Грамматика английского языка для ЕГЭ по темам кодификатора. Полный курс с объяснениями, примерами и упражнениями
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priority – приоритет
decision-making – принятие решений
to confirm information – подтверждать информацию
misunderstanding – недоразумение
effective – эффективный
traditional lessons – традиционные уроки
online courses – онлайн-курсы
everyday communication – повседневное общение
to avoid mistakes – избегать ошибок
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct option.
Do you prefer studying in the morning ___ in the evening?
a) but
b) or
c) and
She is preparing for the exam, ___ she?
a) is
b) isn’t
c) doesn’t
They do not like group work, ___ they?
a) do
b) don’t
c) do not
Is the test difficult ___ easy?
a) or
b) but
c) so
He has finished the task, ___ he?
a) hasn’t
b) doesn’t
c) isn’t
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is an alternative question?
a) Do you like English?
b) Why do you like English?
c) Do you like English or history?
Which sentence has a correct tag question?
a) She studies hard, doesn’t she?
b) She studies hard, isn’t she?
c) She studies hard, didn’t she?
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
Do you prefer studying at home or at school? Why?
Is it easier for you to study alone or with friends?
What activities do you usually choose in your free time?
Online lessons are useful, aren’t they? Why do you think so?
Exams are stressful, aren’t they? How do you deal with stress?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
b
b
a
a
a
Exercise 2
c
a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I prefer studying at home because it is quieter and more comfortable. I can focus better on my tasks.
It is easier for me to study with friends because we can help each other. This makes learning more effective.
I usually choose activities such as watching videos or listening to music. These activities help me relax.
Yes, online lessons are useful because they save time and give access to many resources. They are especially helpful when studying at home.
Yes, exams are stressful, but I try to manage stress by planning my time. Regular practice helps me feel more confident.
Memory Tips
Если в вопросе есть or с выбором – это альтернативный вопрос.
В разделительных вопросах хвостик всегда противоположен основной части.
Повтори вспомогательный глагол из предложения – и ошибка исчезнет.
Imperative Sentences: Affirmative and Negative Forms
Grammar Focus
Побудительные предложения (imperative sentences) используются для выражения приказов, инструкций, просьб, советов и предупреждений. В английском языке они широко применяются в учебных текстах, правилах и заданиях экзаменационного формата.
1. Affirmative Imperatives (Утвердительные побудительные предложения)
Утвердительная форма образуется с помощью глагола в начальной форме без подлежащего.
Open the book on page ten. – Открой книгу на странице десять.
Follow the instructions carefully. – Следуй инструкциям внимательно.
Подлежащее you подразумевается, но не используется.
2. Negative Imperatives (Отрицательные побудительные предложения)
Отрицательная форма образуется с помощью do not / don’t + инфинитив.
Do not forget to check your answers. – Не забудь проверить ответы.
Don’t use your phone during the test. – Не используй телефон во время теста.
3. Imperatives with «Let’s»
Форма Let’s + infinitive используется для предложений и совместных действий.
Let’s start the lesson. – Давайте начнём урок.
Let’s not waste time. – Давайте не будем тратить время.
Usage Tips
В побудительных предложениях нет подлежащего.
Отрицание всегда образуется с помощью do not.
Imperatives часто используются в инструкциях, правилах и заданиях.
Story
Good organization is essential during exam preparation. Teachers often give clear instructions to help students work effectively. They remind learners to read tasks carefully, manage time wisely, and stay focused during lessons. These short sentences guide students and create a structured learning environment.
At home, students also use imperative sentences when planning their study time. They make notes, create schedules, and set small goals. Simple instructions help them stay disciplined and avoid distractions. When preparation becomes stressful, advice such as taking short breaks or changing activities can make a difference.
Imperative sentences are not only connected with studying. Teenagers hear them in everyday situations from parents, coaches, and teachers. These sentences help people communicate expectations clearly and avoid misunderstandings. When used politely, they support cooperation and mutual respect.
Understanding how imperative sentences work allows students to follow instructions more easily and communicate their own ideas clearly. This skill is useful not only during exams but also in daily life, where clear guidance often leads to better results.
