In Byways of Scottish History
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253
Westcott, New Poems by James I of England.
254
Ibid.
255
Ibid.
256
Op. cit., p. lxxx.
257
Op. cit., p. lxxxi.
258
Edited by R. P. Gillies, Edin., 1814; The Authour to the Reader.
259
Westcott, op. cit., p. xlv.
260
Calderwood, Historie of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. iii, Appendix, p. 784.
261
Op. cit., p. lxix.
262
Ibid., p. 15-16.
263
Op. cit., p. 39.
264
"In the Muses' Welcome to King James, printed at Edinburgh in 1618, folio, the royal visitor greeted his Scottish subjects with a string of punning rhymes on the names of certain learned professors, which some of them were sagacious enough to turn into Latin. As a sample of the literary taste which prevailed at this academic visitation, these quibbling verses on the name of the college disputants are here subjoined: —
As Adam was the first of men, whence all beginning takSo Adam-son was president, and first man in this act.The theses Fair-lie did defend, which though they lies contain,Yet were fair-lies and he the same right fairlie did maintain.The field first entred master Sands, and there he made me seeThat not all Sands are barren sands, but that some fertile bee.Then master Young most subtilie the theses did impugne,And kythed old in Aristotle, although his name bee Young.To him succeeded master Reid, who though reid be his nameNeids neither for his disput blush, nor of his speach think shame.Last entred master King the lists, and dispute like a KingHow reason reigning as a queene should anger underbring.To their deserved praise have I thus played upon their names;And wills their colledge hence be called the Colledge of King James."– Horace Walpole, Catalogue of Royal and Noble Authors,Edit. 1806, vol. i, p. 125.265
State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. xlix, No. 51. Robert Bowes to Lord Burghley.
266
Calderwood, Historie of the Kirk of Scotland, vol. v, pp. 192, 193.
267
State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. l, No. 30. Bowes to Burghley.
268
State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. i, No. 62.
269
State Papers, Scotland: Elizabeth, vol. lx, Nos. 34, 80.
270
Ibid., vol. lxi, Nos. 12, i; 17; Register of the Privy Council, vol. v, pp. 393, 394.
271
Vol. v, p. 402.
272
Register of the Privy Council, vol. v, p. 394.
273
Spottswood, p. 415.
274
Register of the Privy Council, vol. v, p. 761-2.
275
Register of the Privy Council, pp. 323, 324.
276
Register of the Privy Council, vol. vi, pp. 279-281.
277
Register of the Privy Council, vol. vii, p. 141.
278
The official records bearing on "this commotioun of Glasgow" are to be found in the Register of the Privy Council, pp. 230-1, 233, 235, 240-7, 500, 501-2.
279
Act Parl., vol. i, Coll. Frag., p. 752.
280
It has been suggested that Christis Kirk of the Grene, being "a jocund skit upon the ludicrous incapacity of the Scottish rustic to handle a bow", may have been intended "to fortify the statutes of law by the aids of ridicule and satire" (Ross, Early Scottish History and Literature).
281
Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 8.
282
Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 10.
283
Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 45.
284
Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 48.
285
Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 100.
286
Act Parl., vol. ii, p. 346.
287
This was in accordance with the very first of the instructions embodied in the Bruce's "Testamnt", those fourteen lines of which Mr. Oman says that they "contain all the principles on which the Scots, when well advised, acted for the next two hundred and fifty years".
"On fut suld be all Scottis weire,By hyll and mosse themselff to reare.Lat woods for wallis be bow and speire,That innymeis do them na deire.In strait placis gar keip all store,And byrnen ye planeland thaim before.Thane sall thai pass away in haistWhen that thai find na thing but waist.With wyles and waykings of the nyghtAnd mekill noyis maid on hytht,Thaim sall ye turnen with gret affrai,As thai ware chassit with swerd away.This is the consall and intentOf gud King Robert's testiment."288
Reg. Priv. Coun., vol. i, p. 62.
289
"Victual" is the old Scots term for grain of any kind.
290
Reg. Priv. Coun., sub. ann. cit.
291
Reg. Priv. Coun., sub. ann. cit.
292
Sir James Melville's Memoirs, pp. 171-2.
293
Communicated by Professor Wattenbach, of Berlin, to the Anzeiger für Kunde der Deutschen Vorzeit, 1874.
294
Anglicus a tergo caudam gerit: est pecus ergo;Cum tibi dicit "Ave", sicut ab hoste cave.295
La diversité des contrées excitait entre eux des dissensions, des haines et des animosités virulentes, et ils se faisaient impudemment les uns aux autres toutes sortes d'affronts et d'insultes. Ils affirmaient que les Anglais étaient buveurs et coués. —Jacques de Vitry, Traduction Guizot, p. 292.
