Грамматика английского языка для старших классов. Системный курс с примерами и практикой

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© Айви Вордс, 2026
ISBN 978-5-0069-2141-2
Создано в интеллектуальной издательской системе Ridero
Предисловие
Дорогие читатели,
Я рада представить вам эту книгу – комплексное пособие по грамматике английского языка для старших классов. Моей целью было создать материал, который не только объясняет правила, но и помогает использовать их в реальной речи.
Изучение грамматики часто воспринимается как скучное повторение правил, однако знание структур языка – это ключ к уверенной и правильной коммуникации. В этой книге каждая глава построена так, чтобы сочетать теорию, примеры, историю на английском языке и практические упражнения. Такой подход позволяет закреплять знания постепенно, видеть их применение в повседневных ситуациях и развивать навыки письма и говорения одновременно.
Особое внимание уделено повторению и систематизации материала. Грамматические конструкции представлены в контексте, а полезные слова, выражения и идиомы помогают расширять словарный запас и делать речь более естественной. Я постаралась подобрать темы и примеры, которые будут интересны современным подросткам, и которые помогут легко запомнить основные правила.
Эта книга предназначена для самостоятельного изучения, а также может быть использована как вспомогательный материал для занятий в классе. Я надеюсь, что она станет вашим надежным помощником на пути к свободному владению английским языком. Помните, что грамматика – это не набор сложных правил, а инструмент для общения, творчества и уверенности в языке.
Желаю вам успехов, терпения и удовольствия от изучения английского!
Parts of Speech in English
Grammar Focus
В английском языке слова делятся на части речи в зависимости от их функции в предложении. Знание частей речи помогает правильно строить предложения, понимать тексты и избегать типичных грамматических ошибок, особенно в заданиях ОГЭ и ЕГЭ.
Основные части речи в английском языке:
Noun (существительное) – называет людей, предметы, места, идеи.
student – ученик, city – город
Verb (глагол) – обозначает действие или состояние.
study – учиться, be – быть
Adjective (прилагательное) – описывает существительное.
interesting – интересный
Adverb (наречие) – описывает глагол, прилагательное или другое наречие.
quickly – быстро
Pronoun (местоимение) – заменяет существительное.
he – он, they – они
Preposition (предлог) – показывает связь между словами.
in – в, on – на
Conjunction (союз) – соединяет слова или части предложения.
and – и, because – потому что
Article (артикль) – используется перед существительными.
a, an, the
Примеры:
The student reads carefully. – Ученик читает внимательно.
She is very confident today. – Сегодня она очень уверена.
Советы для школьников:
Определяй часть речи по функции слова в предложении, а не по переводу.
Обращай внимание на типичные суффиксы (-ly, -tion, -ment).
Story
English is a flexible and logical language, but it becomes clear only when students understand how words work together. Every morning, a senior student opens a textbook and sees familiar words, but each of them has a specific role. A noun names an idea, a verb shows an action, and an adjective adds detail. Without these parts of speech, communication would be impossible.
During lessons, students often notice that the same word can belong to different parts of speech. For example, a word may describe a person in one sentence and an action in another. This makes English both challenging and interesting. A careful learner pays attention to position and meaning, not only to form.
At home, the student reads articles, watches videos, and writes short texts. Step by step, grammar becomes more natural. Prepositions help connect ideas, conjunctions organize thoughts, and adverbs explain how actions happen. Articles may seem small, but they play an important role in meaning.
With practice, the language stops being a list of rules. It turns into a system where every word has its place. Understanding parts of speech gives students confidence and helps them express ideas clearly in real-life situations and exams.
Useful Words and Expressions
part of speech – часть речи
function – функция
role – роль
meaning – значение
position – позиция
action – действие
description – описание
detail – деталь
communication – общение
learner – учащийся
careful – внимательный
connect ideas – связывать идеи
organize thoughts – упорядочивать мысли
step by step – шаг за шагом
confident – уверенный
real-life situations – реальные жизненные ситуации
Exercises
Exercise 1. Match the words with their parts of speech.
quickly
student
and
interesting
they
a) adjective
b) noun
c) conjunction
d) pronoun
e) adverb
Exercise 2. Choose the correct answer.
Which part of speech describes a noun?
a) Verb
b) Adjective
c) Preposition
Which word is a conjunction?
a) because
b) very
c) book
Which sentence contains an adverb?
a) She reads books.
b) He is a student.
c) They work carefully.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
Why is it important to understand parts of speech when learning English?