Useful Words and Expressions
exam preparation – подготовка к экзаменам
clear instructions – чёткие инструкции
to manage time – управлять временем
to stay focused – сохранять концентрацию
learning environment – учебная среда
to plan study time – планировать время для учёбы
to set goals – ставить цели
to avoid distractions – избегать отвлекающих факторов
to take a break – делать перерыв
advice – совет
cooperation – сотрудничество
mutual respect – взаимное уважение
to communicate expectations – сообщать ожидания
daily life – повседневная жизнь
to follow instructions – следовать инструкциям
effective results – эффективные результаты
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct form.
___ your answers before you finish the test.
a) Check
b) Checks
c) Checking
___ use your phone during the lesson.
a) Do not
b) Does not
c) Not
___ waste time on unnecessary details.
a) Not
b) Do not
c) Does not
Let’s ___ the task together.
a) to start
b) starting
c) start
___ carefully before choosing the answer.
a) Read
b) Reads
c) Reading
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is an imperative?
a) You read the text carefully.
b) Read the text carefully.
c) Are you reading the text carefully?
Which sentence is a negative imperative?
a) Do not forget your homework.
b) You do not forget your homework.
c) Forget your homework.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What instructions do teachers usually give before a test?
What helps you stay focused while studying?
Do you usually plan your study time in advance? Why or why not?
What advice would you give to a student before an important exam?
What daily habits help you achieve better results at school?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
a
a
b
c
a
Exercise 2
b
a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
Teachers usually tell students to read the tasks carefully and manage their time well. These instructions help avoid mistakes.
A quiet place and short breaks help me stay focused while studying. This improves my concentration.
Yes, I usually plan my study time in advance because it helps me organize tasks better. Planning reduces stress.
I would advise a student to stay calm and revise key topics regularly. This approach increases confidence.
Regular study and enough rest help me achieve better results at school. Good habits make learning more effective.
Memory Tips
Если предложение начинается с глагола – это побудительное предложение.
Для отрицания всегда используй do not.
Imperatives часто встречаются в заданиях-инструкциях – тренируй распознавание формы.
Simple Sentences: Extended and Unextended Forms
Grammar Focus
Простое предложение (simple sentence) содержит одну грамматическую основу – подлежащее и сказуемое. В английском языке простые предложения делятся на нераспространённые и распространённые, в зависимости от наличия второстепенных членов предложения.
1. Unextended Simple Sentences (Нераспространённые простые предложения)
Нераспространённые предложения состоят только из подлежащего и сказуемого.
Students learn. – Ученики учатся.
The test started. – Тест начался.
Такие предложения краткие и используются для передачи основной информации без деталей.
2. Extended Simple Sentences (Распространённые простые предложения)
Распространённые предложения включают дополнения, определения и обстоятельства, которые уточняют смысл.
Students learn English at school. – Ученики изучают английский в школе.
The test started early in the morning. – Тест начался рано утром.
Несмотря на наличие дополнительных элементов, предложение остаётся простым, так как содержит только одну грамматическую основу.
Usage Tips
Наличие нескольких второстепенных членов не делает предложение сложным.
Чтобы определить тип предложения, нужно найти количество грамматических основ.
Обстоятельства времени и места часто расширяют предложение, но не меняют его тип.
Story
Clear communication often starts with simple sentences. In everyday life, people use short statements to share basic information. These sentences help listeners understand the main idea quickly and without confusion. For example, a student may say that lessons begin early or that homework is difficult.
However, extended sentences are also important because they provide details. When students describe their school day, they usually add information about time, place, and reasons. These details help others understand the situation better. A sentence becomes richer and more informative when additional elements are included.
During exam preparation, students learn how to use both types effectively. Short sentences are useful for giving facts, while extended sentences help explain ideas more clearly. This balance allows learners to express thoughts accurately and logically.
Understanding the difference between unextended and extended simple sentences helps students improve writing skills. It also makes texts more structured and easier to follow. This knowledge is valuable for exams, where clear and correct sentence structure plays an important role.
Useful Words and Expressions
simple sentence – простое предложение
grammatical base – грамматическая основа
unextended sentence – нераспространённое предложение
extended sentence – распространённое предложение
secondary parts – второстепенные члены предложения
additional details – дополнительные детали
to clarify meaning – уточнять значение
everyday life – повседневная жизнь
main idea – основная мысль
to provide information – предоставлять информацию
to describe a situation – описывать ситуацию
exam preparation – подготовка к экзаменам
writing skills – навыки письма
logical structure – логическая структура
accurate expression – точное выражение мысли
Exercises
Exercise 1. Identify the type of sentence.