296
Mirum est quomodo non erubescunt fieri similes jumentis insipientibus, ut videantur animalia caudata; nec sufficit eis honor creacionis, quod est quod inter cetera animalia eas Deus fecit sine cauda. In hoc caudatae contumeliam Deo faciunt, cujus opus imperfectum et insufficiens, quantum in ipsis est ostendunt, dum creacioni suae caudas addunt. Item, mirum est quod non erubescunt esse caudatae, cum Anglici erubescunt caudati vocari. —Tractatus de Diversis Materiis praedicalibus, Société de l'Histoire de France, vol. 60, p. 234.
297
Tota injuriarum de rege Anglorum et caudatis suis ultio quaeritur; Graeculi enim et Siculi omnes hunc regem sequentes Anglos et caudatos nominabant. —Richard of Devizes, English History Society, p. 20.
298
Richard Coer de Leon, Weber's Metrical Romances, vol. ii, 31.
299
P. 83.
300
Ibid.
301
.. la GrifonailleDe la vile et la garçonaille,Gent estraite de Sarazins,Ramponouent noz pelerins;Lor deiz es oilz nos aportouentE chiens pudneis nus apelouentE chascon jor nos laidissouentE nos pelerins mordrissouentE les jetouent es priveesDont les oevres furent provees.– Monument. Germ., vol. xxvii, p. 535.302
P. 95.
303
Rex in Rupella regnat, et amodo bellaNon timet Anglorum, quia caudas fregit eorum.304
Ad nostras caudas Francos, ductos ut alaudasPerstrinxit restis, superest Lincolnia testis.305
Fertur etiam comes Atrabatensis super his dixisse cum cachinno, "Nunc bene mundatur magnificorum exercitus Francorum a caudatis". – Matthew Paris, vol. v, 134.
306
Comes Atrabatensis rapiens verbum ab ore ejus, more Gallico reboans et indecenter jurans, audientibus multis, os in haec convitia resolvit, dicens, "O timidorum caudatorum formidolositas, quam beatus, quam mundus praesens foret exercitus, si a caudis purgaretur et caudatis". —Id., vol. v, p. 151.
307
Erimus, credo, hodie, ubi non audebis caudam equi attingere. —Ibid.
308
According to another account, based on Joinville's narrative, Artois "was slain in the town, and his surcoat with the royal French lilies was exhibited to the Moslems as a proof that the King of the Franks had fallen". – Oman, The Art of War in the Middle Ages, p. 346.
309
The authorities for this incident are: —
(I) Rishanger, "Tunc accesserunt ad Philippum, Regem Franciae, quibus grata fuit regni turbatio; et ejus bilem contra Anglicos commoverunt, dicentes turpe fore sibi, gentique suae, ut a caudatis taliter tractarentur", p. 130-1. (II) The Chronicle of Lanercost, "Hoc anno orta est guerra in Neustria inter Francos et Anglos, apud Depe, dum cives illius loci inhumane Portuenses nostros caede et rapina afficiunt, occasione unius rudentis, quinimmo elatione sui principis provocati, videlicet, Karoli fratris Regis Franciae, qui odium conceperat gentis nostrae, eo quod non potuit fratrem proprium regno supplantare, Regis Edwardi consilio fulcitum in hoc parte. Nam, ut virus conceptum evidentius evomeret, multas peregrinis et scholasticis irrogavit molestias, quosdam etiam pauperes suspendio trucidavit, et canes vivos, eorum ut reputabat similes, lateribus eorum appendit", p. 150. (III) Henri Knighton, "Et cum (Normanni) die quadam sex naves anglicanas obvias habuissent, easdem hostiliter aggressi, duas ex ipsis continuo perimerunt, suspendentes homines in navibus ad trabes navium suarum, et sic per mare navigantes, nullam faciebant differentiam inter canem et Anglicum", vol. i, p. 336.
310
Hoc quatuor cullos Gallorum tempore pullosVincent caudati, pro caudis improperati.311
Wright, Political Poems and Songs (Rolls Series), vol. i.
