Грамматика английского языка для старших классов. Системный курс с примерами и практикой

Grammar Focus

Present Simple и Present Continuous часто используются вместе, но выполняют разные функции.

Present Simple описывает регулярные действия, привычки и факты. Оно показывает, что что-то происходит обычно, всегда или часто. Например:

I read books every day. – Я читаю книги каждый день.

She plays football on weekends. – Она играет в футбол по выходным.

Present Continuous описывает действия, происходящие прямо сейчас, или временные процессы. Оно указывает на события, которые не являются постоянными. Например:

I am reading a book now. – Я читаю книгу прямо сейчас.

She is playing football at the park today. – Она играет в футбол сегодня в парке.

Как отличить:

Если действие повторяется или происходит регулярно – Present Simple.

Если действие происходит в момент речи или временно – Present Continuous.

В вопросах и отрицаниях всегда нужно помнить про вспомогательные глаголы: do / does для Present Simple и am / is / are для Present Continuous.

Слова-маркеры помогают определить время:

Present Simple: every day, usually, often, sometimes

Present Continuous: now, at the moment, today

Story

It is a typical weekday morning. A student usually wakes up at seven o’clock. He eats breakfast, brushes his teeth, and leaves for school. Every day, he studies English, mathematics, and science. These activities are part of his regular routine.

However, today is different. He is reading a new book in the living room. His sister is drawing a picture on the table, and their dog is sleeping nearby. Outside, the neighbors are planting flowers in the garden. Normally, these actions happen at different times, but right now, many things are happening simultaneously.

During lessons, the student notices the difference between regular activities and actions in progress. His teacher explains that Present Simple describes habits, while Present Continuous describes current activities. He practices forming questions and negatives for both tenses.

By the evening, he is reflecting on his day. He realizes that combining Present Simple and Present Continuous helps him describe his life clearly. He can talk about routines, temporary events, and what is happening at this very moment. Understanding the difference between these two tenses makes his English more precise and expressive.

Useful Words and Expressions

regular routine – обычный распорядок

habit – привычка

everyday activities – повседневные действия

temporary – временный

at the moment – в данный момент

right now – прямо сейчас

unusual – необычный

different – разный

reflect – размышлять

notice – замечать

describe clearly – описывать ясно

current activities – текущие действия

neighbor – сосед

combine – сочетать

precise – точный

expressive – выразительный

simultaneously – одновременно

normally – обычно

Exercises

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct tense (Present Simple or Present Continuous).

I usually ___ (go) to school at 8 a.m., but today I ___ (walk) because my bus is late.

She ___ (study) English every day.

Listen! The birds ___ (sing) outside.

My parents ___ (work) in the garden every weekend, but today they ___ (rest).

He ___ (play) football now, but usually he ___ (read) books at this time.

Exercise 2. Multiple choice.

Which sentence shows a temporary action?

a) I drink tea every morning.

b) I am drinking tea now.

Which sentence is a habit?

a) She is reading a new book.

b) She reads books every evening.

Choose the correct form:

He usually ___ (watch) TV, but today he ___ (study).

a) watches / is studying

b) watch / studies

c) is watching / studies

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

What do you usually do in the morning?

What are you doing right now?

Do you have any temporary activities today? What are they?

Who in your family has regular habits, and what are they?

How do you know when to use Present Simple or Present Continuous?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

1 – go / am walking

2 – studies

3 – are singing

4 – work / are resting

5 – is playing / reads

Exercise 2

1 – b

2 – b

3 – a

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

I usually wake up at seven, have breakfast, and go to school in the morning.

I am writing and listening to music right now.

Yes, I am attending an online lesson today, which is temporary.

My father has regular habits: he drinks coffee every morning and goes for a walk in the evening.

I look at the context: if it is an everyday habit or fact, I use Present Simple; if it is happening right now or temporarily, I use Present Continuous.

Mini Tips

Обращай внимание на слова-маркеры времени: every day, usually → Present Simple; now, at the moment, today → Present Continuous.

Сравнивай действия: привычка или текущее событие?

Практикуй обе формы вместе, описывая свой день и события прямо сейчас.

Grammar Focus

Past Simple используется для действий, которые завершились в прошлом. Оно описывает события с конкретным временем или прошлые привычки.

Форма утвердительных предложений

Subject + Past Verb

Для правильных глаголов добавляется -ed:

I visited my grandparents yesterday. – Я посетил своих бабушку и дедушку вчера.

She watched a film last night. – Она посмотрела фильм прошлым вечером.

Неправильные глаголы имеют особую форму в Past Simple:

go → went, have → had, see → saw

I went to the park. – Я ходил в парк.

Вопросы и отрицания

Вопрос: Did + Subject + Base Verb

Did you see that movie? – Ты видел тот фильм?

Отрицание: Subject + did not (didn’t) + Base Verb

I did not (didn’t) watch TV yesterday. – Я не смотрел телевизор вчера.

Советы для школьников:

Обязательно используй вспомогательный глагол did в вопросах и отрицаниях.

Для правильных глаголов добавляй -ed, а неправильные глаголы учи наизусть.