How do parts of speech help you in reading English texts?
Which part of speech is the most difficult for you and why?
How can knowing parts of speech help you in exams?
How often do you pay attention to word position in a sentence?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1 – e
2 – b
3 – c
4 – a
5 – d
Exercise 2
1 – b
2 – a
3 – c
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
Understanding parts of speech is important because it helps me see how words function in a sentence and build correct structures. It also reduces grammar mistakes.
Parts of speech help me understand the meaning of sentences faster. I can identify key words and their roles in the text.
The most difficult part of speech for me is the article. It is challenging because articles do not exist in my native language.
Knowing parts of speech helps me complete grammar tasks correctly in exams. It allows me to choose the right word form.
I usually pay attention to word position when I read or write in English. It helps me understand the sentence structure better.
Mini Tips
Учите новые слова сразу с указанием части речи.
Подчёркивайте в текстах существительные, глаголы и прилагательные разными цветами.
При выполнении заданий сначала определите часть речи, а затем выбирайте форму слова.
Sentence Structure: Statements, Questions, Negatives
Grammar Focus
В английском языке порядок слов в предложении играет ключевую роль. В отличие от русского, английский язык имеет фиксированную структуру предложения, и изменение порядка слов может изменить смысл или сделать предложение неправильным.
1. Statements (утвердительные предложения)
Базовый порядок слов:
Subject + Verb + Object
She reads books every day. – Она читает книги каждый день.
They live in a small town. – Они живут в маленьком городе.
2. Questions (вопросительные предложения)
В большинстве случаев используется вспомогательный глагол:
Auxiliary verb + Subject + Main verb
Do you like English? – Тебе нравится английский?
Is he at home now? – Он сейчас дома?
Вопросительные слова (what, where, why, how) ставятся в начале предложения:
Where do you live? – Где ты живёшь?
3. Negatives (отрицательные предложения)
Отрицание образуется с помощью not:
Subject + Auxiliary verb + not + Main verb
She does not understand the rule. – Она не понимает правило.
They are not ready. – Они не готовы.
Советы для школьников:
В английском предложении всегда есть подлежащее.
В вопросах и отрицаниях важно определить вспомогательный глагол.
Не переносите порядок слов в русском языке напрямую в английский.
Story
Every language has its own logic, and English sentence structure follows clear rules. A student who understands this logic feels more confident while reading and writing. In a simple statement, the subject comes first, followed by the verb. This structure makes ideas easy to follow.
When the student wants to ask a question, the sentence changes its form. An auxiliary verb moves to the beginning, and the word order becomes different. At first, this change seems unusual, but with time it feels natural. Questions help people get information, show interest, and keep communication active.
Negatives also follow a clear pattern. The word «not» appears after the auxiliary verb and changes the meaning of the sentence completely. A small word can turn a positive idea into a negative one.
During everyday activities, the student notices these structures everywhere. Short messages, articles, and videos all use the same basic patterns. Step by step, the learner stops translating from the native language and starts thinking in English. Understanding statements, questions, and negatives helps build clear sentences and express thoughts accurately in daily situations.
Useful Words and Expressions
sentence structure – структура предложения
word order – порядок слов
statement – утвердительное предложение
question – вопрос
negative – отрицание
subject – подлежащее
auxiliary verb – вспомогательный глагол
main verb – основной глагол
follow rules – следовать правилам
change meaning – менять значение
ask for information – спрашивать информацию
everyday activities – повседневные занятия
feel confident – чувствовать уверенность
express thoughts – выражать мысли
step by step – шаг за шагом
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct sentence.
a) Likes she music.
b) She likes music.
a) Do you understand this rule?
b) Understand you this rule?
a) They not are ready.
b) They are not ready.
Exercise 2. Multiple choice.
Which sentence is a question?
a) She works at home.
b) Does she work at home?
c) She does work at home.
Where is the word not placed in a negative sentence?
a) Before the subject
b) After the auxiliary verb
c) At the end of the sentence
Which sentence has correct word order?
a) Always he is late.
b) He is always late.
c) Is always he late.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
How does English word order help you understand sentences?
When do you usually ask questions in English?
Why are auxiliary verbs important in questions?
How do negative sentences change the meaning of ideas?
How often do you check word order when you write in English?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1 – b
2 – a
3 – b
Exercise 2
1 – b
2 – b
3 – b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
English word order helps me understand who does the action and what happens in the sentence. It makes ideas clear and logical.
