,   ,   .        ,    .      , , ;      ,        .      :            ,    ,   ,  .          ,   ,        ,     .

   .        ,        ,      ,  .       ,     .      ,           ,       .    -   -:      ,               .

  ?       ,     .    ,     ,    .          . ,    ,    ,     ,      .    ,  ,   .

   :         .         ,       .   :     ?     ,      ,   ?     ,      ,  -    .

,     .      ,     .     :    ,    . .    :    ,   -  ,    -   .      :       ,         ,     .

   .          ,     .             ,    ,             . ,              .           .




     


 .     ;    ;       ;          .    : ,   ,      .      ,    95%,    .

,    .   ,    : , , ,  .            ,   ,       .           ;        ,   .           .      :   ,  ,  ,    .

     .     ,     ,           .        ,      .     ,   :       ,      ,  , , ,       .        ,     ,    .

    ,     .   ,     ,       .   ,      .   :         ,    ,      .        :   ,     ,    .




:    


      :       .      ,         ,    ,       .        .       :   ,  ,   -    .   .

     .   -  ,   :    ,   ,  ,  ,  ,   ,   .        ,    .   ,   ,     .

       .      ,     ,        .     : , , ,  ,     .       : , ,         ,  ,     .

 :    ,   ,   .

 : , 11:00,  ,    ,   .

  : :  ,  . :       .

 : -:    ,   .



 / 

  

 



1.   

,        .     

        



2.    

, , ,  ,     

, 20:30,  ,      



3.       

    ,    

:    . :   ,   



4.    

  ,    ?            

 :    ,      



      .     :      ?   -  ,     .                 .      :     ,     ,   ,       :    .     X,   Y  ,    ,           ,    .

  .       :                .      :   ,   ;            .  ,  ,   .      ,   ,  ,    ,   ,     ,         ,   .    ,   .

 .     ,       :  ,  ,    .    ,   .    .     ,    ,   ,    .

      .      ,    :      .      ,      ,        .         .  ,        ,            ,    .      .




 :   


        ,  ,         ,  . ,       ,    :    ,   ,   .  ,      ,  :  ,    . ,        ,        .     ?   :   ,   .      :  ,        .

      .             ,   ,         .        :      ,   ,      ,           .      ,    :      ,      .




  


     :  95%   ,   ,     .

          ,   ;   ,     , ,    .

   :        ,     ,    .

     ;   ,      ,   .

               ;        .

       ,   :   ,  ,        .




  


Bargh J.A., Chartrand T.L. The unbearable automaticity of being // American Psychologist. 1999. Vol. 54, No. 7. P. 462479. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462.

Evans J.St.B.T., Stanovich K.E. Dual-process theories of higher cognition: advancing the debate // Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2013. Vol. 8, No. 3. P. 223241. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691612460685.

Wood W., Neal D.T. A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface // Psychological Review. 2007. Vol. 114, No. 4. P. 843863. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843.

Wood W., Quinn J.M., Kashy D.A. Habits in everyday life: thought, emotion, and action // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002. Vol. 83, No. 6. P. 12811297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281.

Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy // Science. 1997. Vol. 275, No. 5304. P. 12931295. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.275.5304.1293.

Lerner J.S., Li Y., Valdesolo P., Kassam K.S. Emotion and decision making // Annual Review of Psychology. 2015. Vol. 66. P. 799823. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043.

Nisbett R.E., Wilson T.D. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes // Psychological Review. 1977. Vol. 84, No. 3. P. 231259. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231.




 II.  ,    










:  




 5. :     



   ,        

     .        .

 22:40              :   .

, ,            .     .  22:15      .  22:30  ,         ,   .  22:45    :   ?   ?  23:00    ,        ,     .    ,  ,        : , ,    .   ,    ,     ,  .

 23:14  : , ,   ,  , .  : , , .        .    ,   :    ?   ,         ?   ,   ,      .

,     ,   .   :  ,         ,      .   -          .    ,    ,        : -    ,   ,   ,    .

             . -       . -        ,   . -          ,    .     :       ,         .    ,     ,    .




  :       


 ,    ,    ,       .   ,      ,   .       ,     :    ,   ,    .  ,        , , .     :        ,  ,     ,  ,   .[26 - Barlow D.H. Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1-57230-430-7.  ;          .]     ,     ,     .

    .       , ,   ,  ,  ,   . ,    ,    ,  :      ,    .      ,          .

     ,      .       .                ,       .         :   (      )      ,    ,    .

 ,    ,    :     (     ),   ( , ,   )   (, , ).     :      ,   ,      .    :           .

     .  ,   ,   , , ,       ,       - .     ,     :    ,        .     ,           .

    .     ,      .           ,     .        ,     ,        ,   .




  .


   .

   ,     (https://www.litres.ru/book/iurii-shvets-34132078/pochemu-my-sami-meshaem-sebe-zhit-74766292/)  .

      Visa, MasterCard, Maestro,    ,   ,     ,  PayPal, WebMoney, ., QIWI ,       .



notes








1


Moors A., Ellsworth P.C., Scherer K.R., Frijda N.H. Appraisal theories of emotion: state of the art and future development // Emotion Review. 2013. Vol. 5, No. 2. P. 119124. DOI: 10.1177/1754073912468165.   ,       .




