General View of the Historical Development of Human Societies. Monograph

Despite these disparities, the economies of both sides are interconnected: businesses from the north export their goods to the south for processing, taking the finished products back for sale or further refinement. This dynamic is driven by significantly lower labor costs in the south compared to the north.

The authors contend that “the stark contrast between the two sides of the same city cannot be attributed to geographical conditions or climate.”7

They argue that the primary factor contributing to this disparity is the application of different laws. However, this raises the question: Why are these laws not implemented on both sides of Nogales?

We disagree with this perspective. The laws in Mexico and the United States were established based on the unique geographical conditions and climate of each country. Mexico’s climate necessitates irrigated agriculture, shaping its state system, laws, and way of life accordingly. Additionally, Mexico’s history as a Spanish colony has left a significant imprint, influenced by Spain’s hot and dry climate where irrigated agriculture played a vital role in the economy. Consequently, Spain’s development lagged behind rainfed countries like England due to the demands and characteristics of irrigated agriculture. It’s evident that both the climate requirements for irrigated agriculture and the social and political legacies inherited from Spain inevitably influenced Mexico’s development trajectory.

The expansive territory of the USA spans several thousand kilometers from north to south, resulting in diverse climates. The northern regions predominantly experience a cool-temperate climate, while the southern areas are characterized by a dry and hot climate. Consequently, dryland agriculture predominates in the northern part of the United States, while irrigated agriculture is prevalent in the south.

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