I usually ask questions when I want to get information or clarify details. Questions help me continue communication.
Auxiliary verbs are important because they help form correct questions. Without them, the sentence structure would be incorrect.
Negative sentences change the meaning by showing that an action does not happen. They help express disagreement or absence of action.
I often check word order when I write in English. It helps me avoid mistakes and sound more natural.
Mini Tips
Запоминай базовую модель: Subject + Verb + Object.
В вопросах сначала ищи вспомогательный глагол.
Проверяй отрицательные предложения: одного not достаточно.
There Is / There Are
Grammar Focus
Конструкция there is / there are используется, чтобы сказать, что что-то существует или находится в каком-то месте. Она помогает вводить новую информацию и часто используется в описаниях комнат, городов, мест и ситуаций.
Форма и употребление
There is – с существительными в единственном числе и с неисчисляемыми существительными.
There are – с существительными во множественном числе.
Примеры:
There is a book on the table. – На столе есть книга.
There is some water in the bottle. – В бутылке есть немного воды.
There are two windows in the room. – В комнате есть два окна.
Вопросы и отрицания
Is there …? / Are there …?
Is there a problem? – Есть проблема?
Are there any students here? – Здесь есть ученики?
There is not / There are not
There is not enough time. – Недостаточно времени.
There are not any mistakes. – Ошибок нет.
Советы для школьников:
После there is / there are важно смотреть на существительное, а не на обстоятельство места.
В отрицаниях и вопросах часто используются слова any и much / many.
Не путайте there is с it is: первое говорит о наличии, второе – о конкретном предмете.
Story
There is a quiet street near the city center where many students like to spend their free time. There are small cafés, bookshops, and comfortable places to sit and relax. In the morning, there is usually fresh air and very little noise.
In one of the cafés, there is a large window with a view of the street. There are people reading, working, or simply watching others pass by. On the tables, there are notebooks, cups of coffee, and phones. There is always something interesting to notice.
In the afternoon, there are more visitors. There is music in the background, and there are friendly faces everywhere. For many students, this place feels safe and familiar. There is no pressure, and there are no strict rules.
By the evening, there are fewer people, but there is still a calm atmosphere. There are soft lights, and there is time to think and plan. For students who enjoy peaceful places, there is nothing better than this street and its simple rhythm of life.
Useful Words and Expressions
there is / there are – есть, имеется
quiet street – тихая улица
city center – центр города
free time – свободное время
fresh air – свежий воздух
noise – шум
café – кафе
view – вид
pass by – проходить мимо
in the background – на фоне
familiar – знакомый
atmosphere – атмосфера
pressure – давление
peaceful – спокойный
rhythm of life – ритм жизни
notice – замечать
Exercises
Exercise 1. Choose the correct option.
There ___ a book on the desk.
a) are
b) is
There ___ many students in the room.
a) is
b) are
There ___ any milk in the fridge.
a) isn’t
b) aren’t
___ there any questions?
a) Is
b) Are
Exercise 2. Multiple choice.
Which sentence is correct?
a) There is two windows in the room.
b) There are two windows in the room.
c) There have two windows in the room.
When do we use there is?
a) With plural nouns
b) With singular and uncountable nouns
c) With all nouns
Which sentence shows absence?
a) There is a problem.
b) There are many ideas.
c) There is no time.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What places are there near your home?
Is there a place where you like to relax? Why?
Are there any quiet places you visit regularly?
What is there on your desk right now?
Are there any places you would like to visit in your city?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1 – b
2 – b
3 – a
4 – b
Exercise 2
1 – b
2 – b
3 – c
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
There are several shops and a small park near my home. There is also a bus stop close to my building.
Yes, there is a quiet park where I like to relax. There is fresh air, and there are not many people there.
Yes, there are a few quiet places that I visit regularly. There is a small café where I feel comfortable.
There is a laptop and a notebook on my desk. There are also a few pens next to them.
Yes, there are some places I would like to visit in my city. There is a museum that seems very interesting.
Mini Tips
Сначала смотри на существительное после there.
Используй there is / there are для описаний и введения новой информации.
В одном абзаце старайся повторять конструкцию – так она лучше запоминается.
Present Simple: Facts and Habits
Grammar Focus
Present Simple используется для выражения фактов, привычек и регулярных действий. Это самая базовая форма глагола для описания того, что происходит обычно или всегда.
Структура утвердительных предложений
Subject + base verb (+ -s / -es для he, she, it)
I read every day. – Я читаю каждый день.