2


Clark A. Whatever next? Predictive brains, situated agents, and the future of cognitive science // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2013. Vol. 36, No. 3. P. 181204. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X12000477.     ;             .




3


Gilbert C.D., Li W. Top-down influences on visual processing // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2013. Vol. 14, No. 5. P. 350363. DOI: 10.1038/nrn3476.




4


de Lange F.P., Heilbron M., Kok P. How do expectations shape perception? // Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 2018. Vol. 22, No. 9. P. 764779. DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2018.06.002. .     :          .




5


Simons D.J., Chabris C.F. Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events // Perception. 1999. Vol. 28, No. 9. P. 10591074. DOI: 10.1068/p281059.




6


Snyder M., Tanke E.D., Berscheid E. Social perception and interpersonal behavior: on the self-fulfilling nature of social stereotypes // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1977. Vol. 35, No. 9. P. 656666. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.35.9.656.        ;   ,     .




7


Tversky A., Kahneman D. Judgment under uncertainty: heuristics and biases // Science. 1974. Vol. 185, No. 4157. P. 11241131. DOI: 10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.      ;      ,         .




8


Nickerson R.S. Confirmation bias: a ubiquitous phenomenon in many guises // Review of General Psychology. 1998. Vol. 2, No. 2. P. 175220. DOI: 10.1037/1089-2680.2.2.175.     246;  ,       ,  ,      .




9


Mangel M., Samaniego F.J. Abraham Wald's work on aircraft survivability // Journal of the American Statistical Association. 1984. Vol. 79, No. 386. P. 259267. DOI: 10.1080/01621459.1984.10478038. -   ;       .




10


Langer E.J. The illusion of control // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1975. Vol. 32, No. 2. P. 311328. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.32.2.311.    ;      ,      .




11


Beck A.T., Rush A.J., Shaw B.F., Emery G. Cognitive Therapy of Depression. New York: Guilford Press, 1979. ISBN 978-0-89862-000-9.    ;  ,        .




12


Mercier H., Sperber D. Why do humans reason? Arguments for an argumentative theory // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 2011. Vol. 34, No. 2. P. 5774. DOI: 10.1017/S0140525X10000968.  ,   ;     ,     .




13


Bartlett F.C. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932 (: 1995). ISBN 978-0-521-48356-8.  ;         .




14


Loftus E.F., Palmer J.C. Reconstruction of automobile destruction: an example of the interaction between language and memory // Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 1974. Vol. 13, No. 5. P. 585589. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-5371(74)80011-3.  ;     ,     .




15


Loftus E.F. Planting misinformation in the human mind: a 30-year investigation of the malleability of memory // Learning & Memory. 2005. Vol. 12, No. 4. P. 361366. DOI: 10.1101/lm.94705.     ,   .




16


Schacter D.L., Addis D.R. The cognitive neuroscience of constructive memory: remembering the past and imagining the future // Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 2007. Vol. 362, No. 1481. P. 773786. DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2087.       .




17


LaBar K.S., Cabeza R. Cognitive neuroscience of emotional memory // Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 2006. Vol. 7, No. 1. P. 5464. DOI: 10.1038/nrn1825.       .




18


Bower G.H. Mood and memory // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 36, No. 2. P. 129148. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.129.  ;              .




19


Bargh J.A., Chartrand T.L. The unbearable automaticity of being // American Psychologist. 1999. Vol. 54, No. 7. P. 462479. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.54.7.462.      ;      95%       .




20


Evans J.St.B.T., Stanovich K.E. Dual-process theories of higher cognition: advancing the debate // Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2013. Vol. 8, No. 3. P. 223241. DOI: 10.1177/1745691612460685.            ;     .




21


Wood W., Neal D.T. A new look at habits and the habit-goal interface // Psychological Review. 2007. Vol. 114, No. 4. P. 843863. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.114.4.843.        .




22


Wood W., Quinn J.M., Kashy D.A. Habits in everyday life: thought, emotion, and action // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2002. Vol. 83, No. 6. P. 12811297. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.83.6.1281.  ;                  .




23


Bechara A., Damasio H., Tranel D., Damasio A.R. Deciding advantageously before knowing the advantageous strategy // Science. 1997. Vol. 275, No. 5304. P. 12931295. DOI: 10.1126/science.275.5304.1293.     ;         .




24


Lerner J.S., Li Y., Valdesolo P., Kassam K.S. Emotion and decision making // Annual Review of Psychology. 2015. Vol. 66. P. 799823. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115043.  ;        ,    .




25


Nisbett R.E., Wilson T.D. Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes // Psychological Review. 1977. Vol. 84, No. 3. P. 231259. DOI: 10.1037/0033-295X.84.3.231.    ;    ,    ,     .




26


Barlow D.H. Anxiety and Its Disorders: The Nature and Treatment of Anxiety and Panic. 2nd ed. New York: Guilford Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1-57230-430-7.  ;          .