Часто встречаются слова-маркеры: yesterday, last week, in 2010, two days ago – они помогают определить Past Simple.

Story

Yesterday, a student had a very busy day. He woke up at seven o’clock and made breakfast for himself. After eating, he went to the park and met his friends. They played football for an hour and then walked around the city center.

In the afternoon, the student visited the library. He borrowed three books and read them quietly in the reading room. Later, he wrote a short story about his weekend. He didn’t feel tired because he enjoyed every activity.

In the evening, the student helped his parents with dinner. He chopped vegetables and set the table. After the meal, he watched a movie with his sister. They laughed and talked about the story in the film.

Before going to bed, he checked his homework and prepared his school bag for the next day. It was a productive day, and he felt satisfied. By reflecting on his day, he remembered all the actions he completed and learned how to use Past Simple to describe them clearly.

Useful Words and Expressions

yesterday – вчера

last night – прошлой ночью

last week – на прошлой неделе

two days ago – два дня назад

wake up – просыпаться

make breakfast – приготовить завтрак

go to the park – идти в парк

meet friends – встречаться с друзьями

play football – играть в футбол

walk around – гулять вокруг

visit the library – посетить библиотеку

borrow books – брать книги

read quietly – читать тихо

write a story – писать рассказ

help parents – помогать родителям

chop vegetables – нарезать овощи

set the table – накрывать на стол

feel tired – чувствовать усталость

productive day – продуктивный день

reflect – размышлять

Exercises

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct past form of the verb.

Yesterday, I ___ (wake) up at 7 a.m.

She ___ (visit) her grandparents last week.

They ___ (play) football in the park.

I ___ (not / watch) TV yesterday.

We ___ (go) to the library and ___ (borrow) some books.

Exercise 2. Multiple choice.

Which sentence is correct?

a) I goed to school yesterday.

b) I went to school yesterday.

How do we form a question in Past Simple?

a) Did + Subject + Base Verb

b) Do + Subject + Base Verb

c) Subject + Verb-ed

Which word shows the action is in the past?

a) today

b) last week

c) now

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

What did you do yesterday?

Did you meet anyone interesting last week?

Did you watch any movies recently? Which ones?

What homework did you do yesterday?

Did you help anyone at home recently? How?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

1 – woke

2 – visited

3 – played

4 – did not (didn’t) watch

5 – went / borrowed

Exercise 2

1 – b

2 – a

3 – b

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Yesterday, I woke up at seven, had breakfast, and went to school. I played football with my friends after classes.

Yes, I met my cousin last week. We walked in the park together.

I watched a new film on Saturday. It was very interesting and funny.

I did my English homework and also solved some math exercises.

Yes, I helped my mother with cooking yesterday. I chopped vegetables and set the table.

Mini Tips

Слова-маркеры помогают определить Past Simple: yesterday, last night, last week, two days ago.

В вопросах и отрицаниях всегда используй вспомогательный глагол did.

Неправильные глаголы нужно учить отдельно, правильные образуются с -ed.

Grammar Focus

Past Continuous используется для описания действий, которые происходили в определённый момент в прошлом. Оно показывает, что действие было в процессе, а не завершено.

Структура утвердительных предложений

Subject + was / were + Verb-ing

I was reading a book at 6 p.m. – Я читал книгу в 6 вечера.

She was watching TV when I called. – Она смотрела телевизор, когда я позвонил.

They were playing football in the park. – Они играли в футбол в парке.

Правила:

Используем was с I, he, she, it и were с we, you, they.

Глагол всегда в форме -ing.

Вопросы и отрицания

Вопрос: Was / Were + Subject + Verb-ing?

Was she studying at 7 p.m.? – Она училась в 7 вечера?

Отрицание: Subject + was / were + not + Verb-ing

I was not (wasn’t) sleeping. – Я не спал.

They were not (weren’t) playing football. – Они не играли в футбол.

Советы для школьников:

Past Continuous часто используется вместе с Past Simple, когда одно действие длилось, а другое произошло внезапно.

Слова-маркеры: at 6 p.m., while, when, yesterday evening.

Всегда добавляй -ing к глаголу и выбирай правильную форму was / were.

Story

Yesterday evening, a student was sitting at his desk and doing homework. His sister was listening to music in her room, and their dog was sleeping on the sofa. Outside, the rain was falling gently, and people were walking home with umbrellas.

While the student was writing a story, his father was cooking dinner in the kitchen. The mother was talking on the phone and making notes at the same time. Suddenly, the telephone rang. The student stopped writing, and his sister turned off the music. His father answered the call, and the dog woke up for a moment, then went back to sleep.

During the evening, many things were happening simultaneously. The student realized that Past Continuous helps describe actions that were in progress at a specific moment in the past. It also allows combining with Past Simple to show that one action interrupted another. By the end of the evening, the student felt satisfied with all the tasks he completed and the moments he observed.