The lesson started.
The lesson started at nine o’clock.
Students work.
Students work together in groups.
The teacher explained the rule clearly.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct option.
Which sentence is unextended?
a) Students read books at home.
b) Students read.
c) Students read English books.
Which sentence is extended?
a) The test ended.
b) The test ended early.
c) The test ended.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
How do you usually describe your school day?
What details do you add when you talk about your studies?
Do you prefer short or detailed explanations? Why?
What helps you make your speech clearer?
When do you need to give more detailed information?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
Unextended simple sentence
Extended simple sentence
Unextended simple sentence
Extended simple sentence
Extended simple sentence
Exercise 2
b
b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I usually describe my school day by mentioning lessons and homework. I sometimes add details about my mood.
I add details about subjects, teachers, and deadlines when I talk about my studies. This makes my explanation clearer.
I prefer detailed explanations because they help me understand ideas better. Details reduce confusion.
Clear structure and relevant details help me make my speech clearer. Simple sentences are also useful.
I need to give more detailed information when I explain a problem or share an experience. This helps others understand me better.
Memory Tips
Считай грамматические основы, а не слова.
Много обстоятельств ≠ сложное предложение.
Если основа одна – предложение простое.
The Order of Adverbials in a Sentence
Grammar Focus
Обстоятельства (adverbials) добавляют к предложению информацию о времени, месте, образе действия и степени. В английском языке важно соблюдать правильный порядок обстоятельств, особенно в распространённых простых предложениях.
1. Common Types of Adverbials
Manner (How?) – как выполняется действие
Place (Where?) – где происходит действие
Time (When?) – когда происходит действие
Frequency (How often?) – как часто происходит действие
Degree / Purpose (To what extent / Why?) – степень или цель
2. Standard Order of Adverbials
В распространённом простом предложении обстоятельства обычно следуют в следующем порядке:
Manner → Place → Time
She studies carefully at home every evening. – Она учится внимательно дома каждый вечер.
They played football enthusiastically in the park yesterday. – Они играли в футбол с энтузиазмом в парке вчера.
Если предложение короткое, порядок может быть гибким, но для письменной речи и ЕГЭ рекомендуется придерживаться стандартного порядка.
3. Frequency Adverbs
Наречия частоты обычно ставятся перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be:
I usually do my homework in the evening. – Я обычно делаю домашнюю работу вечером.
She is always attentive in class. – Она всегда внимательна на уроке.
Usage Tips
Сначала образ действия (how), затем место (where) и время (when).
Наречия частоты обычно перед основным глаголом, но после глагола to be.
Нарушение порядка обстоятельств может сделать предложение неестественным.
Story
Anna always plans her study schedule carefully. She usually starts with the most difficult subjects in the morning, at home, before breakfast. Then she goes to school and participates actively in lessons. After school, she studies additional materials quietly in the library. On weekends, she revises lessons thoroughly at her friend’s house.
Sometimes Anna changes the order of her activities depending on tests or deadlines. However, she tries to follow her usual routine because it helps her remember new information better. Her friends often ask her how she manages to study so effectively. Anna explains that the key is to plan carefully, study regularly, and organize time wisely.
Understanding the order of adverbials also helps Anna write clear sentences for assignments. Teachers notice that her essays are well-structured and easy to read. Learning the proper placement of adverbials improves both speaking and writing skills. By following a logical order, students can make their sentences more natural and informative.
Useful Words and Expressions
study schedule – расписание занятий
plan carefully – планировать внимательно
difficult subjects – сложные предметы
in the morning – утром
at home – дома
before breakfast – до завтрака
participate actively – участвовать активно
additional materials – дополнительные материалы
quietly – тихо
thoroughly – тщательно
depending on – в зависимости от
usual routine – обычная рутина
remember information – запоминать информацию
assignments – задания
well-structured – хорошо структурированный
natural sentences – естественные предложения
Exercises
Exercise 1. Put adverbials in the correct order.
