Грамматика английского языка для старших классов. Системный курс с примерами и практикой

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a) I was reading a book when the phone rang.
b) I read a book yesterday.
Which word signals Past Continuous?
a) yesterday
b) while
c) last week
How do we describe completed actions?
a) Past Continuous
b) Past Simple
c) Both
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What did you do yesterday?
Were you doing anything interesting while someone else was busy?
Did anything happen that interrupted your activity recently?
What simultaneous actions did you notice at home yesterday?
How can you use Past Simple and Past Continuous together to tell a story?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1 – was watching / called
2 – went / was raining
3 – did not (didn’t) do / was playing
4 – was cooking / was listening
5 – saw / was walking
Exercise 2
1 – a
2 – b
3 – b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
Yesterday, I woke up, had breakfast, and went to school. I also played football with my friends.
Yes, I was doing my homework while my sister was listening to music.
The phone rang while I was writing an essay.
My parents were cooking dinner, my brother was reading, and the dog was sleeping at the same time.
I use Past Continuous to describe what was happening and Past Simple to show the actions that interrupted or completed it.
Mini Tips
Используй Past Continuous для действий, происходивших в процессе в прошлом, особенно если одно действие прерывается другим.
Past Simple показывает завершённые действия в прошлом.
Слова-маркеры: while, when, yesterday, at 6 p.m. помогают выбрать правильное время.
Практикуй обе формы вместе, описывая события и истории из прошлого.
Future Forms: Will, Be Going To, Present Continuous
Grammar Focus
В английском языке будущее время можно выражать разными способами: Will, Be Going To и Present Continuous. Каждый вариант имеет своё использование.
1. Will
Используется для:
Спонтанных решений: I will help you with your homework. – Я помогу тебе с домашним заданием.
Предсказаний без явных доказательств: It will rain tomorrow. – Завтра будет дождь.
Обещаний или предложений: I will call you later. – Я позвоню тебе позже.
Структура: Subject + will + Base Verb
Отрицание: Subject + will not (won’t) + Base Verb
Вопрос: Will + Subject + Base Verb?
2. Be Going To
Используется для:
Намерений или планов: I am going to visit my friend this weekend. – Я собираюсь навестить друга на этих выходных.
Предсказаний с доказательствами: Look at the clouds! It’s going to rain. – Посмотри на облака! Скоро будет дождь.
Структура: Subject + am/is/are + going to + Base Verb
Отрицание: Subject + am/is/are not + going to + Base Verb
Вопрос: Am/Is/Are + Subject + going to + Base Verb?
3. Present Continuous for Future
Используется для:
Запланированных действий в ближайшем будущем: I am meeting my teacher tomorrow. – Я встречаюсь с учителем завтра.
Чаще всего сопровождается конкретным временем: at 6 p.m., tomorrow, next week.
Структура: Subject + am/is/are + Verb-ing
Отрицание: Subject + am/is/are not + Verb-ing
Вопрос: Am/Is/Are + Subject + Verb-ing?
Советы для школьников:
Will – для быстрых решений и предсказаний без доказательств.
Be Going To – для планов и предсказаний с доказательствами.
Present Continuous – для уже запланированных действий в ближайшем будущем.
Слова-маркеры помогают определить форму: tomorrow, next week, soon, look at…
Story
Tomorrow is going to be a busy day for a student. He is meeting his teacher in the morning to discuss his homework. After that, he is visiting his grandparents. He has planned this meeting for a long time and is very excited.
While he is walking to his grandparents’ house, he sees dark clouds in the sky. It looks like it will rain, he thinks. He decides to take an umbrella just in case. At home, his sister is packing her bag because she is going to travel to her friend’s house in the afternoon.
In the evening, the student is planning to study English. I will finish my exercises before dinner, he says to himself. He is confident that the day will be productive and enjoyable. By using different future forms, he can talk about his plans, intentions, and predictions clearly. Understanding these forms helps him describe the future accurately and express his ideas naturally.