312
O gens Anglorum, morum flos gesta tuorum,Cur tu Francorum procuras damna bonorum,Servorum Christi, quos tractas crimine tristi?Et servant isti fidem quam bis renuisti;Sub specie casti fraudem tu semper amasti.Scindas annosam caudam quam fers venenosam,Exaudi praesto tu praesul et memor esto:Qui te caudavit Deus ipsum sanctificavit.– Wright, op. cit. vol. ii, p. 127-8.313
Le Roy Engloys se faisoyt appelerLe roy de France, par s'appellation;A voulu hors du pays menerLes bons Françoys horz de leur natyon.Or est il mort à Sainct Fiacre en Brye.Du pays de France ils sont tous deboutez:Il n'est plus mot de ces Engloys couez.Mauldicte en soyt tres toute la lignye.– Chanson xiv, Edit. L. Du Bois, p. 173.314
"Arriére, Englois coués, arriére." The poem was discovered by M. Paul Meyer, and published in Romania, 1892, p. 51.
315
(Les Anglais) s'en alérent à Rouen par eaue et par terre. Et a leur département, firent lesdiz Parisiens grand huée, en criant: "A la Keuwe!" – Chap. 198: De l'an 1436
316
Le noble roy me voulut bailler garde,Pour me garder que point ne fusse prise,Que refusay, disant que n'avoye guarde,Et que j'avois guect et arriére garde,Pour desrompre des couez l'entreprise.– Arch. du Nord de la France, nouv. ser., i, 376.317
Incontinant vous gaignerezla guerre Contre le roy coué, vostre adversaire.– Poés. fr. des XVe et XVIe Siécles, vol. ii, p. 80.318
Allez, infectz, gloutons, puans, punais,Godons couez, que jamais ne vous voye.– Ibid., p. 82.319
Car leur grandeur est droite orribletéQuant on les voit aler par le chemin,Mais leur queue mettent comme un mastinSoubz leur jambes, que rumeur leur commande.– Œuvres complétes (Société des Anciens Textes), vol. v, p. 20.320
RONDEL(Les Anglais out une queue)Certres plus fors sont les AnglésQue les Françoiz communement.Les Françoiz portent petit fés;Certres plus fors sont les Anglés.Car deux tonneaux portent adésEt une queue proprement.Certres plus fort sont les AnglésQue les Françoiz communement.– Œuvres, vol. iv, p. 130.321
Œuvres, vol. v, p. 48.
322
Œuvres, vol. v, p. 80.
323
Hé! cuidez vous que je me joue,Et que je voulsisse allerEn Engleterre demourer?Ils ont une longue coue.– Chanson xviii, p. 177.324
Ce Cat nonne vient de Calais,Sa mére fut Cathau la Bleue;C'est du lignage des Anglois,Car il porte trés longue queue.– Du Cange, sub voce caudatus325
Si acquerrez loz,Rides, angelotz,L'or, la chair, et l'osDes Angloys couez.326
Je scay que je suis monstré au doigt par les rues depuis que je chargeay si bien les Anglois couez qui descendoient et prenoient terre à Dieppe.
– Act II, sc. 6.327
Les goîtres et les écrouelles,Aprés que des Anglois quouezNos corbeaux furent engouez,Ont été mis par rouelles.– Rome Rid., st. xcvi.328
La plupart des Anglais ont le bout de l'os sacrum, que l'on nomme coccyx, qui leur avance, ce qui fait une espéce de queue. – Quoted by Godefroy sub voce coé.
329
Sunt praedicti clerici nuncii caudati,De terra perfidiae falsa procreati.– Lib. ix, cap. 32.330
Venit exercitus multus a rege Scotorum missus, mille quingenti equitantium et XL millia peditum, per clivum montis descendens ex opposito de Dunbar, praeparatus ad bellum per turmas suas. Quod cum vidissent novi castrenses, et ex visione tali jam laeti effecti, mox eorum vexilla in propugnasculis castri erexerunt, clamantes ad nostras et eos probrose vocantes canes caudatos et talia quaeque, insuper comminantes in mortem et caudarum abscisionem.
– Hemingburgh, II, 103.331
Cumque venissent in mora juxta Anandiam, ecce incolae ejusdem provinciae adunati venientes improperabant eis, vocantes eos canes caudatos, et prae paucitate eos contemnentes, eo quod pedestres sui longe fuerant ab eis separati.
– Id., II, 146-7.332
(Scoti) quasi securi, non posuerunt de nocte vigiles, sed cum jocunditate vinum bibentes, propter paucitatem partis adversae eam parvipendio habuerunt, depromentes cantus et dicentes quod —
Anglici caudati pro caudis vituperati.De caudis eorum, ut dixerunt, funes sibi facerent ad seipsos Anglos in crastino vinciendos. – Bower, II, 304-5. The Book of Pluscarden represents the Scots as saying "quod Anglicos caudatos per eorum caudas ad suspendium traherent". – Lib. ix. cxxvii.
