The Life of Cicero. Volume II.
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187
Ad Div., lib. ix., 11.
188
Ad Att., lib. xiv., 21.
189
Ad Att., lib. xv., 21.
190
Ibid., lib. xv., 26.
191
Ad Att., lib. xv., 27.
192
Ibid., lib. xvi., 1.
193
Ibid., lib. xvi., 5.
194
Ibid., lib. xvi., 2.
195
Ad Att., lib. xvi., 7.
196
Phil., i., 5: "Nimis iracunde hoc quidem, et valde intemperanter." "Who," he goes on to say, "has sinned so heavily against the Republic that here, in the Senate, they shall dare to threaten his house by sending the State workmen?"
197
Brutus, Ciceroni, lib. ii., 5: "Jam concedo ut vel Philippici vocentur quod tu quadam epistola jocans scripsisti." I fear, however, that we must acknowledge that this letter cannot be taken as an authority for the early use of the name.
198
Phil., i., ca. vii.
199
Ibid., i., ca. viii.
200
Ibid., i., ca. x.
201
The year of his birth is uncertain. He had been Consul three years back, and must have spoken often.
202
Ad Div., lib. xii., 2.
203
It may here be worth our while to quote the impassioned language which Velleius Paterculus uses when he chronicles the death of Cicero, lib. ii., 66: "Nihil tamen egisti, M. Antoni (cogit enim excedere propositi formam operis, erumpens animo ac pectore indignatio), nihil, inquam, egisti, mercedem cælestissimi oris et clarissimi capitis abscissi numerando, auctoramentoque funebri ad conservatoris quondam reipublicæ tantique consulis irritando necem. Rapuisti tu M. Ciceroni lucem solicitam, et ætatem senilem, et vitam miseriorem, te principe, quam sub te triumviro mortem. Famam vero gloriamque factorum atque dictorum adeo non abstulisti, ut auxeris. Vivit, vivetque per omnium sæculorum memoriam; dumque hoc vel forte, vel providentia, vel utcumque constitutum, rerum naturæ corpus, quod ille pæne solus Romanorum animo vidit, ingenio complexus est, eloquentia illuminavit, manebit incolume, comitem ævi sui laudem Ciceronis trahet, omnisque posteritas illius in te scripta mirabitur, tuum in eum factum execrabitur; citiusque in mundo genus hominum, quam ea, cadet." This was the popular idea of Cicero in the time of Tiberius.
204
Ad Div., lib. xii., 23.
205
Ad Att., lib. xvi., 11.
206
On referring to the Milo, ca. xv., the reader will see the very different tone in which Cicero spoke of this incident when Antony was in favor with him.
207
It was a sign of an excellent character in Rome to have been chosen often as heir in part to a man's property.
208
Horace, Odes, lib. iii., 30.
209
Ad Att., lib. xvi., 14.
210
Philippics, lib. vi., 1.
211
"Populum Romanum servire fas non est, quem dii immortales omnibus gentibus imperare voluerunt."
212
Ad Div., lib. xi., 8.
213
Ad Div., lib. x., 3.
214
Ad Brutum, lib. ii., 6.
215
Appian. De Bell. Civ., lib. iii., ca. 26.
216
Vell. Pat., lib. ii., 62: "Quæ omnia senatus decretis comprensa et comprobata sunt."
217
Ad Div., lib. xii., 7. This is in a letter to Cassius, in which he says, "Promisi enim et prope confirmavi, te non expectasse nec expectaturum decreta nostra, sed te ipsum tuo more rempublicam defensurum."
218
Appian, lib. iii., ca. 50. The historian of the civil wars declares that Piso spoke up for Antony, saying that he should not be damnified by loose statements, but should be openly accused. Feelings ran very high, but Cicero seems to have held his own.
219
Ad Div., lib. x., 27.
220
Suetonius, Augustus, lib. xi.
221
Tacitus, Ann., lib. i., x.: "Cæsis Hirtio et Pansa, sive hostis illos, seu Pansam venenum vulneri affusum, sui milites Hirtium et, machinator doli, Cæsar abstulerat."
222
Philip., xiv., 3: "Omnibus, quanquam ruit ipse suis cladibus, pestem, vastitatem, cruciatum, tormenta denuntiat."
223
Philip., xiv., 12: "O fortunata mors, quæ naturæ debita, pro patria est potissimum reddita."
224
Ad Div., lib. xi., 9.
225
Ibid., lib. xi., 10.
226
Ibid., lib. xi., 11.