She plays the piano well. – Она хорошо играет на пианино.
Правила:
Для 3-го лица единственного числа (he, she, it) добавляем -s или -es:
he watches TV, she studies English.
С глаголами, оканчивающимися на -o, -ch, -sh, -ss, -x, добавляем -es.
Вопросы и отрицания
Do / Does + Subject + Base Verb
Do you like coffee? – Ты любишь кофе?
Does he play football? – Он играет в футбол?
Отрицания:
I do not (don’t) eat meat. – Я не ем мясо.
She does not (doesn’t) watch TV in the morning. – Она не смотрит телевизор утром.
Советы для школьников:
Запоминай, что 3-е лицо требует -s / -es – это самая частая ошибка.
Используй Present Simple для привычек, повторяющихся действий и общих фактов.
В вопросах и отрицаниях всегда нужен вспомогательный глагол do / does.
Story
Every morning, a student wakes up at six o’clock. He brushes his teeth, washes his face, and makes breakfast. He always drinks a cup of tea before leaving the house. At school, he studies English, mathematics, and science. Every lesson begins with a short review of yesterday’s material.
The student plays football after school. He usually practices with his friends twice a week. On weekends, he visits his grandparents and helps them in the garden. His mother always prepares a meal on Sunday, and the family eats together.
In the evenings, the student reads books or watches short educational videos. He does not watch TV for a long time. His routine is simple but productive. He believes that small daily habits bring good results. Each day, he learns something new, and every evening, he checks his homework carefully.
Through these simple actions, the student develops discipline. The Present Simple tense is useful because it describes these facts clearly. Everyone can understand what usually happens in his life.
Useful Words and Expressions
routine – распорядок
habit – привычка
every day – каждый день
usually – обычно
sometimes – иногда
always – всегда
after school – после школы
in the evening – вечером
make breakfast – готовить завтрак
brush teeth – чистить зубы
wash face – умываться
practice sports – заниматься спортом
productive – продуктивный
small actions – маленькие действия
review material – повторять материал
check homework – проверять домашнее задание
believe – верить
learn something new – изучать что-то новое
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb.
She ___ (play) the piano every day.
I ___ (not / watch) TV in the morning.
He ___ (study) English at school.
They ___ (go) to the park on weekends.
My mother ___ (cook) dinner on Sundays.
Exercise 2. Multiple choice.
Which sentence is correct?
a) He play football every week.
b) He plays football every week.
c) He playing football every week.
How do we form a question for «she reads books»?
a) She does reads books?
b) Does she read books?
c) Does she reads books?
Which word shows habit?
a) yesterday
b) always
c) now
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What is your daily routine?
Which habits do you do every day?
How often do you read or study English?
Who helps you at home, and what do they do?
What small actions do you think are important for a productive day?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1 – plays
2 – do not (don’t) watch
3 – studies
4 – go
5 – cooks
Exercise 2
1 – b
2 – b
3 – b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
My daily routine includes waking up at seven, having breakfast, and going to school. I usually study in the evening.
I always brush my teeth and wash my face every morning. I usually read for 20 minutes before school.
I study English every day, and I read English books several times a week.
My parents help me at home. My mother cooks meals, and my father fixes things if needed.
Small actions like making the bed, doing homework, and planning the day are important for a productive day.
Mini Tips
Для 3-го лица всегда добавляй -s / -es.
Используй do / does в вопросах и отрицаниях.
Опиши свой день простыми фактами – так проще запомнить Present Simple.
Present Continuous: Actions in Progress
Grammar Focus
Present Continuous описывает действия, которые происходят в момент речи, а также временные или развивающиеся процессы. Этот строй часто используется для описания событий «сейчас» и ближайшего будущего.
Структура утвердительных предложений
Subject + am / is / are + Verb-ing
I am reading a book. – Я читаю книгу (сейчас).
She is watching a video. – Она смотрит видео.
They are playing football. – Они играют в футбол.
Правила:
Глагол всегда в форме -ing.
Вспомогательный глагол am / is / are зависит от подлежащего:
I → am
he, she, it → is
we, you, they → are
Вопросы и отрицания
Вопрос: Am / Is / Are + Subject + Verb-ing?
Are you studying now? – Ты сейчас учишься?
Is he working in the garden? – Он работает в саду?
Отрицание: Subject + am / is / are + not + Verb-ing
I am not sleeping. – Я не сплю.