333
Bower, loc. cit.
334
Caude causantur, regnarunt, apocopantur,Privantur caude, fas fandi, "Scotia plaude".– Wright, Political Songs, p. 375.335
Ross, The Book of Scottish Poems, vol. i, p. 173.
336
Anglicus a tergo caudam gerit; est pecus ergo.
Anglice caudate, cape caudam, ne cadat a te.
Ex causa caudae manet Anglica gens sine laude.
337
Skelton, vol. iii, p. 186 et seq.
338
See above, p. 262.
339
Illo tempore baronibus illuxerat dies sanctificatus, ibi quicunque fugerat Anglicus est caudatus, plenus versutiis, fallax et instabilis et exanimatus. – P. 223.
340
See above, p. 266.
341
Anglici enim, sicut ingratissimi homines, … consuetam trahentes caudam, et villam dictam spoliare cupientes et sibi resistentes trucidare, eam in quatuor locis, quasi in quatuor angulis, incenderunt, ut sic Gandenses nitentes ignem exstinguere, circa custodiam bonorum suorum essent minus cauti. – P. 7.
342
Prostrati sunt autem omnes Scotti et per undique sparsi ac desolati, decollati, incarcerati, suspensi, distracti, destructi, membratim separati, nisi ille solus fugitivus Robertus le Bruys, qui in latibulis circumvagat, sicut latro vel vispilio. Rex vero de eo nihil curans ipsum permittit errare ubicumque melius vitam suam possit salvare, quia cauda sua penitus amputatur. – Vol. iii, p. 191.
343
As Goscelin is the first writer in whom there occurs mention of the insult offered to St. Augustine and of its punishment, and as it consequently seems to be with him that the "tail" myth originated, both his versions of the incident are here given: – "Hinc divertens dux verbi Domini, successit tandem cuidam profanae villulae in Provincia quae dicitur Dorseta; ubi daemoniaca plebicola Sanctos Dei omnibus opprobriis ac ludibriis dedecoravere; adeo ut (quod etiam referri injuria est) productas piscium caudas ingererent. Unde indignatus Spiritus Domini in hujus auctores sceleris et in omnem progeniem illorum suum dedecus per os Augustini vatis perpetualiter sententiavit; et pravis propriam ignominiam, Sanctis vero perennem gloriam refudit" (Anglia Sacra, II, p. 67). – "Cumque (Augustinus) provinciam quae Dorsete appellatur, attigisset, et ubique ut Angelus Domini reciperetur, simulque auditorum fide quos pasceret pasceretur, incidit in quamdam villam, velut in tartaream Plutonis sedem. Ibi plebs impia, tenebris suis excaecata, et divinam lucem exosa, non solum audire nequibat vivifica documenta, verum tota ludibriorum et opprobriorum tempestate in Sanctos Dei debacchata, longe proturbat eos ab omni possessione sua; nec manu pepercisse creditur effraenis audacia. At Dei nuntius, juxta Dominicum praeceptum et apostolorum exemplum, excusso etiam pulvere pedum in eos, dignam suis meritis sententiam (non maledicentis voto, quia omnium salutem optabat; sed divino judicio et Eliae typo) atrocibus injecit, quatenus Sanctorum contemptores tam in ipsis quam in omnibus posteris suis, debita poena redargueret, qui vitae mandata repulissent. Fama est, illos effulminandos, prominentes marinorum piscium caudas Sanctis appendisse; et illis quidem gloriam sempiternam peperisse, in se vero ignominiam perennem retorsisse, ut hoc dedecus degeneranti generi, non innocenti et generosae imputetur patriae" (Bollandists, Acta Sanctorum, vol. for May, p. 375).
344
"Aggrediuntur ergo virum et sotios furiatis mentibus incolae, et magnis dehonestatum injuriis, ita ut etiam caudas racharum vestibus ejus affigerent, impellunt, propellunt, expellunt. Patienter ille et modeste gaudensque pro nomine Jhesu contumeliam tulit, et, ne magis miserorum irritaret insaniam, excusso pedum in eos pulvere, longe quasi miliariis tribus recessit."