(carefully / at school / every day) – She studies…
(in the morning / quickly / at home) – I do my homework…
(thoroughly / in the library / after school) – They revise lessons…
(actively / during lessons / usually) – Students participate…
(quietly / on weekends / at her friend’s house) – Anna studies…
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence.
a) She studies every day at home carefully.
b) She studies carefully at home every day.
a) I usually go to school in the morning quickly.
b) I usually go to school quickly in the morning.
a) They revise thoroughly lessons after school.
b) They revise lessons thoroughly after school.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
How do you usually organize your study time?
Where do you like to study most? Why?
When do you usually do homework?
How do you prepare for tests?
What helps you remember information better?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
She studies carefully at school every day.
I do my homework quickly in the morning at home.
They revise lessons thoroughly in the library after school.
Students usually participate actively during lessons.
Anna studies quietly at her friend’s house on weekends.
Exercise 2
b
b
b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I usually organize my study time by making a schedule for each subject. This helps me stay focused.
I like to study at home because it is quiet and comfortable. I can concentrate better there.
I usually do homework in the evening after school. This time is free from distractions.
I prepare for tests by reviewing notes and practicing tasks. Regular practice improves my results.
Writing summaries and repeating information helps me remember it better. Practice and repetition are key.
Memory Tips
Порядок для обычного предложения: How → Where → When.
Наречия частоты – перед глаголом (кроме to be).
Соблюдай порядок, чтобы предложения звучали естественно и ясно.
Sentences with the Formal Subject «It»
Grammar Focus
В английском языке иногда используют формальное подлежащее «It» для того, чтобы сделать предложение более естественным и плавным. Обычно оно появляется, когда реальное подлежащее слишком длинное или находится позже в предложении.
1. It + be + adjective / noun + to-infinitive
Используется, чтобы подчеркнуть, что что-то важно, легко, трудно, полезно и т. д. выполнить:
It is important to study every day. – Важно заниматься каждый день.
It is difficult to finish the homework on time. – Сложно закончить домашнее задание вовремя.
2. It + takes / took + person + time + to-infinitive
Используется для указания сколько времени занимает действие:
It takes me 30 minutes to do my homework. – У меня занимает 30 минут, чтобы сделать домашнее задание.
It took them two hours to prepare for the test. – У них ушло два часа на подготовку к тесту.
3. It + seems / appears / looks / feels + adjective
Используется для выражения впечатлений, мнений, оценок:
It seems difficult to understand the topic. – Кажется, что тему трудно понять.
It feels good to finish tasks on time. – Приятно заканчивать задания вовремя.
Usage Tips
Формальное It не имеет конкретного значения – оно заменяет длинное подлежащее.
Реальное подлежащее чаще всего инфинитив или придаточное предложение.
Используйте их для плавного выражения мыслей и описания действий.
Story
Last week, our school organized a special event for students. It was important to prepare the classroom carefully, so everything looked neat and welcoming. It took the teachers and students several hours to decorate the room and set up all the materials for the lesson. Everyone was excited because this event helped students understand the topic better.
During the preparation, it seemed that organizing everything was a difficult task. It felt tiring at times, but everyone enjoyed the process. Many students realized that teamwork is effective when everyone participates actively. It is rewarding to see the results of your efforts, especially when the classroom looks beautiful and ready for the lesson.
After the event, teachers said that it was helpful to involve students in preparation, as it motivated them and made them responsible. Some students shared that it seemed easy to work in a team, even though they expected it to be difficult. Everyone learned that planning, cooperation, and careful work bring good results.
Useful Words and Expressions
formal subject – формальное подлежащее
to study every day – заниматься каждый день
to finish homework – закончить домашнее задание
on time – вовремя
difficult – сложно
important – важно
takes time – занимать время
to prepare – готовить
to decorate – украшать
materials – материалы
exciting – захватывающий
effective – эффективный
teamwork – работа в команде
active participation – активное участие
rewarding – полезно, приятно
to motivate – мотивировать
responsible – ответственный
Exercises
Exercise 1. Complete the sentences using «It» constructions.
___ important to review notes before the test.
___ takes me 20 minutes to do exercises.
___ seems difficult to understand this rule.
___ felt great to finish the project on time.
___ is helpful to work in a group.
Exercise 2. Choose the correct sentence.
a) It takes me to write an essay one hour.
b) It takes me one hour to write an essay.
a) It seems easy to solve this task.
b) It easy seems to solve this task.
a) It is important doing homework regularly.
b) It is important to do homework regularly.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What is important for you when preparing for a test?
How long does it usually take you to do homework?