227
Ibid., lib. xi., 18.
228
Ad Div., lib. x., 34.
229
Ad Brutum, lib. i., 4.
230
Ad Div., lib. xi., 20: "Ipsum Cæsarem nihil sane de te questum, nisi quod diceret, te dixisse, laudandum adolescentem, ornandum, tollendum."
231
Ad Div., lib. xii., 10.
232
Appian, lib. iii., 92.
233
Dio Cassius, lib. xlvi., 46.
234
Vell. Paterculus, lib. ii., 65.
235
Vell. Paterculus, lib. ii., 66: "Repugnante Cæsare, sed frustra adversus duos, instauratum Sullani exempli malum, proscriptio."
236
Vell. Paterculus, lib. ii., 66: "Nihil tam indignum illo tempore fuit, quam quod aut Cæsar aliquem proscribere coactus est, aut ab ullo Cicero proscriptus est."
237
Suetonius, Augustus, 27: "In quo restitit quidem aliquamdiu collegis, ne qua fieret proscriptio, sed inceptam utroque acerbius exercuit."
238
Phil., iv., ca. xviii.
239
In the following list I have divided the latter, making the Moral Essays separate from the Philosophy.
240
I have given here those treatises which are always printed among the works of Cicero.
241
De Inventione, lib. ii., 4.
242
Quintilian, in his Proæmium or Preface: "Oratorem autem instituimus illum perfectum, qui esse nisi vir bonus non potest." It seems as though there had almost been the question whether the perfect orator could exist, although there was no question he had never done so as yet.
243
Quint., lib. iii., 1: "Præcipuum vero lumen sicut eloquentiæ, ita præceptis quoque ejus, dedit unicum apud nos specimen orandi, docendique oratorias artes, M. Tullius." And in Tacitus, De Oratoribus, xxx.: "Ita ex multa eruditione, ex pluribus artibus," he says, speaking of Cicero, "et omnium rerum scientia exundat, et exuberat illa admirabilis eloquentia; neque oratoris vis et facultas, sicut ceterarum rerum, angustis et brevibus terminis cluditur; sed is est orator, qui de omni quæstione pulchre, et ornate, et ad persuadendum apte dicere, pro dignitate rerum, ad utilitatem temporum, cum voluptate audientium possit." This has not the ring of Tacitus, but it shows equally well the opinion of the day.
244
De Oratore, lib. i., ca. xi.
245
Ibid., lib. i., ca. xxv.
246
Ibid., lib, i., ca. xliv.
247
Ibid., lib. i., ca. lii.
248
Ibid., lib. i., ca. lx.
249
De Oratore, lib. ii., ca. i.
250
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. vii.
251
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xv.
252
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xxiv.
253
De Oratore, lib. ii., ca. xxvii.: "Ut probemus vera esse ea, quæ defendimus; ut conciliemus nobis eos, qui audiunt; ut animos eorum, ad quemcumque causa postulabit motum, vocemus."
254
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xliv.
255
De Oratore, lib. ii., ca. lxviii.
256
De Oratore, lib. iii., ca. liv.
257
Ibid., lib. iii., ca. lv.
258
Brutus, ca. xii.
259
Ibid., ca. xvii.
260
Ibid., ca. xxxviii.
261
Ibid., ca. l.
262
Ibid., ca. lvii.
263
Ibid., ca. lxxv.
264
Brutus, ca. xciii.
265
De Divinatione, lib. ii., 1.
266
Orator, ca. ii.
267
Orator, ca. xxvi.
268
Ibid., ca. xxviii.
269
Ibid., ca. xxxvi. Here his language becomes very fine.
270
Ad. Att., lib. xiv., 20.
271
Topica, ca. 1: "Itaque haec quum mecum libros non haberem, memoria repetita, in ipsa navigatione conscripsi, tibique ex itinere misi."
272
Quint., lib. xi., 3. The translations of these epithets are "open, obscure, full, thin, light, rough, shortened, lengthened, harsh, pliable, clear, clouded."
273
Brutus, ca. xxxviii.
274
De Oratore, lib. i., ca. liii.
275
Academica, ii., lib. i., ca. iii.
276
Ibid., i., lib. ii., ca. vii.
277
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xii.
278
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xxix.
279
Academica, i., lib. ii., ca. xxxvii.
280
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xxxix.
281
Pro Murena, ca. xxix.
282
De Finibus, lib. i., ca. iii.
283
Ibid., lib. i., ca. v.
284
De Finibus, lib. ii., ca. xxx.