– De Gestis Pontificum, lib. ii, § 84.345
Sains Augustins les sermonaEt la loi Deu lor preeça.Cil furent de male natureQue de lor sermon n'orent qure.La ou li sains lor sermonoitEt la loi Deu lor anonçoit,A ses dras de tries lor pendoientKeues de raies qu'il avoient;Od les keues l'on envoiérentEt bien longement le cachiérent.Et il proia nostre signorQue d'icele grant deshonorEt de cele grant avilanceAit en ax s'ire et demostrance.Et il si orent voirementEt aront pardurablement,Car trestot cil qui l'escarnirentEt qui les keues li pendirentFurent coë et coës orent,Ne onques puis perdre ne's porent.Tot cil ont puis esté coé,Qui furent de tel parenté;Keues ont de tries en la car,En ramanbrance de l'escarQu'il firent al Deu amiQui des keues l'orent laidi.– Wace, Brut, ll. 14165 et seq., B. M. copy, vol. ii, p. 251.346
The obnoxious tail appears to have been passed on to Cornwall. In his Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, Mr. Baring Gould states that, as a child, he firmly believed, on the authority of his nurse, that all Cornishmen were born with tails. It required the solemn assurance of a native to convince him of the contrary.
347
Lines 29,544 et seq.
348
Early English Text Society, Part I, p. 97.
349
Lines 15,193-15,212.
350
Printed by Wright in his Reliquiae Antiquae.
351
"Cumque de civitate in civitatem praedicando transiret, contigit ut in civitate quae Roucestria dicitur semel praedicaret. Ipso autem praedicante, concives civitatis accesserunt, et verba ejus mendacia reputantes, multa ei obprobria intulerunt. Post multorum vere obprobriorum angustiam, caudas porcorum et vaccarum fimbreis vestimentorum ejus alligantes, in faciemque ejus conspuentes, ipsum de civitate ejicerunt."
352
"Volens igitur Deus de obprobrio sibi servoque suo illato vindictam assumere, instituit ut omnes qui ex tunc in civitate Roucestriae nascerentur caudas ad modum porcorum haberent… Non tamen potuit auferri quin caudas haberent; ex tunc enim et adhuc et in aeternum existent caudati… Quod autem univoce homines non sunt, ex quo caudas habent manifestum est… Cum igitur caudas habent, contigit ut cum irascuntur caudas erigunt, quapropter cum irascuntur sedere nequeunt."
353
I' nol vidi, ma tanto mi fu novaCosa ad udir, e per tutti si avvera,Che di notar, come l'udii, mi giova,Che fra le altre una isoletta v'era,Dove con coda la gente vi nasceCorta, qual l'ha un cervo o simil fera.– Lib. iv, cap. 23.354
Quoted by Godefroy, Dictionnaire de l'ancienne langue française, from Boccace, Nobles malh., vi, 9, f. 153, ed. 1515.
355
The Lyf of Saynt Austyn, Golden Legende, clxxxiiii, ed. 1483.
356
"Cum apud occidentales Saxones, in pago Dorsetensi, beatus Augustinus verbum vitae gentilibus praedicaret, venit in vicum quendam, ubi eum nemo suscipere vel ejus praedicationem audire voluit. Sed cùm in omnibus ei rebelles existerent, et cunctis quae ab eo dicebantur contradicerent, et omnia sinistrâ interpretatione obnubilare conarentur, quod dictu nefandum est, caudas piscium in ejus vestibus suere et supendere non timuerunt. Sed quod ipsi in Sancti patris injuriam facere crediderunt, sibi et suis posteris in dedecus sempiternum, et innocenti patriae verterunt in opprobrium. Nam percussit eos in posteriora, opprobrium sempiternum dans illis, ita ut in partibus pudendis, tam in ipsis quàm eorum successoribus, similes caudae nascerentur. Vocatur autem hujusmodi cauda ab indigenis patriâ linguâ Mughel; unde et villa, in qua beato Augustino hujusmodi irrogata est injuria, nomen sortita est Muglington, id est villa Muglingorum, usque in praesentem diem. Fertur etiam quòd, eorum exemplo, in provincia Merciorum, in villa quae Thamewyth dicitur, beato viro ab incolis loci simile dedecus factum fuerit; sed non impune: quia tam ipsi quam eorum posteri, sicut omnibus notum est, pari poena et opprobrio verecundati sunt. Simile postea accidit tempore exilii beati Thomae primatis Angliae, quod ad ejus opprobrium, ut aestimabant, sed mentita est iniquitas sibi, illi de Rocestria deturpaverunt et absciderunt caudam caballi ejus; unde et posteri eorum illic nati inventi sunt caudati." —Joannis Forduni Scotichronicon cum Supplementis et Continuatione Walteri Boweri, lib. ix, cap. 32; ed. Edin., 1747.