Useful Words and Expressions
tomorrow – завтра
next week – на следующей неделе
soon – скоро
in the morning – утром
in the afternoon – днём
in the evening – вечером
meet a teacher – встречаться с учителем
discuss homework – обсуждать домашнее задание
visit grandparents – навещать бабушку и дедушку
plan – планировать
be excited – быть взволнованным
look at the sky – смотреть на небо
dark clouds – тёмные облака
take an umbrella – взять зонтик
travel to a friend’s house – поехать к другу
study English – заниматься английским
finish exercises – закончить упражнения
productive day – продуктивный день
intention – намерение
prediction – предсказание
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with Will, Be Going To, or Present Continuous.
I ___ (help) you with your homework right now.
She ___ (visit) her friend tomorrow.
Look at the clouds! It ___ (rain) soon.
We ___ (meet) our teacher at 10 a.m. tomorrow.
I think he ___ (be) very happy with this news.
Exercise 2. Multiple choice.
Which sentence expresses a plan?
a) I will call you later.
b) I am going to visit my friend.
c) It will rain tomorrow.
Which sentence expresses a scheduled action?
a) I am meeting my teacher tomorrow.
b) I will decide now.
c) Look! It is going to snow.
Which word signals Be Going To for predictions?
a) evidence / look at…
b) tomorrow
c) next week
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What are you going to do tomorrow?
Are you meeting anyone soon? Who?
Will you help anyone with something in the near future?
What plans do you have for next week?
Can you predict something that will happen soon?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1 – will help
2 – is going to visit
3 – will rain
4 – are meeting
5 – will be
Exercise 2
1 – b
2 – a
3 – a
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
Tomorrow, I am going to do my homework and play football with my friends.
Yes, I am meeting my teacher tomorrow to discuss my exercises.
I will help my sister with cleaning her room.
Next week, I am planning to visit my grandparents and study for my exams.
I think it will rain soon because the clouds are dark.
Mini Tips
Will – быстрые решения и предсказания без доказательств.
Be Going To – намерения и предсказания с доказательствами.
Present Continuous – запланированные действия в ближайшем будущем.
Слова-маркеры помогают определить правильную форму: tomorrow, next week, soon, at 6 p.m., look at ….
Countable and Uncountable Nouns
Grammar Focus
В английском языке существительные делятся на исчисляемые (countable) и неисчисляемые (uncountable).
1. Countable nouns (исчисляемые)
Это предметы, которые можно посчитать.
Есть единственное и множественное число.
Перед существительными можно использовать a / an для единственного числа:
I have a book. – У меня есть книга.
She bought an apple. – Она купила яблоко.
Множественное число образуется обычно добавлением -s / -es:
books, apples, boxes
Можно использовать слова-маркеры: many, a few, several
I have many books. – У меня много книг.
2. Uncountable nouns (неисчисляемые)
Это вещества, материалы, абстрактные понятия, которые нельзя посчитать.
Не имеют множественного числа и не используют a / an.
I drink water every day. – Я пью воду каждый день.
She loves music. – Она любит музыку.
Можно использовать слова-маркеры: much, a little, some
There isn’t much milk left. – Молока осталось немного.
Советы для школьников:
Если можно посчитать предметы – countable.
Если речь о жидкости, пище, материал, абстрактной идее – uncountable.
Используй правильные слова-маркеры, чтобы строить грамматически верные предложения.
Story
A student is preparing breakfast in the kitchen. He takes two eggs from the fridge and puts them in a pan. He also adds some milk to make an omelet. His sister drinks a glass of water and eats two slices of bread. They both love music, so she plays some music while they eat.
Later, the student goes to the shop. He buys a few apples, some cheese, and a bottle of juice. The shop is full of people, but he manages to buy everything he needs. On the way home, he sees his friend and gives him a sandwich and some chocolate.
At home, the student reflects on what he bought and ate. He notices the difference between countable and uncountable nouns. Eggs, apples, and sandwiches are countable because we can count them. Milk, music, cheese, and chocolate are uncountable because we cannot count them. Understanding this difference helps him speak and write more accurately in English.