285
De Finibus, lib iii., ca. xxii.
286
De Finibus, lib. iv., ca. 1.
287
De Finibus, lib. v., ca. ii.
288
Ibid., lib. v., ca. xix.
289
Ibid., lib. v., ca. xxiii.
290
Epis., lib. i., 1, 14.
291
Tus. Disp., lib. v., ca. xi.
292
Tus. Disp., lib. i., ca. xxx.
293
De Natura Deo., lib. i., ca. iv.
294
Ibid., lib. i., ca. ix.
295
Ibid., lib. i., ca. xiv.
296
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xxix.
297
De Nat. Deo., lib. ii., ca. liv., lv.
298
De Nat. Deo., lib. iii., ca. xxvii.
299
De Divinatione, lib. ii., ca. xxxiii.
300
De Divinatione, lib. i., ca. xviii.
301
Ibid., lib. i., ca. xlvii.
302
De Divinatione, lib. ii., ca. i.
303
Horace, Ep., lib. ii., ca. i.:
"Greece, conquered Greece, her conqueror subdued,And Rome grew polished who till then was rude."Conington's Translation.304
De Divinatione, lib. ii., ca. ii.
305
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. li.
306
The story of Simon Du Bos and his MS. has been first told to me by Mr. Tyrell in his first volume of the Correspondence of Cicero, p. 88. That a man should have been such a scholar, and yet such a liar, and should have gone to his long account content with the feeling that he had cheated the world by a fictitious MS., when his erudition, if declared, would have given him a scholar's fame, is marvellous. Perhaps he intended to be discovered. I, for one, should not have heard of Bosius but for his lie.
307
De Republica, lib. iii. It is useless to give the references here. It is all fragmentary, and has been divided differently as new information has been obtained.
308
De Legibus, lib. i., ca. vii.
309
De Legibus, lib. i., ca. x.
310
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xviii.
311
De Legibus, lib. iii., ca. ix., x.
312
Ibid., lib. iii., xvii.
313
De Senectute, ca. ix.
314
Ibid., ca. x.
315
Ibid., ca. xi.
316
Ibid., ca. xviii.
317
Ibid., ca. xxi.
318
De Amicitia, ca. xix.
319
De Officiis, lib. ii., ca. v.
320
Ibid., lib. i., ca. xvii.
321
De Officiis, lib. i., ca. xxix: "Suppeditant autem et campus noster et studia venandi, honesta exempla ludendi." The passage is quoted here as an antidote to that extracted some time since from one of his letters, which has been used to show that hunting was no occupation for a "polite man" – as he, Cicero, had disapproved of Pompey's slaughter of animals on his new stage.
322
Ibid., lib. i., ca. xxxi.
323
De Officiis, lib. i., ca. xxxvi. It is impossible not to be reminded by this passage of Lord Chesterfield's letters to his son, written with the same object; but we can see at once that the Roman desired in his son a much higher type of bearing than the Englishman. The following is the advice given by the Englishman: "A thousand little things, not separately to be defined, conspire to form these graces – this 'je ne sais quoi' that always pleases. A pretty person; genteel motions; a proper degree of dress; an harmonious voice, something open and cheerful in the countenance, but without laughing; a distinct and properly raised manner of speaking – all these things and many others are necessary ingredients in the composition of the pleasing 'je ne sais quoi' which everybody feels, though nobody can describe. Observe carefully, then, what displeases or pleases you in others, and be persuaded that, in general, the same thing will please or displease them in you. Having mentioned laughing, I must particularly warn you against it; and I could wish that you may often be seen to smile, but never heard to laugh, while you live." I feel sure that Cicero would laugh, and was heard to laugh, and yet that he was always true to the manners of a gentleman.
324
De Officiis, lib. i., ca. xlii.
325
De Officiis, lib. ii., l.
326
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xiii.
327
Ibid., lib. ii., ca. xiv.
328
De Officiis, lib. ii., ca. xxiv.
329
Ibid., lib. iii., ca. i.
330
De Republica, lib. vi. It is useless to give the chapters, as the treatise, being fragmentary, is differently divided in different editions.
331
Ad Archiam, ca. xii.
332
De Republica, lib. vi.
333
Academica, 2, lib. i., ca. vii.
334
Academica, 1, lib. ii., ca. xxxviii.
335
De Officiis, lib. i., ca. xliv.
336
Tusc. Disputationes, lib. i., ca. xxx.
337
De Finibus, lib. v., ca. xxiii.