Useful Words and Expressions

at 6 p.m. – в 6 вечера

yesterday evening – вчера вечером

while – в то время как

when – когда

do homework – делать домашнюю работу

sit at a desk – сидеть за столом

listen to music – слушать музыку

sleep – спать

fall gently – падать тихо

walk home – идти домой

cook dinner – готовить ужин

talk on the phone – разговаривать по телефону

make notes – делать заметки

stop writing – перестать писать

turn off music – выключить музыку

wake up – просыпаться

back to sleep – снова заснуть

actions in progress – действия в процессе

interrupted – прерванный

Exercises

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with the correct past continuous form.

I ___ (read) a book at 7 p.m. yesterday.

She ___ (not / watch) TV when I arrived.

They ___ (play) football while it was raining.

My parents ___ (cook) dinner at 6 p.m.

The dog ___ (sleep) on the sofa when the phone rang.

Exercise 2. Multiple choice.

Which sentence is correct?

a) I was play football yesterday evening.

b) I was playing football yesterday evening.

c) I were playing football yesterday evening.

Which word shows an action in progress in the past?

a) yesterday morning

b) while

c) last week

How do we form a negative in Past Continuous?

a) Subject + did not + Verb-ing

b) Subject + was / were + not + Verb-ing

c) Subject + was / were + Verb-ed

Exercise 3. Answer the questions.

What were you doing yesterday evening?

Was anyone in your family doing something interesting while you were busy?

Did something happen while you were doing your homework?

Which actions were happening at the same time in your house yesterday?

How can you combine Past Continuous with Past Simple to describe events?

Answer Key

Exercise 1

1 – was reading

2 – was not (wasn’t) watching

3 – were playing

4 – were cooking

5 – was sleeping

Exercise 2

1 – b

2 – b

3 – b

Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)

Yesterday evening, I was doing my homework and listening to music.

My sister was drawing a picture while I was studying.

Yes, the phone rang while I was writing my essay.

My parents were cooking, my sister was listening to music, and the dog was sleeping.

I can describe one action in progress with Past Continuous and show the action that interrupted it with Past Simple.

Mini Tips

Используй was / were + Verb-ing для действий, происходивших в прошлом в определённый момент.

Часто Past Continuous сочетается с Past Simple: одно действие длится, другое прерывает.

Слова-маркеры: while, when, at 6 p.m., yesterday evening помогают определить правильное время.

Grammar Focus

Past Simple и Past Continuous оба описывают события в прошлом, но имеют разные функции.

Past Simple используется для действий, которые завершились в прошлом. Оно показывает, что событие произошло в конкретный момент времени.

I visited my grandparents yesterday. – Я посетил бабушку и дедушку вчера.

She watched a film last night. – Она посмотрела фильм прошлой ночью.

Past Continuous описывает действия, которые происходили в процессе в прошлом. Оно показывает, что действие длилось в определённый момент и могло быть прервано другим событием.

I was reading a book at 6 p.m. – Я читал книгу в 6 вечера.

She was watching TV when I called. – Она смотрела телевизор, когда я позвонил.

Ключевое различие:

Если событие произошло и завершилось – Past Simple.

Если действие длилось и происходило в момент в прошлом – Past Continuous.

Часто одно действие в Past Continuous прерывается действием в Past Simple:

I was walking home when it started to rain. – Я шёл домой, когда начался дождь.

Слова-маркеры помогают понять, какое время использовать:

Past Simple: yesterday, last week, two days ago

Past Continuous: while, when, at 6 p.m., yesterday evening

Story

Yesterday, a student had an unusual day. In the morning, he visited his grandparents and played board games with them. Later, he went to the park. While he was walking, his sister was riding her bicycle nearby. Suddenly, it started to rain, and he ran home quickly.

At home, his father was cooking dinner when the student arrived. He was chopping vegetables while his mother was setting the table. The dog was sleeping on the sofa, and the cat was playing with a ball of yarn. During the evening, the student did his homework and watched a short video. While he was writing, the telephone rang. He answered the call and talked with his friend.

By the end of the day, the student reflected on all the things that happened. He realized that Past Simple helps describe completed actions, while Past Continuous shows what was in progress. Using both together, he could tell a story clearly, describing routines, interruptions, and simultaneous events in the past.

Useful Words and Expressions

yesterday – вчера

last week – на прошлой неделе

two days ago – два дня назад

while – в то время как

when – когда

at 6 p.m. – в 6 вечера

visit grandparents – посещать бабушку и дедушку

play board games – играть в настольные игры

walk home – идти домой

ride a bicycle – кататься на велосипеде

start to rain – начался дождь

cook dinner – готовить ужин

chop vegetables – нарезать овощи

set the table – накрывать на стол

sleep – спать

play with a ball of yarn – играть с клубком

do homework – делать домашнее задание

answer the call – ответить на звонок

reflect – размышлять

interruption – прерывание

Exercises

Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with Past Simple or Past Continuous.

I ___ (watch) TV when my friend ___ (call) me.

Yesterday, we ___ (go) to the park while it ___ (rain) lightly.

She ___ (not / do) her homework yesterday because she ___ (play) outside.

At 7 p.m., I ___ (cook) dinner and my sister ___ (listen) to music.

He ___ (see) an accident while he ___ (walk) to school.

Exercise 2. Multiple choice.

Which sentence shows an action in progress interrupted by another?