Useful Words and Expressions
egg – яйцо
a few eggs – несколько яиц
milk – молоко
a glass of water – стакан воды
bread – хлеб
slice of bread – кусок хлеба
music – музыка
a few apples – несколько яблок
cheese – сыр
a bottle of juice – бутылка сока
shop – магазин
bottle – бутылка
sandwich – сэндвич
chocolate – шоколад
eat breakfast – завтракать
prepare breakfast – готовить завтрак
take – взять
put – положить
notice – замечать
countable / uncountable – исчисляемый / неисчисляемый
Exercises
Exercise 1. Fill in the blanks with a few, some, much, or many.
I bought ___ apples at the shop.
There isn’t ___ milk in the fridge.
She ate ___ slices of bread for breakfast.
We have ___ cheese left.
How ___ eggs do you need for the recipe?
Exercise 2. Multiple choice.
Which noun is uncountable?
a) apple
b) bread
c) sandwich
Which noun is countable?
a) water
b) juice
c) egg
Choose the correct sentence:
a) I have a music lesson.
b) I listen to some music every day.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions.
What countable nouns do you eat every day?
What uncountable nouns do you drink or eat every day?
How many apples do you usually buy?
Do you like cheese or chocolate more? Why?
Can you give examples of countable and uncountable nouns at home?
Answer Key
Exercise 1
1 – a few
2 – much
3 – a few
4 – some
5 – many
Exercise 2
1 – b
2 – c
3 – b
Exercise 3 (Sample Answers)
I eat eggs, apples, and sandwiches every day.
I drink milk and water, and I eat cheese and chocolate.
I usually buy three or four apples.
I like chocolate more because it is sweet and tasty.
Countable: books, chairs, pens; Uncountable: water, rice, music.
Mini Tips
Если можно посчитать предмет – countable: используем a / an, many, a few.
Если нельзя посчитать – uncountable: используем some, much, a little.
Для неисчисляемых можно использовать единицы измерения: a glass of, a bottle of, a slice of.
Практикуйся, описывая еду, напитки и предметы вокруг тебя.
Articles: A, An, The and Zero Article
Grammar Focus
В английском языке артикли помогают уточнять существительные. Существуют неопределённые (a, an), определённый (the) и нулевой артикль (zero article).
1. A / An (неопределённые артикли)
Используются с исчисляемыми существительными в единственном числе, когда мы говорим о предмете впервые или не уточняем его.
a перед согласными звуками:
I have a book. – У меня есть книга.
an перед гласными звуками:
She ate an apple. – Она съела яблоко.
2. The (определённый артикль)
Используется, когда мы говорим о конкретном предмете, известном собеседнику.
Также употребляется с уникальными предметами: the sun, the moon.
Примеры:
The book on the table is mine. – Книга на столе моя.
I watched the film you recommended. – Я посмотрел фильм, который ты порекомендовал.
3. Zero Article (нулевой артикль)
Не используется с существительными во множественном числе и неисчисляемыми существительными, когда говорим о них в общем смысле.
Примеры:
Books are useful. – Книги полезны.
Water is necessary for life. – Вода необходима для жизни.
Также нулевой артикль используется с именами городов, стран, материков, языков: London, Russia, English.
Советы для школьников:
A / An – первый раз, любой предмет.
The – конкретный или уже известный предмет.
Zero Article – о предметах в целом или с именами городов и стран.
Слушай звуки при выборе a или an – это зависит от произношения, а не только от буквы.
Story
A student is reading a book in the living room. He also has an orange to eat. His sister enters the room and asks, «Did you see the cat outside?» The student looks out the window and notices the cat sitting on the fence.
After a while, they go to the park. Books are lying on the grass, and children are playing. They meet their friend, who speaks English very well. They drink water and eat sandwiches. The sun is shining, and the sky is blue.
At home, the student thinks about grammar. He understands that a book is any book, the cat is a specific cat they saw before, and books without an article mean all books in general. He realizes how articles help make English clear and precise, both in writing and speaking. By practicing, he can choose the correct article in any situation.
Useful Words and Expressions
a book – книга (любая)
an orange – апельсин
the cat – эта кошка
the sky – небо
books – книги (вообще)
water – вода
sandwich – сэндвич
park – парк
living room – гостиная
outside – снаружи
child / children – ребёнок / дети
speak English – говорить по-английски
see – видеть
notice – замечать
shine – светить
lie (lay, lain) – лежать
enter – входить
any – любой
specific – конкретный
in general – в целом
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